Theoretical base of economical significance of small business

In Japan nowadaysover 99% of all companies in Japan are small and medium enterprises.Moreover, small and medium business provides more than 80% of job places in the country.Despite the fact that throughout the world, Japan is known for its large corporations, companies, automobile manufacturing, knowledge-based technology and innovative products, where the share of small business accounts for about 40% of total industrial production of the country. However, the largest number of small and medium-sized enterprises represented in industries such as construction, soft industry (clothing, footwear, haberdashery), manufacturing of components and services.

A widespread small and medium business in the country was caused by historical events. After the U.S. occupation administration dissolved the monopolistic association, there were only small businesses, which would have to quickly adapt to changing external conditions. These companies did not require large investments and long construction time.Thus, the post-war Japan's economic recovery was accompanied by a rapid increasing of the small and medium-sized businesses number.So, at the beginning of the 50s more than 3 million companies was worked in the country. It is important to note that at that time small and medium business characterized by the very difficult working conditions and broad involvement of unskilled labor force. However subsequentlydue to scientific and technical progress the quality and working condition of the small production has increased significantly.

The subcontracting system is the main feature of Japanese economy, representing so-called economic pyramid, where on top there are large enterprises, below - medium-sized enterprises, and at the foot - small enterprises.This system has the following form of relationship: industrial giants give orders for the production of component parts to medium-sized firms, which, in its turn, passed on the work even more small businesses. Thus, large companies and small business has its profit. A large number of small firms engendered the higher intense of competition that provides high quality products, short lead times and low prices. In Nowadays in Japan almost 60% of small and medium-sized businesswork thought contractors and subcontractors relationship.

Today the importance of small business in Japan has increased significantly due to high consumer's interest in special, unique goods produced by small business.As a result, in many industries the focus has shifted in favor of small enterprises that can respond quickly to changing market conditions and to adapt to the new realities. However, the Japanese small business has its weaknesses such as a low level of creditworthiness, limited production capacity, lack of qualified engineering personnel, because small businesses can not offer the same level of wages as a big companies.

Currently, small business has 4 channels of regulation and support, among them there are:

The central government

The local government

Large companies

Small business association.

The system of government support of small business, established in 1946, developed in Japan very efficiently.Initially, the main purpose of government support policy for the creation and development of small and medium-sized businesses was to prevent centralization and monopolization of the economy, which is gradually recovered after a terrible war.Among other policy objectives of government support may be noted the creation of favorable business environment in order to stimulate interest in developing their own business, as well as an increase of the level of employment in the condition of the global financial crisis.

One of the most important elements of state small business support is a system of legislative support, which is a complex of various laws that have been gradually accepted in Japan.The main legislation acts are: the Law on the prohibition of monopolies (1947), law on creation a state agency for small and medium-sized enterprises (1948), cooperatives Act in small and medium business (1949), Insurance Act of SMEs (1950), Act of the loan guarantee organization (1953).

The main government body that oversees the activities of small and medium-sized businesses is created in 1948 the Office of Small Enterprises in the Ministry of Foreign Trade and Industry.The purpose of creation of this organization is to provide the control over compliance with antitrust laws (adopted in Japan in 1947), to provide the state protection of interests of small business in the country, to limit the control of owners, to define responsibilities of customers, performers and subcontractors for nonmarket contractual relationship. In addition to the Office of Small Business in Japan there is a network of public financial institutions that provide small and medium enterprises loans for specific purposes.

Financial support of small business is organized by the State Corporation insurance for small and medium businesses and associations to guarantee the loan. In addition, in Japan was created banks that specialize in the sphere of small and medium-sized business.

An important place occupies the financial support of small innovative enterprises, which is based on the principle of “soft loans”.This principle means that small innovative enterprises provided loan at the interest less than half for ordinary companies.

It is important to note, that almost 47% of all loans in Japan stands for small and medium-sized enterprises.Local commercial banks 100% of the loans provide to small innovative enterprises.Financial institutions offer a variety of loans to small businesses, grants, concessional loans for certain purposes:

improvement, modernization and re-equipment production base of high-tech enterprises;

development of innovation product jointly with institutes and universities;

development of soft and food industry;

creation of new innovative products (inventions) or new types of products;

organizing and development of new small enterprises in the industrial backward districts of Japan.

The system of taxation of small and medium-sized businesses in Japan represents the particular interest. Fairness, neutrality and economic simplicity of the mechanism are the main principles of the system.

The principle of fairness consists of two parts - horizontal equity and vertical equity. Horizontaljustice means that identical economically companies are subject to the same tax burden. Vertical justice means growing of tax burden with increasing economic power of the enterprise. Thus, small and medium business, in which the amount of capital and annual income does not exceed 100 million yen and 8,000,000 yen respectively, are taxed at the rate of 19%. For the other companies tax rate is 25.5%.

The principle of neutrality means the prevention of economic areas deformation and choice of property for individuals and businesses changing.

In addition the system of information and consultation of small and medium enterprises in the country is organized effectively.In all regions in Japan various business support centers are organized (more than 330 such centers), which provides consulting services to entrepreneurs in the spheres of finance, management, law, etc.In addition, the country has a centralized database of the small and medium business, as well as innovation in Japan (Organization for Small & Medium Enterprises and Regional Innovation), which collects all the necessary information for entrepreneurs.

According to the previously mentioned Gallup study conducted in 2009, the following conclusions were drawn regarding the entrepreneurial potential in the country:

In Japan, the majority of respondents indicated that they prefer to work under the supervision of the employer (59%), while the proportion of those who want to begin their business was 39%;

Among the reasons why the Japanese want to work under the supervision there are stable employment, steady income and a reluctance to make important decisions, without which it is impossible to conduct their own business.Motives that moves individual entrepreneurs, in general, are the same as in the United States: independence, freedom in making business decisions;

Regarding the image of entrepreneurs, in Japan it is not so favorable as in the U.S. From the point of view of most Japanese, although entrepreneurs provide new jobs and produce goods and services, they exploit their employees (about 60% of respondents);

Among the main fears associated with the base of the business in Japan may be noted the unpredictability of income, bankruptcy and fear of loss of personal property.

Most Japanese respondents believe that the entrepreneur should not start a business if there is a risk that it will fail.

Thus, it can be concluded that the Japanese in general do not tend to venture into business to pursue a tight competition, preferring stability and confidence in the future.In addition, Japanese believe that individual entrepreneurs are the exploiters of labor.

Thus, the main conclusions of first chapter are the following:

Small business is a constant source of dynamism in the economy. Its specific feature is the ability to respond quickly to changing economic conditions. Small businesses know their customers and can in the most appropriate way meet local needs.

Position of this sector of the economy is a key factor in the development of the entire economy of the country.

The main indicator of comparative analysis of small business development in three countries - Russia, the USA, Japan - are the following:

The number of small businesses (and entrepreneurs) in total share of economic actors: 238 thousand in Russia, more than 20 mln. of entrepreneurs in the USA and in Japan - 5,7 mln of the small companies;

Gross domestic product produced by small businesses:17% in Russia, in USA - 50%, in Japan - more than 50%;

The number of workers employed by small businesses: 57% in USA, in Japan - 80%, in Russia number of workers is about 8%;

The U.S. and Japan have extensive experience in small business development. In both countries have established well-functioning system of state support of small business, which include advisory services, financial assistance, tax incentives, loans, credits and loans to small business.

Small business in Russia is less developed, but in recent years has seen the growth of the state's activities in support of small business.

The U.S. and Japan attach the great importance to state support small innovative entrepreneurship.

Americans are more likely to take risks in business than the Japanese. That is way there is a big difference in the level of entrepreneurial potential in both countries. In Russia only 2% of the population is ready to start a business, which means a heavy economic business conditions.



3. METHODOLOGICAL RESEARCH OF SOCIO-ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT IMPACT OF GOVERNMENT SMALL BUSINESS SUPPORT (MOSCOW CASE)

In order to identify methods to improve the efficiency of government support measures it is offered to use the method of regression analysis and determine the closeness of the relationship between budgetary appropriations forthe small business support and the indicators of small business development in Moscow.

3.1 Analyzed indicators selection

Correlation analysis of impact of small business support consists of three stages:

At the first stage, the most significant factors for the correlation analysis that have an impact on the studied indicators was selected. Factors selection plays a very important role in the econometricanalysis because the accuracy of findings depends on these factors. At this stage it is also important to determine the resulting figures, which are influenced by factor indicators.

In the second phase it was collected statistic information for each factor and output indicators. It should be checked for accuracy, uniformity and conformity to the law of normal distribution.

Finally, the results of correlation analysis were interpreted.

Measures of government support of small business was chosen as the factorial indicators, namely public spending to support small business. Primarily, there are nine measures of small business support, among them there are:

Complex provision small business by the systems of small business support;

Improving infrastructure of small businesses support;

Support of prior directions of small business;

Providing small business by uninhabited premises in the administrative districts

Financial support of small business

Information and consulting support of small business

Training support

Support in expanding of business opportunities of small business

There have been excluded from the analysis complex provision small business by the systems of small business support and improving infrastructure of small businesses support because budget allocated to support these measures are not directly focus on the development of small and medium-sized enterprises; however it provides inside spending of state structure.

Moreover, in the analysis several measures were combined (Information and consulting support of small business and training support) because they has the same mechanism of small business providing.

Thus, it was highlighted the following factor indicators:

Support of priority directions of small business

Providing small business by uninhabited premises in the administrative districts of Moscow

Financial support of small business

Information and consulting support of small business, training support

Expanding of business opportunities of small business

Dynamics of submitted budget funds for the development of small business in the period from 2001 to 2012 is presented in Appendix 9.

Inorder to assess the effectiveness of budget funds to support small businesses, and evaluate the effectiveness of the executive authorities of the city of Moscow, offering this support, it is important to determine the strength of links between budgetary appropriations for the support and development of small business and indicator of development of small business.

Questions to assess the effectiveness of the authorities to support the development of small businesses were updated during the reform of public finances. Presidential Decree № 825 from 28.06.2007 approved the list of indicators to assess the effectiveness of the executive bodies of the Russian Federation, which was supplemented by the Presidential Commission on the improvement of public administration and justice.Currently, the system of indicators to measure the effectiveness of executive power includes 82 indicator. In order to identify indicators for the evaluation of small and medium-sized businesses it was analyzed target programs small business support in the city of Moscow, as well as statistical parameters.

As a result, it was identified the following indicators which are mostly reflectthe small business development:

Number of registered small enterprises in Moscow

Number of liquidated small enterprises in Moscow

Average number of employees

Number of SMEs per 1 thousand people in Moscow

GRP of Moscow

Proportion of products produced by small enterprises in total gross regional product

Investments in fixed assets

Turnover of small enterprises of Moscow.

Statistical dynamics of these socio-economic indicators in the period from 2001 to 2012 is presented in Appendix 10.

SECTION 7. Correlation model

Correlation model is represented by the following formula:

Where:

X - the resulting factor (socio - economic indicators)

Y - motivating factor (financing measures of small business support).

Specifically, there are five X-factors, where:

X(1)- Support of priority directions of small business

X(2) - Providing the small business by uninhabited premises in the administrative districts of Moscow

X(3) - Financial support of small business

X(4) - Information and consulting support of small business, training support

X(5) - Expanding of business opportunities of small business.

Also there are seven Y-factors, where:

Y(1) - Number of registered small enterprises in Moscow

Y(2) -Average number of employees

Y(3) - GRP of Moscow

Y(4)- Proportion of products produced by small enterprises in total gross regional product

Y(5)- Investments in fixed assets

Y(6) -Turnover of small enterprises of Moscow.

Examined the influence each x-factor on each y-factors it was received the following indicators:

Table 2 - Indicators of correlation analysis

	XX(1)	XX(2)	XX(3)	XX(4)	XX(5)
Y(1)	0,17	0,73	-0,10	0,55	0,89
Y(2)	0,60	-0,48	0,37	-0,8	-0,40
Y(3)	0,22	0,74	0,04	0,4	0,4
Y(4)	0,08	0,72	-0,17	0,52	0,65
Y(5)	0,06	0,06	-0.10	0,32	0,32
Y(6)	0,57	0,13	0,38	-0,23	0,53

As it seen from the correlation analysis, there are positive and negativecoefficients.

Negative coefficient can be shown graphically:



Pic. 1

It is interesting to highlight the fact that the program of informational, consulting and training support, expanding business opportunities and property support of small business in relation to the number of employees in small business has a correlation coefficient -0.8, -0,4 and -0,48 appropriately, indicating a strong inverse relationship. It can be assumed that after training courses or after getting help in finding new opportunities workers,after obtaining new knowledge, go away from small sector into a big business, or go abroad. Thus, this data is removed from the employee statistics.

Further negative coefficients are excluded from the analysis and correlation model will take the following form:



Table 3 - Indicators of correlation analysis (without negative indicators)

	XX(1)	XX(2)	XX(3)	XX(4)	XX(5)
Y(1)	0,17	0,73	0	0,55	0,89
Y(2)	0,60	0	0,37	0	0
Y(3)	0,22	0,74	0,04	0,4	0,4
Y(4)	0,08	0,72	0	0,52	0,65
Y(5)	0,06	0,06	0	0,32	0,32
Y(6)	0,57	0,13	0,38	0	0,53

In order to estimate the level of the impact of budgetary expenditure on measures ofsmall business support, the author researches the positive correlation indicators in terms of the impact of budget units on socio-economic indicators.

Thus it can be analyzed the share of contribution of unit funds for each program of state support for small businesses in the development of socio-economic indicators through the following formula:

Where:

T - researching year;

X - the resulting factor (socio - economic indicators)

Y - motivating factor (financing measures of small business support).

This analysis has the following results:



Chart 1 - Number of registered small enterprises in Moscow,%

Chart 2 - Average number of employees,%

Chart 3 - GRP of Moscow

Chart 4 - Share of products produced by small enterprises in total gross regional product

Chart 5 - Investments in fixed assets

Chart 6 - Turnover of small enterprises of Moscow

3.2 Results interpretation

As a result of correlation analysis of factors influencing the development of small business in the city of Moscow it was identified the most and less effective measures of state support for small business in Moscow.

Thus, the most effective measure of state business support, influencing the growth of small businesses, as well as an increasing proportion of GRP Moscow is expanding of business opportunities of small business (46% of integrated impact), while the less effective measure of government support is financial support of small business in Moscow (9% of integrated impact).

The order of subsidies distribution from the budget of the city of Moscow in order to support еру small and medium enterprises was established by the decree of June 1, 2012 N 254-PP.Selection of subsidy recipients is organized in a competitive basis. In order to participate in the competition an applicant must pass a certain procedure, approved by the Government of Moscow:

Documents collection for filing an application. In accordance with the legislation set of documents consists of 25 types of documents including statutory, tax and other documents.

Registration application in consultation poll

Application consideration by Government Commission. Since the filing of the application to the Commission, documents must be passed thought series of independent audits.

The Commission decides an issue of financing of small business.

Thus, in order to receive the state help in a financing form, it is necessary to spend more than 2 months.

Nowadays within financial support of small business there are number of the problems, concerning not only businessmen, but the relation and ways of leaving from responsibility of businessmen in relation to the state.

Taking into account that the financing support in a form of a subsidy and grants exists since 2001 and procedure has not changed cardinally, formed fraudulent schemes aimed at bypassing the supportor a bringing under criteria of competitive selection were formed.Accordingly to this, knowing the competitive selection criteria, fraudsters create short-lived companies and artificially create the conditions that would be freely and without unnecessary suspicion allowed to receive budgetary funds, and then liquidate the company.

In addition, the organization that has received government funding often does not seek to fulfill the terms of the contract concluded between the state and the organization, which leads to the fact that there is an outstanding result in the form of subsidies and tax deductions insurance and creating jobs.

Moreover, analyzing the number of loans and grants, we can conclude that the state, helping organizations through subsidies (giving cash at no charge), increases "parasitical" attitude of small businesses.Organizations do not fulfill their obligations under the contract and either forget about them or postpone of the contract, which is inefficient impact on the socio-economic state of Moscow.

As can be seen from the correlation index of financial support and the key indicators of development of small business in Moscow (0.37 - an increase in the average number of employees, 0.38 - revenue growth of small businesses in the total share of GRP) the impact of subsidies on employment growth and growth in revenue (turnover) is rather small.

It can be assumed that the financial support is allocated to a narrow range of organizations. For example, the proportion of small businesses supported by the program of financial support in the total amount of small business supported is only 22%.

3.3 Proposal of government financial support modernization

Thus, in order to improve the financial modelof small business support it can be offered to consider two ways of change:

Operational way of modernization;

Program way of modernization.

Operating way of modernization involves intra conversion of small business support structure. This measures need to beaimed at improving the mechanisms to obtain subsidies and eliminating common problems. Among these measures it can be offered the following:

Permanent modification procedures for obtaining grants in accordance with modern trends in order to be reflective to behavior of the business community;

Granting subsidies to a wider range of organizations. It should be increased the number of government support programs by reducing the amount of subsidies given priority activities.

Strengthening of competitive conditions while simplifying the procedure of applying for a grant for wider access of entrepreneurs.

Program way of government support of small business modernization involves in the development of government financial support measures that was successfully implemented in developed countries. In this sense it can be offered to modernize or to create new forms of financial support, for example:

To modernize state guarantee funds in terms of preferential lending and developing venture financing;

To create new program in order to apply subsidies to a wider rang of entrepreneurs. It is offered to develop the program to support franchise activity of small business.

According to the Ministry of Economy, small business demand in Russia for long-term loans for various investment purposes estimates from 490 billion to 900 billion rubles a year. However, according to the Central Bank, the growth rate of loans to small and medium-sized business slowed to 15% in 2013 in comparison to 2012, when it reached 17% (based on the study by Expert RA). If this trend will continue, in 2014 the growth of small business lending does not exceed 10-12%.

Development of preferential credits exemplifies the USA development. Guaranteed loan is the most common form of financial support. In the past, approximately 90% of all financial aid took the form of SBA guaranteed loans, now - almost 100%.SBA continues to consider loan guarantee program as an essential element of their activities in support of small businesses in the United States.

Loans are provided to independent (private) banks and other financial institutions that receive from the U.S. government by the face of the SBA guarantee their return for the respective share determined for the provision of guarantees. In this sense warranty reimburse potential damages associated with the loan. Guarantee work SBA lender repays the loss transfer to his account amounts incurred losses up to the amount issued obligations.

On this basis, significantly reducing the risk, the bank determines the loan terms more favorable to the entrepreneur.

When an entrepreneur gives an application in the SBA, he actually applies for the issuance of a commercial loan restructured in accordance with the rules and requirements of the SBA to provide guarantees. This saves all the requirements of the borrower's creditworthiness, which must demonstrate a real ability to fulfill obligations under the loan due to their business. The procedure for providing the guaranteed loan involves thorough a credit analysis of the applicant exercised AMB. It covers the analysis of the balance, the borrower's solvency analysis, analysis of the adequacy of collateral, as well as evaluating the management capacity of the borrower. Application processing time standard program is 30-45 days.

In this sense U.S. experience proves that only targetable state policy that encourages financial institutions to invest in a small business, it promotes healthy growth. As a result, today in the U.S. there are 25 million small businesses.

In the Russian Federation there is Small business lending fund, however there are still unexamined legal provisions and state-bank financial sector (primarily concern the high risks in lending to the real production).

The mechanism of guarantee funds may also be applicable to venture financing. This type of financing is particularly attractive for beginners or small entrepreneurs, scientists, inventors who want to realize their own promising ideas. Using venture funding appears the most viable alternative, since, first, often individual entrepreneurs cannot get a loan from a commercial bank because of the long payback period of the project, a high degree of financial risk, as well as the inability to provide collateral or guarantees or unwillingness to risk all their condition for the possible profit.

Another way of financial support modernization is creation of a new program on the base of franchise support.

According to the IFA (International Franchise Association) in the world there are about 16.5 thousand of franchisors and 1.2 million of franchisees with sales of 1.4 trillion dollars and employ nearly 12 million people.

In Russia there is a risen interest in this form of entrepreneurship. This is explained by the growth of real incomes of potential business, the possibility of further savings and the opening of new companies.

Russia and CIS countries are still newcomers in the franchises market. The average length of selling franchises in these countries is just over 10 - 15 years, the maximum sales growth is observed only last 7 years. In Russia there are several hundred franchise schemes, while in Europe and America there are several hundreds and thousands.

Chart 7 - Development of franchise market in Russia, 2007-2010

Stimulating business development using the franchise will increase growth of creating new small enterprises and reduce unemployment. State support may be provided through direct compensation costs for franchise to small businesses. However, it should be taken into consideration that franchises are expensive. In this sense it can be offered acquisition of franchise through leasing contracts, costs of which will be compensated by the government. The scheme of interconnection of three actors has the following model:

Pic. 2

Within this model:

1 - Small business refers to the leasing company with the intention of acquiring a franchise;

- Franchisee refers to the leasing company with a proposal of franchise for small business;

- Leasing company pays franchise to franchisee;

- Leasing company transfers franchise rights to the small business;

- Small business pays the charge under the lease agreement;

- Small business refers to the state to compensate the costs of leasing franchise;

- State reimburses costs for leasing franchise to small business.

Thus, using the scheme of internal mechanisms of improvements of government support and modernization and creation of new forms of state financial support is expected to grow not only socio-economic indicators, but also increase the recipients financial support and minimization of budget allocations.

As a result of correlation analysis it was searched the most influential government support and the less influential government support. The most significant measure of small business support is expanding of business opportunities and the less significant - financial support.

In order to improve financial support it was offered two ways of modernization - operational method and program method, which will increase not only socio-economic indicators, but also will allow minimizing the budget allocation.



CONCLUSION

In this research paper it was observed the theoretical basis of the development and support of small business, as well as an analysis of the influence degree of small business support measures on the economic development of the country as an example of the subject (in Moscow). On the base of research it can be suggested the following conclusion.

In accordance to numerous international studies concerning the influence of small enterprises activity on the state economy, it can be approved that small business plays a significant role in sustainable economic growth of any country. This growth consists in growth in production efficiency, market supplementation of necessary goods and services and the improvement of living standards, not only in Russia, but also in the advanced economies. Small businesses may not generate as much money as large corporations, however they are a critical component of economic system and major contributor to the strength of local economies. Small businesses present new employment opportunities and serve as the building blocks of the largest corporations.

In Russia small business development is situated on the initial stage. This is confirmed by international comparative analysis of Russian and foreign small business development. For example the share of Gross domestic product produced by small business is 17% in Russia, in USA - 50%, in Japan - more than 50%.Moreover, as for small business development survey, Americans are more likely to take risks in business than the Japanese. That is way there is a big difference in the level of entrepreneurial potential in both countries. In Russia only 2% of the population is ready to start a business, which means a heavy economic business conditions.

In order to support small business development the government of the Russian Federation established special programs of small business support. Support measures of Russian business present a complete set of programs that include financial support, export assistance, training support etc.

The author suggested that measures of government small business support have poor interconnection that causes heterogeneity of influence on socio-economic indicators. In this regard in order to determine the degree of support measures influence on the economic growth in Russia on the example of Moscow, it was offered to make correlation analysis. As a result, it was searched the most influential government support and the less influential government support. The most significant measure of small business support is expanding of business opportunities and the less significant - financial support.

In order to improve financial support it was offered two ways of modernization - operational method and program method. Operational way of modernization involves intra conversion of small business support structure. This measures need to beaimed at improving the mechanisms to obtain subsidies and eliminating common problems. Program way of small business support implies the modernization or creation new forms of financial support. In this sense it was offered to modernize state guarantee funds in terms of preferential lending and developing venture financing and to create new program in order to apply subsidies to a wider rang of entrepreneurs. It is offered to develop the program to support franchise activity of small business.

Thus, using the integral scheme of internal mechanisms of improvements of government support and modernization and creation of new forms of state financial support is expected to grow not only socio-economic indicators, but also increase the recipients of financial support and minimization of budget allocations.



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37. RF Government Resolution "On the complex of measures for the development and state support of small enterprises in the sphere of material production and promote their innovative activity» № 1460 [electronic resource]/ / Reference Legal System Consultant. Consultant: VersiyaProf.: Database.

38. Rosstat, "Preliminary results of continuous monitoring of the activities of small and medium-sized businesses in 2010"

39. Small business in Russia, 2005. Rosstat, Moscow, p. 15.

40. Small business in Russia, 2006, Rosstat, Moscow, p. 13.

41. Small components of high stability, "Reviews countries” № 3 (5), 2005

42. Study of EY «Barometer entrepreneurship G20», results of 2013

43. Taxation in Japan 2012. KPMG

44. U.S. Small Business Administration. Small Business Statistics and Research - [electronic resource] - http://web.sba.gov/faqs/faqIndexAll.cfm?areaid=24

45. "U.S. Small Business Administration Office of Advocacy: The Small Business Economy 2008, A Report to the President". Retrieved 2010-11-13.

46. Ministry of Economic Development - www.economy.gov.ru/

47. SFO “Moscow small business”-www.mbm.ru

48. U.S. Small Business Administration - http://www.sba.gov/

49. IFA (International Franchise Association) - http://www.franchise.org/



APPENDIX 1

Small business indicators of development in Russia and abroad, 2012

№	Country	The number of SMEs, thousand units	Number of employees in SMEs, mln.	The share of employees in SMEs in total employment,%	The share of SMEs in GDP,%
1	Russia	5 800	13500	27%	21%
2	EU-27	20728	86 814	66,5%	57,6%
3	US	20 000	30 000	50%	48%
4	Japan	20 000	45 457	53%	56,42%
5	BRICS-countries	8 847	20 630	30%	33%

Source: - Financing SMEs and Entrepreneurs 2013: An OECD Scoreboard, Final Report

- Federal service of the state statistics, 2012

- BRICS, Joint Statistical Publication, 2012



APPENDIX 2

The development level of Russian territorial subjects, 2012

Socio-economic status rating of Russian subjects in 2012
Place in 2012	Subject	Integral rating	Place in 2011	Place in 2010
1	Moscow	80.678	1	1
2	Saint-Petersburg	74.057	2	2
3	HMAO - Yugra	71.266	3	3
4	Tyumenskaya obl.	70.857	4	4
5	Moscow region	67.388	5	6
6	Sverdlovskaya obl.	63.319	7	8
7	Tatarstan republic	62.413	9	10
8	Yamalo-Nenetsky Avtonomny Okrug	61.497	6	5
9	Samarskaya obl.	60.796	15	12
10	Leningradskaya obl.	58.319	11	13
11	Permsky kr.	58.112	14	15
12	Sahalinskaya obl.	57.883	16	18
13	Bashkortastan republic	57.123	12	9
14	Krasnoyarsky kr.	54.544	8	7
15	Rostovskaya obl.	53.805	21	19
16	Krasnodarsky kr.	53.225	13	11
17	Nizhegorodskaya obl.	53.150	18	17
18	Chelyabinskaya obl.	53.106	19	14
19	Komi republic	52.600	22	23
20	Belgorodskaya obl.	51.746	10	16
21	Irkutskaya obl.	51.517	24	31
22	Orenburgskaya obl	50.583	20	20
23	Novosibirskaya obl.	50.575	25	24
24	Voronezhskaya obl.	50.099	32	35
25	Omskaya obl.	49.810	26	26
26	Kemerovskay obl.	49.753	17	21
27	Saha republic (Yakutiya)	49.611	23	22
28	Lipetskaya obl.	49.138	27	25
29	Kaluzhskaya obl.	48.975	28	28
30	Primorsky kr.	46.210	31	36
31	Tulskaya obl.	46.050	30	39
32	Vologodskaya obl.	45.141	40	38
33	Tomskaya obl.	45.138	33	30
34	Habarovsky kr.	45.051	29	27
35	Arhangelskaya obl.	44.888	41	34
36	Yaroslavskaya obl.	44.648	36	41
37	Volgogradskaya obl.	44.560	35	29
38	Vladimirskaya obl.	44.194	34	37
39	Kurskaya obl.	44.129	43	43
40	Kaliningraskaya obl.	42.691	45	47
41	Murmanskaya obl.	42.158	38	33
42	Stavropolsky kr.	41.936	37	32
43	Saratovskaya obl.	41.534	42	42
44	Udmurtskaya republic	40.711	39	46
45	Nenetsky avtonomny okrug	40.407	48	-
46	Ulyanovskaya obl.	40.027	46	44
47	Tamboskaya obl.	39.213	47	54
48	Altaysky kr.	39.121	44	40
49	Ryazanskaya obl.	38.951	53	55
50	Novrorodskaya obl.	38.004	52	51
51	Chuvashskaya republic	37.048	49	53
52	Amurskaya obl.	36.970	51	50
53	Tverskaya obl.	36.863	54	48
54	Bryanskaya obl.	36.517	60	57
55	Astrahanskaya obl.	36.512	64	63
56	Smolenskaya obl.	36.236	56	49
57	Penzenskaya obl.	36.089	59	52
58	Kirovskaya obl.	35.528	50	45
59	Magadanskaya obl.	35.446	58	67
60	Kamshatsky kr.	33.993	57	56
61	Zabaikalsky kr.	33.548	63	60
62	Buryatia republic	33.530	61	59
63	Dagestan republic	32.459	67	64
64	Karelia republic	31.674	55	58
65	Orlovskaya obl.	31.273	62	61
66	Mordovia republic	30.802	71	66
67	Ivanovskaya obl.	30.463	70	68
68	Hakasia republic	30.014	65	62
69	Kurganskaya obl.	29.970	66	65
70	Kostromskaya obl.	29.608	73	71
71	Mary El republic	26.673	72	70
72	Pskovskaya obl.	26.400	69	69
73	Adygeya republic	25.474	74	73
74	Karashaevo-Cherkessia republic	24.666	76	76
75	Chukotsky avtonomny okrug	24.349	68	72
76	Chechenskaya republic	23.767	-	-
77	Kalmykiya republic	20.925	79	80
78	Kabardino-Balkanskaya republic	20.325	75	74
79	Severnaya Osetia - Alania republic	18.774	82	79
80	Evreyskaya avtonomnaya obl.	18.546	77	75
81	Ingushetiya republic	18.049	81	81
82	Tyva republic	16.860	78	78
83	Altai republic	15.031	80	77

Source: Rating of socio-economic status of the subjects of the Russian federation, 2012, RIA-Novosti -"RIArating"



APPENDIX 3

support business government

Financing of measures of small business support

Source: Complex program of small and medium enterprises development in the city of Moscow 2001-2003, 2004-2006, 2007-2009, 2010-2012

APPENDIX 4

Indicators of small business development in Russia

	1999	2000	2001	20...

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