Analysis of the impact of occupational sex-segregation on the wages of men and women and its significance in the gender pay gap: Russian case

The impact of horizontal occupational gender segregation on the hourly wages of men and women in Russia after the crisis. The main indicator of occupational segregation: the percentage of women in the industry, the so-called occupational feminization.

Рубрика Экономика и экономическая теория
Вид дипломная работа
Язык английский
Дата добавления 18.07.2020
Размер файла 966,1 K

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(0.0937)

Marst_6

-0.241***

0.0472

-0.0304

0.0340

DIPLOM

(0.0914)

(0.136)

(0.107)

(0.128)

Diplom_3

0.0204

-0.154*

-0.120

0.0868

(0.106)

(0.0917)

(0.0950)

(0.160)

Diplom_4

-0.0537

-0.246***

-0.206**

0.0214

(0.0969)

(0.0907)

(0.0929)

(0.147)

Diplom_5

-0.0294

-0.158

-0.144

0.0459

(0.0977)

(0.108)

(0.103)

(0.158)

Diplom_6

0.259***

-0.0815

0.128

-0.0282

INDUSTRY

(0.0988)

(0.138)

(0.108)

(0.170)

Industry_2

-0.0944

0.194*

0.0971

0.00938

(0.0833)

(0.112)

(0.106)

(0.122)

Industry_3

-0.0265

0.271**

0.164

0.140

(0.0747)

(0.135)

(0.101)

(0.133)

Industry_4

0.191*

0.254**

0.224**

0.0551

(0.107)

(0.110)

(0.0994)

(0.116)

Industry_5

0.288***

0.265***

0.255***

0.169*

(0.0902)

(0.102)

(0.0926)

(0.0899)

Industry_6

0.311***

0.224**

0.247**

0.0159

(0.114)

(0.101)

(0.0991)

(0.106)

Industry_7

0.0217

0.106

0.0851

0.00582

(0.0840)

(0.0883)

(0.0831)

(0.0881)

Industry_8

-0.268***

0.0405

-0.0509

-0.0216

(0.0902)

(0.114)

(0.101)

(0.0985)

Industry_9

-0.194***

-0.0104

-0.0732

0.114

(0.0732)

(0.130)

(0.105)

(0.107)

Industry_10

-0.260**

-0.296**

-0.236**

-0.0816

(0.102)

(0.150)

(0.113)

(0.132)

Industry_11

-0.348***

-0.106

-0.186

0.0222

(0.0846)

(0.191)

(0.145)

(0.130)

Industry_12

-0.344***

-0.200

-0.257**

0.0212

(0.100)

(0.140)

(0.110)

(0.117)

Industry_13

-0.0986

-0.0837

-0.109

0.0282

(0.101)

(0.173)

(0.150)

(0.113)

Industry_14

-0.0693

-0.0463

-0.0630

0.0376

(0.0543)

(0.0736)

(0.0652)

(0.0687)

Industry_15

-0.111

-0.175

-0.164

-0.0199

(0.0893)

(0.126)

(0.112)

(0.108)

Industry_16

0.285***

0.455**

0.386***

0.180

(0.0840)

(0.188)

(0.120)

(0.129)

Industry_17

-0.246***

0.0787

-0.0191

-0.0141

(0.0683)

(0.132)

(0.109)

(0.0942)

Industry_18

0.0477

-0.166

-0.133

0.153

(0.141)

(0.141)

(0.0982)

(0.150)

Industry_19

-0.361**

-0.180

-0.247*

-0.00388

(0.164)

(0.148)

(0.130)

(0.168)

Industry_20

-0.0728

-0.130

-0.142

0.248**

(0.451)

(0.215)

(0.250)

(0.121)

Industry_21

-0.374**

0.328**

0.200**

0.367

(0.159)

(0.138)

(0.0806)

(0.242)

Industry_23

-0.267*

-0.0696

-0.115

-0.273

(0.161)

(0.179)

(0.187)

(0.248)

Industry_24

-1.152***

-0.765***

-0.846***

-0.955***

(0.0907)

(0.111)

(0.0970)

(0.133)

Industry_25

-0.437**

-0.405***

-0.426***

-0.228**

(0.221)

(0.129)

(0.147)

(0.109)

Industry_26

0.105

0.163

0.131

0.211*

(0.113)

(0.120)

(0.102)

(0.113)

Industry_27

-0.178

0.0644

-0.0304

0.0130

(0.200)

(0.132)

(0.132)

(0.153)

Industry_28

-0.761***

-1.551***

-1.406***

-0.661***

(0.151)

(0.151)

(0.140)

(0.138)

Industry_29

-0.407*

-0.167

-0.269

0.647

(0.221)

(0.356)

(0.344)

(0.506)

Industry_30

-0.213

0.129***

0.0603

0.243

(0.132)

(0.0476)

(0.0443)

(0.206)

Industry_31

-0.448**

-0.374***

-0.436***

0.143

(0.192)

(0.0888)

(0.0752)

(0.143)

Industry_31

-0.428**

-0.242

-0.291

-0.0477

REGION

(0.190)

(0.184)

(0.185)

(0.132)

Region_2

0.595***

-

0.593

-

(0.166)

(0.403)

Region_3

-0.340***

-

-0.327**

-

(0.0661)

(0.127)

Region_4

-0.0793

-

-0.0601

-

(0.0605)

(0.131)

Region_5

-0.315***

-

-0.358**

-

(0.0610)

(0.141)

Region_6

-0.572***

-

-0.572***

-

(0.0614)

(0.134)

Region_7

-0.433***

-

-0.430***

-

(0.0592)

(0.122)

Region_8

-0.202***

-

-0.183

-

(0.0578)

(0.131)

Region_9

-0.152

-

-0.166

-

(0.0965)

(0.175)

Region_10

-0.176***

-

-0.255**

-

(0.0674)

(0.126)

Region_11

-0.142

-

-0.140

-

(0.0931)

(0.170)

Region_12

-0.367***

-

-0.366***

-

(0.0623)

(0.135)

Region_13

-0.644***

-

-0.640***

-

(0.0681)

(0.133)

Region_14

-0.0111

-

0.0913

-

(0.102)

(0.112)

Region_15

0.101

-

0.0488

-

(0.0729)

(0.178)

Region_16

-0.124*

-

-0.132

-

(0.0692)

(0.141)

Region_17

0.0727

-

0.104

-

(0.0778)

(0.153)

Region_18

-0.163**

-

-0.204

-

(0.0806)

(0.149)

Region_19

-0.239***

-

-0.301***

-

(0.0693)

(0.114)

Region_20

-0.364***

-

-0.318**

-

(0.0931)

(0.161)

Region_21

0.675***

-

0.654

-

(0.166)

(0.400)

Region_22

0.802***

-

0.818***

-

(0.0775)

(0.126)

Region_23

-0.291***

-

-0.348**

-

(0.0650)

(0.143)

Region_24

-0.532***

-

-0.551***

-

(0.0678)

(0.152)

Region_25

-0.00947

-

0.0323

-

(0.149)

(0.111)

Region_26

-0.0519

-

-0.0304

-

(0.0767)

(0.188)

Region_27

-0.283***

-

-0.327**

-

(0.0682)

(0.146)

Region_28

0.139**

-

0.0961

-

(0.0641)

(0.123)

Region_29

-0.677***

-

-0.744***

-

(0.0555)

(0.125)

Region_30

-0.237***

-

-0.270**

-

(0.0546)

(0.126)

Region_31

-0.183**

-

-0.128

-

(0.0728)

(0.158)

Region_32

0.279**

-

0.358

-

(0.124)

(0.348)

Region_33

0.182*

-

0.201

-

(0.105)

(0.206)

Region_34

0.652***

-

0.659***

-

(0.0594)

(0.124)

Region_35

0.384***

-

0.371**

-

(0.0756)

(0.151)

Region_36

0.343***

-

0.338**

-

(0.0585)

(0.132)

Region_37

0.0377

-

0.0233

-

YEAR

(0.0708)

(0.117)

Year_2011

0.147***

0.148***

0.146***

0.129***

(0.0376)

(0.0377)

(0.0274)

(0.0366)

Year_2012

0.248***

0.251***

0.248***

0.219***

(0.0345)

(0.0541)

(0.0248)

(0.0616)

Year_2013

0.422***

0.429***

0.423***

0.381***

(0.0329)

(0.0788)

(0.0258)

(0.0887)

Year_2014

0.493***

0.497***

0.491***

0.429***

(0.0334)

(0.105)

(0.0285)

(0.116)

Year_2015

0.536***

0.546***

0.537***

0.464***

(0.0338)

(0.128)

(0.0274)

(0.140)

Year_2016

0.598***

0.619***

0.605***

0.511***

(0.0342)

(0.153)

(0.0300)

(0.166)

Year_2017

0.642***

0.664***

0.649***

0.542***

(0.0357)

(0.176)

(0.0309)

(0.192)

Year_2018

0.745***

0.776***

0.756***

0.631***

(0.0345)

(0.203)

(0.0329)

(0.220)

Constant

4.149***

4.184***

4.113***

-

(0.202)

(1.101)

(0.227)

Observations

3,729

3,729

3,729

3,303

R-squared

0.523

0.355

0.169

Number of idind

421

421

Robust standard errors in parentheses

*** p<0.01, ** p<0.05, * p<0.1

Heteroscedasticity test

Modified Wald test for groupwise heteroscedasticity in fixed effect regression model

H0: sigma(i)^2 = sigma^2 for all i

chi2 (9839) = 52076.34

Prob>chi2 = 0.0000

Hausman (1978) specification test

Coef.

Chi-square test value

92.87

P-value

0.0019

Sample 4. Without skills

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

VARIABLES

OLS

FE

RE

FD

fem

0.480*

0.669***

0.626***

0.0140

(0.265)

(0.241)

(0.233)

(0.224)

fem_gender

-0.0868

-0.165

-0.176

0.159

(0.0883)

(0.183)

(0.150)

(0.173)

Appendix 3. Contribution of occupational feminization to the gender wage gap (Detailed)

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

Samples

OLS

FE

RE

FD

Sample 1

a

-0,000154

-0,11966

-0,0846

0,019978

b

0,02039463

-0,13943

-0,08647

-0,03455

Coefficients of feminization (a)

0,000148

0,115

0,0813

-0,0192

Coefficients of feminization (b)

-0,0196

0,134

0,0831

0,0332

Average feminization

(for women)

0.6388849

0.6388849

0.6388849

0.6388849

Average feminization

(for men)

0.4380794

0.4380794

0.4380794

0.4380794

Log of average hourly wage

(for women)

4.79583269

4.795833

4.795833

4.795833

Log of average hourly wage

(for men)

4.98881427

4.988814

4.988814

4.988814

Sample 2

a

0,04785

-0,10886

-0,05240

0,07836

b

0,07836

-0,13518

-0,07082

0,01280

Coefficients of feminization (a)

-0,04

0,091

0,0438

-0,0655

Coefficients of feminization (b)

-0,0655

0,113

0,0592

-0,0107

Average feminization (for women)

0.6419432

0.641943

0.641943

0.641943

Average feminization

(for men)

0.4268734

0.426873

0.426873

0.426873

Log of average hourly wage

(for women)

4.808376301

4.808376

4.808376

4.808376

Log of average hourly wage

(for men)

4.988161302

4.988161

4.988161

4.988161

Sample 3

a

-0,16425277

-0,20399**

-0,18015*

0,062654

b

-0,15895429

-0,23181**

-0,20002*

-0,01246

Coefficients of feminization (a)

0,124

0,154**

0,136*

-0,0473

Coefficients of feminization (b)

0,12

0,175**

0,151*

0,00941

Average feminization

(for women)

0.6423629

0.642363

0.642363

0.642363

Average feminization

(for men)

0.4261113

0.426111

0.426111

0.426111

Log of average hourly wage

(for women)

4.784450456

4.78445

4.78445

4.78445

Log of average hourly wage

(for men)

4.947706144

4.947706

4.947706

4.947706

Sample 4

a

-0,66301656*

-0,80005***

-0,73776**

-0,14119

b

-0,64363821*

-0,68378**

-0,6561**

0,037788

Coefficients of feminization (a)

0,479*

0,578***

0,533**

0,102

Coefficients of feminization (b)

0,465*

0,494**

0,474**

-0,0273

Average feminization

(for women)

0.66998

0.66998

0.66998

0.66998

Average feminization

(for men)

0.4296647

0.429665

0.429665

0.429665

Log of average hourly wage

(for women)

4.826975242

4.826975

4.826975

4.826975

Log of average hourly wage

(for men)

5.000592366

5.000592

5.000592

5.000592

*** p<0.01, ** p<0.05, * p<0.1

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