Biography of Jacques Chirac

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Ministry of education republic оf Kazakhstan

International educational corporation

Kazakh - American university

Political portrait of Jacques Chirac

Almaty, 2014



Content

Introduction

1. Phenomenon of Jacques Chirac as politician

2. The arrival of Jacques Chirac to political activity

3. Jacques Chirac's activities as the President of France

4. Jacques Chirac's reform activities in education and health

References



Introduction

For France has established a reputation as one of the fastest growing countries in the capitalist world.

One feature of the socio-economic development of France is historically a consensus on the need and the law defines the state's role in social policy. In recent decades, in France there is a tendency to reduce government intervention in the economy. However, on the other hand, the increasing role of the state in establishing social and civilizational frameworks today are too dependent on the market and many other factors. Here, the state relies heavily on public institutions that will receive priority in solving many problems. The state in France permanently reformed to achieve the public good, overcoming voter apathy and gain their trust

According to the Constitution of France is a presidential republic. The central figure of the state - the President of the Republic. He is the head of state and commander in chief, "Guarantor" national independence, "referee", ensures the normal functioning of state bodies and the continuity of the state.

The French President has the broadest powers. He appoints and dismisses the Prime Minister, and - in his view - the other members of the government, makes appointments to all senior military and civilian positions, sign and promulgate laws may return the law for reconsideration to the Parliament or to put it to a referendum.

The supreme legislative body is the Parliament consisting of two chambers: the National Assembly and the Senate. The National Assembly shall pass laws, approve the budget and program of the government. If the National Assembly does not approve of the government's program, the government is required to submit a letter of resignation to the president. In this case, the President shall dismiss the government or dissolve the National Assembly.

The object of study of this work is Jacques Chirac. Subject of research - basic directions in politics, Jacques Chirac.[1]

In their course work, the author elaborates on the study of the activities of Jacques Chirac as president of France. Given the urgency, scientific and practical significance chosen to study the problem, the author of the course work aims to analyze the main trends in the politics of Jacques Chirac and himself as president.

In connection with the intended purpose is required to solve the following tasks:

1. Trace the path of Jacques Chirac on the career ladder.

2. Flip the phenomenon of Jacques Chirac as a politician.

3. Analyze the major achievements of his domestic and foreign policy.

4. Analyze its reform efforts.

To successfully complete the tasks we used the following methods of scientific analysis: a comparative and systematic. The comparative method involves the comparison of historical objects in space and time and the identification of similarities and differences between them. System method allows to reveal the inner workings of the object. The work is based on the principles of historicism and objectivity by which is possible to see the development of an object in space and time, to look at the problem objectively.[2]

сhirac president france policy



1. Phenomenon of Jacques Chirac as politician

November 29, 1932 in Paris, in the family of Mary Louise and Franзois Chirac was born the only son. He was named Jacques. Franзois Chirac in the 20 years he worked as an employee at the bank, in the early 30's, he met with two large French airmanufacturer M. Dasso and A. conjecture. Shortly after the birth of her son, former bank employee become the General Manager Aircraft Company conjecture.

Summertime Chirac spends in Correze department (Centre. France) in the town of Sainte-Fйrйole. There lived both his grandfather. Both of them were high school teachers. In 1940, shortly after the outbreak of the Second World War, Marie Louise and Jacques Chirac leaving for St. Fйrйol, and in 1942 moved to town Reyol in the Var department in the south. In Paris they come back in 2 years. Jacques began to study at the Lycйe Carnot, and then in the most privileged middle school France - Lycйe Louis le Grand.

Young Jacques Chirac did not remain indifferent to the rapid changes in the socio-political life of postwar France. The victory of the anti-fascist coalition in the war radically changed the balance of class forces in the country. In 1944 was formed a provisional government headed by General de Gaulle, who in the eyes of many Frenchmen were liberators. The interim government to restore the country democratic freedoms, nationalized a number of industries and held progressive reforms that improve the lives of working people. However, in January 1946, de Gaulle resigned as Prime Minister, selling of views on major domestic issues with representatives of the Left parties.

General de Gaulle soon after his retirement, harshly criticized the state system. In April 1947, he announced the creation of the movement "Rally of the French People." The main purpose of the organization was proclaimed the abolition of the constitution in 1946 and the establishment of a "strong power" in the person of the President of the Republic. It was at this time there was a Gaullist ideology.

Initially, the RPF was a great success. In late 1947 it numbered nearly a million people. Do not avoid the temptation to join the ranks of his 15-year-old Jacques Chirac. even after 2 years young Chirac signed among millions of people across the planet famous Stockholm Appeal calling for the prohibition of nuclear weapons.[3]

After receiving a bachelor's degree, a certificate of completion of secondary education, 17-year-old Chirac became the choice of the further way. The summer of 1950, he hired a sailor on a merchant ship, but after a few weeks of wandering the seas, back in Paris and decides to enroll in high school Political Science - one of the most famous and prestigious schools. That's it for decades prepared the French intellectual elite. Many political leaders of the republic were its alumni. Chirac stood the entrance exams and became a student in the fall.

Studying at the Graduate School continues four years. It is given to Jacques quite easily. Comrades nicknamed him "Helicopter", as he suddenly appears everywhere. He hit all of his disability and the simplicity with which absorbs any subject in one evening. In the eyes of some, he looked varmint, not very interested in political science.

But all were confident that he will succeed. Jacques reads a lot. Loves political novels, but also do not miss a single product Satra and Camus. It specifically examines the Russian language to read the authenticity and translate into French Pushkin's novel "Eugene Onegin".

At 22, Chirac graduated from the Higher School of Political Sciences, and decided to continue his education at the National School of Administration "ENA". It was created on the initiative of 1945godu de Gaulle and is designed to prepare senior government officials. Very quickly, she began to play an important role in the formation of the French government. Before transgress the course, Chirac had to undergo military service compulsory at the time. He chooses a military school in Saumur and trained there for a year, then in September 1955, as a junior lieutenant sent to serve in West Germany, but it implies a very Algeria.

At the end of 1954 France began the war there, as the Algerian people rose tostruggle against the colonialists. For many decades, many generations of French at school, that Algeria was an integral part of the country, and that the protection of its interests in Algeria - the patriotic duty of every citizen of the Republic.

Six months later, he made the transfer to the actions of the French army in Algeria. In March 1956, Jacques leaves Germany and travels first to Paris, where he marries Bornadett Chodron de Courcelles.

He met her back in the years of study at the Graduate School of Political Sciences He began his business career in 1957, and just five years later, at the threshold of thirty, already became a member of the administration of Prime Minister Georges Pompidou. Further career developed so rapidly that the enumeration of posts and positions, which threw his fate (he, will not dissemble, rather it contributed to it), it would take more than one page. Abiding in the government of Pierre Messmer,

Chirac changed thrice portfolio. Starting with the Minister for Relations with Parliament, he soon became the minister of agriculture, then Minister of the Interior, and then he, as head of the winning party republican democracy, appeared at the head of the government.

Meanwhile, in the political life of France, political changes have occurred. In 1958 returned to power, de Gaulle. He together with his associates created a new constitution changed the IV Republic V. Henceforth paramount political role in the country began to belong to the President. De Gaulle realized his idea of a strong government. Big rise experienced and Gaullist movement. His supporters were united in the party "Union for the new Republic" (UNR), which quickly became the leading political force in France.

Chirac while there was no active interest in politics. He reacted favorably to the change of power in the country. At the end of ENA, Chirac went to work in the House of countable and again gets in Algeria. Its partitioned into a branch of the institution in the Algerian capital.

In 1961 he returned to Paris. He teaches in the Graduate School of Political Sciences. But teaching career Chirac does not appeal. As soon as he learns that the economic advisor to the General Secretariat of the Government T - A. Buiter seeks Secretary, immediately offered his services and was hired. The duties included Jacques merely to log on inter-ministerial meeting devoted to economic issues.

After 6 months, at the end of 1962, Chirac became possible to get a place in the office of the Secretary of the Prime Minister. He studied the dossier that came from different ministries in the cabinet of prime minister. Chirac is filed cases on procurement, construction, public works and transport.

This technical position he held until 1964. It was then that Chirac has found his true teacher and mentor. They became the Pompidou. And Jacques chose a political career. For Chirac's new life begins. His work Chirac loves. He has all the qualities to perform it. He was distinguished by great diligence and ability to work, a great memory, and most importantly irresistible thirst to know all the secrets in politics.

Pompidou and Chirac are gradually converging. Prime Minister Chirac saw his solid supporter. In 1965, Chirac was first elected municipal councilor in the Correze. In 1966, Chirac is running for deputy to the National Assembly in the Correze department, where he spent campaigning election campaign and in 1967 he was elected.

Pompidou in the process of forming his new cabinet v1967 year he nominated Chirac as Secretary of State for Employment. Chirac became the youngest member of the Cabinet. This post he held for about a year.

In a number of cities in 1968 begin performances of students, and soon the workers. In this regard, de Gaulle expressed his dissatisfaction with the policy of the government. Surrounded by the president changes started.

The post of prime minister was chosen another man, set a reformist. They became M.Kuv de Morville. So in 1968, the Pompidou appeared just a private individual.

Jacques decided to leave their busy office. But he was not allowed to do it, and he stayed on as Secretary of State for Finance.

In 1969 - the new changes in the political history of France. De Gaulle found it necessary to resign as president.

Already in June were called early presidential elections. Gaullist party unanimously nominated at the Pompidou presidency. Election campaign was carried out in a hurry. Her financial side led Chirac. June 20, 1969 Pompidou became president of the Republic.

In 1970, Chirac appointed Minister for Relations with Parliament. This is where the difficulties begin. It turned out that such a role should be performed very delicately. That does not jibe with the character and temperament of the new minister. For this it was necessary to know perfectly what the National Assembly, and Chirac did not have time to spend in the Bourbon Palace and several sessions.

During the presidency of Pompidou prominent role in his entourage began to play Thuille P. and M. - F. Garo. Both were officers on special assignments, but actually were the closest advisors to the president. They were headed by one of the ideological trends of the Cabinet, without a doubt, conservative.

To the other, liberal, concerned Secretary's Office, later French Foreign Minister T.Tober and Director of the Office of President Eduard Balladur, who also used the influence. Chirac chose to join the first camp.

In 1972 he re-formed the government that allowed Chirac to get a new appointment. Now, he was given the post of Minister of Agriculture.

Experts soon came to the conclusion that the present Chirac does not understand the problems of agriculture. But once he was able to win the sympathy of the peasants, zealously defending their interests.[4]

In March 1974, the Pompidou appointed Chirac to a higher post - Minister of the Interior. The President clearly wanted to promote his ever higher to the top of the pyramid of power, which is likely to have been caused by the desire to present Chirac as his successor. Back in the mid 1973's health has deteriorated Pompidou. He is less and less began to appear in public places. In the government, rumors that the president is seriously ill. It is very much alarmed. But the official reports on the state of health was not. Chirac stubbornly refused to believe the rumors. But April 2 1974goda evening, all of French TV Programs were interrupted specials: president republic died.. He lost his teacher and mentor and closest friend.

2. The arrival of Jacques Chirac to political activity

After the death of Pompidou acute internal conflict broke out, which is long overdue and embodies the struggle between liberals and conservatives in the Gaullist movement. Thuille, Garo and Chirac would very much like to Gaullist official candidate for president and all the rules have become Messler. But he resolutely refused to run. Then his candidacy Chaban-Delmas proposed that support the party's leadership. Chirac and his supporters decided to oppose it. From the "Independent Republicans" ran Tiskar D`Esten. His - and then decided to support the young Minister of the Interior.

President of the Republic of 19 May 1974 was Tiskar D`Esten defeating Mitterrand in the second round with a minimal advantage. Immediately after assuming the presidency, he stated that he will appoint a Prime Minister Jacques Chirac. The president wanted to see this place chelov., Who supported his candidacy in the elections and has extensive experience in government. President explicitly calculated using the Gaullist Chirac subdue, as the party remained the largest by number of representatives in the National Assembly. Chirac firmly knew that in order to play an independent role to the president, he must, above all, to subjugate the Gaullist movement, to become the head of the party. He quickly managed to get the post of Secretary YUDR.

President of the Republic had hoped that with Chirac, However, it did not help him establish itself in office. Very quickly between D`Esten and Chirac had serious differences on important policy issues. Prime - Minister considered too "liberal" social and economic policies of the president. Chirac was deprived of certain privileges, such as rights of financial arbitrage. "Unlike his predecessors, he could not intervene in disputes between ministries regarding the distribution between the budget. The loss of this important prerogatives effectively nullifies the influence of the head of government at ministerial. "

These circumstances led to a head soon. Chirac always felt as if from the "hands tied." As a result, after the execution of Jacques Chirac a two-year service as prime minister in July 1976, has resigned.

Guide YUDR approved the decision of their leader. Henceforth, the two major parties of the bourgeois camp became, in essence, to compete with each other grouping. Chirac decided to continue the struggle for power. First thing he decided to "revive" Gaullism to rely on a strong party, to play an independent role in the party political system in France. So in October 1976, was born the idea of converting YUDR in "Rally for the Republic" (ODA).[5]

Proclamation ODA took the extraordinary congress in Paris on December 5, 1976. Collected more than 60,000 Gaullists. They enthusiastically welcomed their new leader. All major decisions Chirac took only together with his closest advisers.

The election of mayor in 1977 was a major event in the municipal elections. Left forces put a single candidate Sarah T.. "Independent Republicans" with the consent and support of the President of the Republic nominated M. D`Ornako. Then, as a candidate for the mayoralty of the country first offered himself and Chirac. The struggle for the post of mayor immediately turned into an open contest between two political trends in the ruling bloc - reformist and more conservative - shirak. From 1977 to 1995, Jacques Chirac longtime mayor.

The following year, he published two books Chirac - "Reflections of Hope" and "Speech to France in an hour of choice." In these works he made his domestic political, social and economic. And foreign policy views. According to him, at AZE French Constitution of 1958 created, no doubt, the best system of government of all that existed in France for centuries.

1978-1980 years have passed for Jacques Chirac and his party under the banner of the struggle for independence in the approval of the government coalition. In this way they were waiting for a serious test. In preparation for the parliamentary vyboram1978g. the most important goal was Gaullist victory over leftist forces. While they expected to maintain its dominant position in the coalition of right-wing parties. Chirac increasingly allowed himself to criticism of the government, basically he blamed his socio-economic policies. Before the elections the party president of the republic merged with the Social Democratic Centre, the Republican Party of Radical-Socialists and the Movement of Social Democrats in the electoral cartel Union for French Democracy (UDF). Tiskar D`Esten and his supporters hoped thus to create a fraction in the National Assembly, at least equivalent Gaullist. But they did not succeed.[6]

In the elections in February 1978. ODA received 155 seats, while the UDF - only 119. Such a balance of power in the National Assembly for Chirac was the starting point for an even more severe criticism of his coalition partner.

ODA Chairman and his supporters in the Central Committee headed out to "the upcoming presidential elections in 1981. act as an independent political force, not only opposes the left, but also emphasizes its alternative policy tiskarovtsev. "But to hold this course in life Chirac failed because he was not able to achieve unity in the party ranks. Many Gaullists were disappointed creator ODA activities, including Thuille and Garo. Debre and Garo announced their intention to run in the upcoming presidential election. In such a complex situation Chirac still managed to achieve what Congress was his official nominated as a presidential candidate. For him, it was the first presidential election.

Gaullist leader realized that almost no chance to beat their rivals D` Estaing and Mitterrand. But he was determined to run for the presidency of the republic, to confirm thereby the existence of ODA as an independent political force and not give Gaullist just go with the flow. The first round of elections on April 26, 1981. It's not unexpected that came forward Tiskar D` Estaing and Mitterrand (respectively 28.3% i 25.8% of the vote. Shіrak managed to score 18%, Debra - 1.6% and Garo - 1.3% of the vote) .

As a result, on May 10 the President of the Republic was elected Socialist Mitterrand. On the heels of the presidential parliamentary elections of the Socialist Party, received 285 seats, has made significant prevesa over right. For the first time in the history of the Republic, it formed a leftist majority in the National Assembly and the left-wing government.

Tiskar D`Esten Chirac and this time both lost. Ex - President gradually began to withdraw from active politics. Chirac, on the contrary, again takes on the case vigorously. Give up - not in his nature. To begin, he had to put together myself a new "team", not his style to work alone.

Chirac sought Balladur, former director of the Office of the Pompidou, who after the death of the chuck went to work in industrial firms. He consolidated his business relations with his colleagues on ODA Pasca and Mono. In the circle of his closest associates came in well Toubon T., F. Seguin and others. Many noted that several of the changed nature and Chirac. He became more cautious, careful, patient.

Since 1983, the policy of the country began to cause frustration among the masses associated with the coming to power of the left forces hopes to improve his position. As a result, the right parties began regain their positions. The first evidence for this was 1983 municipal elections. - ODA and UDF spent their mayors of 440 cities with a population of 519 over 9 thousand people. Greater success has made himself Chirac. He was re-elected mayor of Paris.

After the municipal elections Chirac actively involved in the struggle for power. The next stage of its parliamentary elections began in 1986. In the parliamentary elections, right-wing parties won the majority did, though insignificant. ODA and UDF now has 291 seats out of 577. And the President of the Republic proposed the formation of a new cabinet Chirac. Thus, there was an unprecedented situation in the Republic. At the head of state is the president of the left and right government.

Chirac made a bold decision, set the goal to "storm" the Elysee not of apposition, and as prime - minister. But after coming to power of apposition is sometimes easier than just save it. Moreover, according to the French constitution, the president of the republic has enormous powers, functions as an arbitrator, the guarantor of national unity. A prime minister is far less enviable role. He spends a specific policy, is responsible for it, and in the case of dissatisfaction becomes the first target for attacks. Still, Chirac took the execution of such a role, hoping for two years to prove to the French that the proposed course is best for the country.

Chirac and his very vigorously undertook reforms. The main government policy became its socio-economic program. First of all, it was a question of denationalization. The second element was the reduction of taxes.

Government policy Chirac was aimed at combating crime, terrorism, the decision "problems of immigrants," the reform of higher education. However, the last attempt to cause an explosion of indignation students across the country. The Cabinet had to give in and cancel the bill.

In foreign policy, Chirac said his country's commitment to the alliance with the United States. Stressed that he welcomed the agreement of the USSR and the US, based on the principle of total elimination of their nuclear forces of medium-range missiles.

During the two years of its activity the government of Chirac puts three times to the National Assembly the issue of trust. Votes of the deputies of the right parties received. But as we approach the presidential election in 1988 the forces that made up the coalition government, to dissociate.

Already in late 1987, it became clear that the rights of the parliamentary majority will be presented at the forthcoming elections the two main candidates - Chirac and Bar. Their most serious opponent was the president of the republic, which in late March, officially announced his intention to stay at the Elysee Palace for another one seven-year period.

Chirac his team most actively involved in the battle for the presidency. In the course of all the methods were started: advertising, travel around the country, radio and television. Approximate Prime - Minister of endlessly repeated about its merits. Articles about him and interviews with him in the first months of 1988 literally dazzled the bourgeois press.

However, this ad has not helped the leader of ODA to achieve the desired success. April 24 in the first round the highest number of votes (34.1%) received Mitterrand, Chirac scored 19.9%, Barr - 16.5%. Although Chirac and went into the second round, but a decisive victory over Mitterrand win failed. 8 May 54% of voters preferred the French Socialist candidate. Chirac has collected 46% of the vote. Two days later he presented to the President of his resignation. Mitterrand dissolved the National Assembly and call new elections. As a result, the Socialists gained 278 seats, but failed to take the absolute majority of seats. 27 seats in the BDS, right-wing parties have also failed to maintain their position. They won 272 seats. The President of the Republic instructed to form a new cabinet Socialist Michel turner.

Second defeat in the elections did not break the will of Jacques Chirac to victory, leaving the post of prime minister, he again became one of the leaders of the right-left government apposition.

Moderate rate of the government Tokar has drawn criticism from both the right-wing parties, and in most FAK. Apposition with 1990goda especially active when they began to show signs of another recession. Economic situation began to deteriorate, unemployment has become a chronic problem. Soon as prime - minister was shot Tokar stead May 15, 1991 Cresson was appointed. But the popularity of FAK has continued to fall. In 1992, again a change of Prime Minister, appointed Pierre Bйrйgovoy that the main objectives of the fight against unemployment announced continuation of partial privatization. But the chance to prevent the defeat of FAK in the upcoming parliamentary elections, he no longer had.

Elections to the National Assembly a 1993 brought a triumphant success right parties who abandoned former radicalism and built their program on a win-win slogan of "responsibility" and "trust, moderate reforms, the fight against social inequality and unemployment, crime and terrorism.

Government right majority in 1993 led Edward Baladyur, more than ten years is an advisor to Chirac to conduct election campaigns. Chirac was the leader of the coalition, but preparing for the presidential election. Baladyur declared priority of the government fight unemployment and rescue system of social insurance. Important role in increasing the revenue side played the second wave of privatization. The measures taken to reduce the budget deficit and create jobs. To encourage employment growth was also curtailed by the government tax on payroll. Government policy has caused great public support. French appealed personal image of the Prime Minister, his calmness, confidence and irony. In 1994 Baladyur considered as the main candidate to win the upcoming presidential election.

Baladyur finally declared their participation in the presidential race in December 1994. When it became known to refuse to run the main candidate of FAK Delors. In this situation, a split electorate ODA inevitable when Baladyur rivalry with Chirac, did not look too dangerous. A paradoxical situation where the main enemy in the course of the election campaign were the representatives of one party (although formally Baladyur acted as an independent candidate). Nomination in February 1995 the candidate of the FAK Tosna not perceived as a serious alternative.

Rivalry same Baladyur and Chirac becomes a completely unexpected turn. Baladyur relied on his company's achievements and the government promised voters a continuation of the previous course. Initially, he was clearly in the lead in the polls. Becomes an outsider, Chirac decided a risky maneuver - he abruptly changed the guidelines of the election program and ceases to voters almost as a candidate of the left. The leitmotif of the election of Chirac became sharp criticism of the government, in reproaches Baladyura immobility and complacency, the focus of voters on topical problems of French society. Chirac surely attracted the sympathy of the young and oppressing electorate." Remained strong and its position in the ODA.

The first round of elections brought victory Tosnenu (23.3%). But this success was due largely split right electorate. Part of the voters voted for ODA even socialist, to avoid "fratricidal" second round Baladyur - Chirac. He received 20.6% Baladyur - 18.5% .In the second round Chirac still gets the most votes wins the presidency, and that got him a "high price". No wonder during the election of Chirac often repeated the words that have become his motto: "Always when there is a desire, there will and the way to implement it."[7]

3. Jacques Chirac's activities as the President of France

First steps Chirac - President after winning the 1995 highly symbolic. He appointed the Prime Minister of one of those who provided him victory - Alain Tyuppe. Many ministerial posts were named differently. For example, there was the post of Minister for Solidarity between generations, who took the woman, "the midwife by profession."

For the first term, the president of the Fifth Republic was characterized by important - the elimination of unemployment and strengthening a united Europe. It is from these decisions depended further the welfare of all the French.

The issue of European construction has held among the priorities of the French almost forefront. Not the least, and even the primary role played by the mood of citizens in the modern world, so it is necessary to consider the views of ordinary Frenchmen on the current policy of the state under the leadership of Jacques Chirac.

For several years, French public opinion to agree with the policy of orthodox monetarism, trust, successive politicians who argued that European integration and the improvement of the social situation in the country, are not only compatible but also complementary. However, recently it has been run dry because the trust policy of the Government of the French economy in the integration of the European and world is increasingly moving away from the realization of goals such as increasing employment and the fight against social exclusion of certain categories of workers. When Chirac said that gives absolute priority to the policy of creating a single currency of the EU, which requires the reduction of the budget deficit, that is, additional exemptions from the income of workers and the revision of the system of social protection, workers employed in enterprises were made in defense of their social rights. Thus, the subordination of economic and social policy objectives of government monetary policy and improve the international competitiveness of the French economy has caused public concern and led to social protests that have long been ignored by the authorities.

Speeches of the French population had not only economic but also social connotations: the strikers have expressed dismay at the fact that the nation-state loses its ability to protect wage earners own country and more worried about the creation of a single EU currency system and to increase the competitiveness of the French economy in the world markets, what about the workers.

In this regard, further policies aimed at integration, underwent a severe test. And this policy of association or where not cause such a sharp protest in France. Still, the plan of reorganization of the system of social security in terms of integration remains in force. For example, Jacques Chirac firmly supported the introduction of the single European currency, as the basis of European construction. He did not once urged people to support the European constitution.

One of the most important steps is to Chirac's decision to conduct nuclear tests in the Pacific.

To this solution reacted violently in the country, although the president step can hardly be considered a sensation recently active work on the preparation of French public opinion for such a development.

Socialists - the leading force apposition - announced their intention to seek the cancellation of this decision and to start collecting signatures for a nationwide petition renouncing nuclear tests. The ruling majority, of course, support the president. His supporters called the action Chirac "a bold step in the interests of France's independence and security of the French." A leader of the far-right National Front of Jean-Marie Le Pen expressed "full support to the Government in this matter."

Wide response is received, and negative politician in the world. Sharp criticism came from the countries of the Asia - Pacific region. Australia and New Zealand do have interrupted communication with France in the military field. Regret at the resumption of the tests were made in Canada and the United States, Russia, and Latin countries. Thanks to all of their actions in the military-political sphere, France showed its independence.

This is reflected also in the divergence of views on some floor with NATO and the US. A global effort to end the influence of the resumption of nuclear tests, did not matter.

After the signing of the Maastricht Treaty, the position of France in Europe increased significantly since Chirac moved to a peculiar offensive in Europe with undisguised aim of becoming a real political leader of the EU.

Most clearly manifested this claim Paris, probably in the military question after authorization of nuclear tests in the Pacific. Chirac conducts military reform and return to France in the NATO military organization.

Military reform, expanded Chirac, France provides a complete rejection of the draft system, as well as a sharp decrease in the number of armed forces by reducing its contingent of those who are deployed in Europe.

The French army takes on the character of military grouping adapted primarily for combat operations outside Europe. Increase maneuverability parts and their respective saturation technique, reduce the value of tank units, increase the role of a tank of aviation.

The decision on the professionalization of the army and the termination of the call taken Chirac in February 1996 has been fixed by the Act of October 28, 1997. Place of recruits in accordance with the plan of military reform should take military personnel and volunteers. This law opened a new page in the history of the armed forces of France.

Military reform in France is a reflection of the new geostrategic reality. The end of the Cold War changed the balance of forces: the threat of a direct attack on the Western territories ceded place at risk for numerous local conflicts that require immediate intervention.

A marked tendency in France to take the lead in the process of European unification. To achieve this, France has sharply decreased its political and economic activity in the East as well as in Sub-Saharan Africa. All these actions were due primarily the process of European integration.

The main changes that have been waiting to Europe in the event, if the end of 2006 the European Constitution took 4/3 of the 25 Member States:

- Introduction to the post of Minister of Foreign Affairs and President of the EU.

- Adoption of the key decisions in the EU Council of Ministers, without paralyzing the will of consensus.

- Empowerment of the European Parliament, who shall be entitled to assert the EU.

- EU citizens are entitled to a referendum, it is necessary to collect 1 million. Signatures.

After processing all the ballots against the project in France voted 54.87% of voters.

Fear fueled voter possible accession of Turkey to the EU, as well as a number of economic reforms. The most popular of them are not market reform services.

Free services market seemingly improves the prospects of employment in the most prosperous countries in the EU for citizens of poorer. However, such liberalization may lead to unemployment among citizens simply the most prosperous countries, that is the same in France. In 2006, France's unemployment rate is 10.1%. Despite all the efforts of the government, these measures failed to reduce.

Thus, during the first and second term as head of state Jacques Chirac, his priority was the political line of the further deepening of the process of European integration. He pursued a policy aimed at the accounting of the situation in the world as a result of the collapse of the bipolar system.

But as the political situation in France, you can not say that it is stable and calm. Mass social unrest and protests are typical for France in the 21st century.[8]

4. Jacques Chirac's reform activities in education and health

Many of the principles upon which the system of education in France, were formulated during the Revolution of 1789. Laws passed between 1881 and 1889 years, and the laws of the Republic of IV and V are the basis of the structure of modern education.

The education system is based on the following general principles:

1. Freedom of education. The Republic recognizes the legitimacy of the existence of public schools and private schools, under its control, and have the opportunity to receive support from the state.

2. Free. Education in public schools and educational institutions is free. In primary and secondary school textbooks are issued by the state.

3. Secularism. Public schools take a neutral stance on religion, philosophy and politics.

4. Obligation. Education is compulsory for all children of both sexes from 6 to 16 years living in France.

5. Confirmation of the State of degrees and diplomas. Only the state has the right to issue diplomas and confer degrees. Diplomas issued by some private schools have legal force only if they are recognized by the state.

The major elements of the French education system are:

- Kindergarten;

- Elementary School;

- College;

- Vocational school;

- Educational and technological lycйe;

- Higher education.

Kindergartens always represents one of the most original aspects of the French education system.

In nurseries, except for children of school age, children are accepted starting from 2-3 years and up to 6 years. French society treats with great reverence to kindergartens, so that they are in great demand. Since a long time, nurseries in France are considered as an integral part of primary education of children. After the family garden becomes a place where children receive the first lessons in education. There are all conditions for a more complete disclosure of their age features (respect their rhythm of life, their rules, relationships with other children), and to develop their skills under the supervision of adults. By maintaining a stable way of their social life, kindergarten provides children with the opportunity to form their personality, prepares them to perceive knowledge in elementary school both physically and intellectually.

Compulsory schooling begins with French children six years of age. The numbering of the classes are in reverse order from the XII-th to the I-st and the outlet there are three types of schools: for boys, for girls, co-education school. The choice of the type carried out by parents of the child.

Primary school is compulsory, free and mixed. In elementary school accepts children aged from 6 to 11 years, most of whom were attending kindergarten. The fundamental task of the elementary school is learning the basics of reading, writing and numeracy. It gives children the opportunity to significantly expand the scope of their perception of time, space, objects of the modern world and his own body.

In accordance with the legislation of the initial training period of five years is divided into two cycles:

- A series of fundamental studies (starts with a preparatory class in kindergarten), which ends at the end of the initial course of the 1st year of primary school;

- A series of in-depth study, which covers the last three years of primary school.

In elementary school French educational content is divided into 2 nd part: basic subjects (native language and literature, mathematics) and the so-called emerging disciplines (lessons on history, geography, civics, science, labor training, physical and aesthetic education). School week consists of 3 types of lessons: in basic disciplines (10 + 5 hours) on "Emerging disciplines" (6:00) and outdoors (6 hours).

College is classified as educational institutions, providing a complete secondary education, there are accepted for four years, all children aged 11-12 years, who had previously completed the cycle average elementary school.

The College has a dual task:

1) makes it possible to obtain a complete secondary education;

2) orients in the choice of further education and vocational training.

France - one of the countries in Europe where at the state level a system of professional orientation of students. Starting from the VI-V class, all the information about the students make a personal dossier, by which the identity of the student's study, determine his abilities, aptitudes, knowledge. Important role for the tests, the results of fixed mandatory.

On the basis of analysis of the student council dossier class decides on his future professional career.

In the IV-III class focuses on career-oriented work. It includes a recommendation to the Council on the future path of class education, familiarization with information about opportunities to continue their studies or employment, as well as the needs of the labor market.

By the end of III - Board determines the grade for each student so-called "prediction of success" and gives directions for further orientation. All of these materials are sent to parents. The family, in turn, expressing their wishes, formulate final conclusions ..

Vocational school is an educational institution providing a complete secondary education, where college students are accepted after the end of the 3rd general education classroom or as an exception after the 3rd preparatory class. They are transferred to the first of training for professional degrees or at the first cycle to obtain a certificate of professional education.

In high school students are accepted, made his professional choice at the end of college, and where after 3 years of training they will receive a bachelor's degree or diploma technique. We can distinguish the following types of schools according to the issued diplomas:

1) general education, graduates receive a bachelor's degree in general studies;

2) technical, graduates receive a bachelor's degree in engineering disciplines;

3) The multi-disciplinary, which combines the separation of general studies and separation technology disciplines;

4) Lyceum with branch postsecondary education: higher technical classes for higher education institutions.

Lyceum - one type of secondary school, which gives the right to enroll in higher education institutions of the country.

The French government has deliberately and systematically uses the latest technical tools in school education. In the 90 years the school of France entered a new stage of computerization. In the school curriculum included a course "Electronics", which has a view of the achievement of universal computer literacy. Takes steps to ensure schools with personal computers. A project "Computer for All", which has three main objectives:

- Compulsory computer education in high school, designed for 30 training sessions;

- Systematic training in twenty universities in the country training programs for computers;

- Training teachers to master new techniques.

Higher education includes a range of different types of post-secondary education in educational institutions subordinate to different ministries. In this area, the public sector takes a much more important position than in primary and secondary schools. French higher education system is very different from the Belarusian. Characterized by the fact that the term "higher education" in France is treated differently than in Belarus. Thus, the system of higher education in France includes part of the system of training mid-level professionals. More than 300 tons of thousands of students enrolled in the two-year program with a strong vocational orientation in the sections of senior technicians (STS) and the Institutes of Technology (IWT), something similar to our PTU. Graduates of these schools receive diplomas BIS (diploma of specialized secondary technical education) and DWT (Diplome Universitoure de Technologie), which allow immediately after graduation to work in the area of service in the hospitality or tourism business for a total of 24 m special or continue their studies.

Higher education in France is divided into three cycles. At the end of the first two-year cycle of learning French, students receive a diploma of general university education, which employers listed low. To go to the second cycle, you must have a diploma of general university education. First, the second cycle is called a licentiate. Get this degree, students can participate in a year in the competition to place a high school teacher. Other students go to the second year of the second cycle, after which they receive "diploma of Excellence" - a university degree. In principle, after obtaining a Master study can be considered finished, and most students leave university named after the master's degree. However, if you want to get a diploma of higher levels in French universities, for you provided the third cycle of training, which take students with a master's degree

The health care system in France is characterized by a generous offer of medical services and their collective financial coating covering the entire population.

It operates under the control of the State, but public and private sectors jointly involved in the provision and financing of health care.

The State guarantees the public interest in the health system and improving health. State invades sometimes directly in the production or financing of health services. It performs the control of the links between funding bodies, representatives of health professionals and patients in the name of the imperatives of health and economic nature.

Thus, the State:

- Take responsibility for key health issues, collective prevention, sanitation, combating major diseases and social evils (substance abuse, alcoholism);

- Provides training to health workers involved in the determination of the conditions of their work, monitors the implementation of standards of quality and safety of health care institutions and the pharmaceutical industry;

- Monitor the adequacy of the structures of care and prevention needs and adjusts the volume of supply of services, personnel, facilities, heavy equipment, permission to market drugs;

- Oversees the operation of public hospitals, appoints their directors, budget finances and organizes recruitment;

- Supervises the functioning of the social protection system, and as such participates in the definition of models of financing (the base and the rates of insurance premiums), the rules of coverage, the order of taking on the financing of health services (prices and reimbursement rates to the population to pay for medical expenses services), oversees the preservation of the balance of social and national accounts

At the national level, the Ministry of Social Affairs and the Ministry of Health, on behalf of the state leadership of the health system. Three control of these ministries are directly involved in this process: the Social Security,

Managing large, General Directorate of Health. Other ministries are involved in the health care management include: the Ministry of Finance - in matters of budget review, the Ministry of National Education - in the training of medical specialties, the Ministry of Industry - in matters of pricing of medicines, as well as the Ministry of Environment, Ministry of Agriculture Ministry of the Armed Forces.

At the local level there are Regional Office for Medical and Social Affairs (DRASS) and the Departmental Office of Medical and Social Affairs (DDASS), subordinate to the prefect of the region, respectively, and the prefect of the department.

Social protection of the population against the financial risks associated with the disease, provided mainly by the sickness insurance system, the social security component - legislating "tool" under state control. In addition, the organization of a mutual insurance company or a private insurance offer additional protection; poorest may resort to a system of care, taking over the funding of their health care, or assisted, provide free charities.

Eighty insurance companies are private enterprises for commercial purposes.

The sickness insurance system does not restrict the freedom to choose any patients, nor freedom assignments performed by doctors; the patient is free to seek the services of specialists. In addition, theoretically there is not any restriction of consumption of services covered by the system of sickness insurance.

In parallel with these freedoms rules covering financial services to the sickness insurance system is removed relatively important role in paying for health care by the patient, as the financial service coverage is rarely a perfect match.

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