Russia-ASEAN Strategic Partnership as ASEAN’s Priority in the Establishment of ASEAN Community
The purpose of the ASEAN organization. Institutions and mechanisms of economic and cultural cooperation. Development of strategic partnership with Russia. The importance of China, Japan and India in regional stability. Fighting terrorism and crime.
Рубрика | История и исторические личности |
Вид | статья |
Язык | английский |
Дата добавления | 24.08.2020 |
Размер файла | 92,6 K |
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Against this background, it should be noted that Russia is involved into the regional initiatives on the cyber security. For example, in 2015 the ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF) passed ARF Work Plan on Security of and in the Use of ICTs ARF Work Plan on Security of and in the Use of Information and Communication Technologies. (2015). // http://aseanregionalforum.asean.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/ARF-Work-Plan-on-Security-of-and-in-the-Use-of-Information-and-Communications-Technologies.pdf, prepared by the tandem of Russia, Malaysia and Australia.
Despite the numerous activities to bolster digitalization all over the Southeast Asia and strengthen cyber security in the region ASEAN remains heterogeneous and highly vulnerable to the as e.g. Malaysia, Indonesia and Vietnam are the hotspots for blocked suspicious Web activities, being used to launch malware attacksCybersecurity in ASEAN: An Urgent Call to Action. AT KEARNEY. // https://www.southeast-asia.kearney.com/documents/1781738/1782318/Cybersecurity+in+ASEAN%E2%80%94An+Urgent+Call+to+Action.pdf/80a880c4-8b70-3c99-335f-c57e6ded5d34 . The regional critical information infrastructure is at permanent risk of breaches, what was proven, for instance, by the identity theft of 850 individuals from the Singapore's Defense Ministry online database portal in 2017.
A win-win deepening of cooperation between Russia and ASEAN could focus on IT innovations and their implementation to the current and prospects needs of the Association. Strengthening of Russia's positions in the Southeast Asia information technology could smoothly prevent China from monopolizing it simultaneously intensifying military-political influence on the region. Under such conditions China's dominance in ASEAN IT-sector could potentially threaten the sovereignty of the grouping.
Among the most prominent Russia's IT-companies currently operating in Southeast Asia is Kaspersky Lab with the headquarters in Singapore. The company cooperates to identify and prevent cyber threats as well as to investigate cybercrimes with the INTERPOL Global Complex for Innovation located there. Singapore office also serves as the R&D centre.
In August 2019 Kaspersky in partnership with cyber security specialist agency CyberSecurity Malaysia opened its first Transparency Center in Asia Pacific Kaspersky to open first Transparency Center in APAC. (2019, August 15). Kaspersky.
// https://www.kaspersky.com/about/press-releases/2019_kaspersky-to-open-first-transparency-center-in-apac where government stakeholders and clients of the enterprise can review Kaspersky solutions and services, visitors will be able to check the source code too.
Kaspersky Lab distributes its products and services in many countries of the region, including Malaysia, Thailand, Singapore, Indonesia, Vietnam and the Philippines. Company also actively works with the Malaysian government in the field of IT security.
Another Russia's successful company is InfoWatch, the developer of corporate information security software product and solution. The company is presented in Malaysia, Indonesia and Vietnam. In Malaysia InfoWatch works with Bank Persatuan, with Malaysian companies launched several pilot projects on its product InfoWatch Traffic Monitor Enterprise. The company is among the Indonesian government's cyber security consultants.
Group-IB, a global provider of cyber security infrastructure and solutions, also opened its headquarters in Singapore, working with local universities, in particular with the Singapore Institute of Management. Southeast Asia was said to account for more than 30 percent of Croup-IB international revenue. In December 2019 the company in a joint operation with INTERPOL's ASEAN Cyber Capability Desk took down big cybergang Operation Night Fury: Group-IB helps take down a cybergang behind the infection of hundreds of websites all over the world. (2020, January 27). Group IB. // https://www.group-ib.com/media/night-fury/.
The involvement of the Russia's CERT-teams into the process of cooperation on cyber security matters could allow to foster ASEAN capacity-building that is develop required skills and strengthen channels of information exchange.
Russia's IT startups, Skolkovo Innovation Center residents, also gradually enter the Southeast Asia market. CDNvideo, through the Singapore distributor supplying its services throughout Singapore and to Indonesia and Malaysia, provides fast content delivery network services. CDNvideo's technologies allow distributing content from the geographically closest node to the end user Kanaev E. et al (2016, May 18). Russia and ASEAN. Key Cooperation Projects. RIAC. // https://russiancouncil.ru/en/analytics-and-comments/analytics/russia-and-asean-key-cooperation-projects/?sphrase_id=36319519.
Among other Skolkovo residents working in Southeast Asia are Ivideon with centres in Singapore and offering cloud video surveillance services; SPB TV in Thailand and Singapore; Flack Research.
To support entrepreneurship and innovation and accelerate start-ups from Russia to enter Southeast Asia markets, Singapore in particular, Skolkovo together with the Russian Direct Investment Fund signed Memorandum of Understanding with Singapore's Action Community for Entrepreneurship at the Russia-ASEAN Forum in 2018. The organizations will jointly bolster innovation and support cooperation between the two countries' start-up ecosystems.
Russia's big developers and cultivate the regional markets: Parallels, based in Singapore and Indonesia, specializes in the virtual applications and automated hosting services; i-Free; GS Group has been digitalizing national television in Cambodia; LifePay purchased mobile acquiring service IBoxPro, operating in Vietnam, Indonesia and Thailand, and established LifePay Global in Singapore; FreshOffice which provides turnkey solutions for businesses; BaseRide develop cloud services for public transport and commercial logistics Ibid.; e-book service Bookmate is available in Singapore partnering with local info-communications provider StarHub and Indonesia in partnership with telecommunication networks and service provider Indosat, etc.
During the ASEAN Business in November 2019 and Investment Summit Russia-ASEAN Business Council and Thai company Datagate agreed to cooperate in the joint developing and supplying high-tech telecommunication, IT and ICT solutions for the digital infrastructure of Thailand and ASEAN as a whole.
Another important issue to be mentioned is space technologies. In 2015 several projects were held applying GLONASS/GPS technologies in the areas of transport, logistics, food industry, etc. JSC Russian Space Systems also conducted training seminars on the exploitation of GLONASS/GPS technologies. Russia is ready to share its practice and interact on IT issues as there is a high demand from both sides.
The space exploration and technologies could possibly be another promising area of cooperation between Russia and ASEAN, as Malaysia already has an experience of contacts with Russia on this issue and Vietnam and Indonesia show an increased interest in this sector. As possible projects to implement could be deemed the launching of satellites or the construction of space centers.
Russia is also ready to develop the network of “smart cities” that is to implement digital technologies into an urban environment and has plans to join to ASEAN within this project Korolev A. S. Russia - ASEAN: the search for new “growth points” // RIAC, 2019 URL: http://russiancouncil.ru/analytics-and-comments/analytics/rossiya-asean-poisk-novykh-tochek-rosta/?fbclid=IwAR3ntnrmIVjC40nf4fE6sVShgt5yn_7ZHjOV1Met0pDZv7boctycSTdQX_U
, what was announced by the president at Russia-ASEAN Summit in 2018. Moscow is already cooperating with Singapore and has agreements with some other cities.
During the international forum “Smart City, Application Guide” held in March 2019 in Kaluga the first Russia-ASEAN dialogue on the Smart City project took place. Facing the importance of the initiative and the need to develop cooperation in the field of “smart cities” the participant enhanced the advisability of creating a permanent working group on this issue.
To conclude, notably, without the guaranteed cyber security the progress and prosperity could not be expected, especially under the conditions of digitalization of economy and many other areas of life, when activity is based and dependent on the digital platforms and services. The collapse of them, especially breakdown of critical infrastructure, will definitely cause enormous economic losses, if not to say catastrophe. Maintaining cyber security will ensure not only opportunities for economic development of the state and its citizens, but also state security as such.
Threats of intrusions into the strategically important computer networks or attacks by terrorists endanger the state sovereignty and security. The monopolization of IT sector limits the opportunities for innovation and imperils state sovereignty.
The stagnation in digital will diminish the opportunities of future development, whilst intra-ASEAN disparity will impede internal cooperation and consequently the unity of the Association. That is why to take preemptive actions is so important in this context and cooperation with Russia could serve as a great means for capacity building of ASEAN.
The example of Kaspersky Lab and some other IT companies involved in network security, payments, telecommunications, and business management shows that Russia's enterprises successfully operate in Southeast Asian countries, while the growing industry of IT start-ups opens up great opportunities for the presence of Russia's venture capital and technology transfer both to and from the region. Regarding space technologies and “smart cities” projects, Russia posses all currently required technologies to implement and share and is ready to cooperate in view of further progress.
Conclusion
ASEAN has made a significant progress in the evolution of its aims and functional expansion. Being established to confront the common threat, the Association transformed into the “concert of nations”, cherishing the idea of playing a more decisive role in international arena.
ASEAN consider itself as a driver of regional integration, offering different initiatives to facilitate common security, development and prosperity. To provide the substantial foundation and the platform for cooperation ASEAN has established different institutions and mechanisms such as ASEAN Regional Forum, East Asia Summit ASEAN + 3, ASEAN + 8, RCEP. The core pattern in the outward-looking ambitions of the Association is the concept of ASEAN centrality in the regional processes. ASEAN is eager to be at the intersection of interests of powerful neighbours as it strives to benefit from the external ties to solve the internal matters. In this context balancing among the great powers could be an appropriate strategy.
To enhance its presence in the global affairs and ramp up the influence in the region ASEAN has launched a brand new for the international relations integration initiative - ASEAN Community. The project actually is multidirectional being aimed at the development in three areas. ASEAN Political-Security Community, analyzed from the realist point of view, is to contribute to strengthening of ASEAN security both in internal and external level. Liberal Economic Community has to foster intra-ASEAN economic cooperation and create favourable conditions for the efficient relations with the partners. ASEAN Socio-Cultural Community, which is reasonable to be explored through the lens of constructivism, is concerned of people and the related issues like common identity or human rights. Therefore the project discloses the growing ambitions of the Association to gain more strength and expand its influence.
ASEAN has undoubtedly achieved a lot, however, experiencing some challenges of endogenous and exogenous nature. ASEAN intentions to preserve its leadership in the regional integration may be hampered by the insufficient development of some member states thus a significant economic divide within the Association as well as the active presence of powerful actors in the structure of the regional international relations. ASEAN and ASEAN Community experience some internal difficulties due to the institution's weaknesses and individual member states' problems and interests which sometimes prevail over the ASEAN goals.
China is actively implementing its megaproject “Belt and Road Initiative” which is of considerable strategic importance. At the same time some ASEAN countries are heavily dependent on China in particular issues risking to lose its sovereignty in the future. The disputes in the South China sea worsen the situation hindering intra-ASEAN unity.
The Asia Pacific region, including Southeast Asia, is covered by the network of the US military alliances (“hub and spoke system”), and together with the Japan-born but US-led concept of Indo-Pacific region, supported by India as well, imperils ASEAN projects. In other words, the collision of China's and US projects will probably pose to the most dependent ASEAN countries the question of choice between two sides.
There are other stakeholders like Japan or India, which can abet the violation of regional stability. Proceeding from these prospects and considering the acute need to overcome some troublesome internal obstacles, ASEAN should act wisely promoting the mutually beneficial cooperation through its integration platforms and hedging the potential risk by balancing and optimizing its relations with partners.
Against this background, strategic partnership with Russia can be of significant importance for ASEAN, even though at first glance it may seem to lack depth for such a high level of relations. First of all, the upgrade of status of partnership to strategic indicates the high level of trust and focus on the future cooperation with the view of mutual benefit and sustainability.
ASEAN and Russia celebrated the 20 anniversary of the dialogue relations in 2016, and in 2018 established strategic partnership. In present Russia takes part in the main regional institutions like EAS, ARF, ASEAN+8, ADMM Plus, etc. There are also numerous subject-matter channels and mechanisms of cooperation like ASEAN-Russia Summit, ASEAN-Russia Joint Cooperation Committee, ASEAN - Russian Federation Dialogue Partnership Financial Fund, ASEAN-Russia Joint Working Group on Counter Terrorism and Transnational Crime, etc. Despite a number of obstacles that experience Russia while integrating in the regional structure and some blind spots in ASEAN-Russia relations themselves the Association can make good use of this partnership.
Maintaining good relations with China and taking advantage of the participation in the BRI, ASEAN may involve Russia into the cooperation to mitigate China's growing eminence in the Asia Pacific region and the overdependence of some ASEAN member states on the China's policy and resources. From the realist point of view, Russia could contribute to the security and independence of the Association providing new opportunities for balancing. According to liberalism, cooperation with Russia may contribute to the diversification of the external resources for the development.
Cooperating with Russia the Association will be able to access new practices and technologies thus bolster its capacity-building in such important areas as cyber security, information technologies, critical infrastructure protection, space exploration and energy security. Consequently, ASEAN could provide itself both opportunities for the development and the basis for the security and sustainability.
Intensifying the intra-ASEAN unity and collaboration together with deepening and expanding cooperation with Russia ASEAN will be able to balance the United States and alleviate the detrimental effect in case of the collision of the US and China's interests in the region.
The presence of Russia as a great power among the key partners of the Association alongside with its participation in the ASEAN-led and ASEAN-centric initiatives can make a significant contribution to the multipolar world order and expansion of ASEAN participation in the global processes, favouring the evolution of ASEAN Community.
For its part, Russia is interested in cooperation with ASEAN because of the acute need for the diversification of its foreign relations, within the framework of the proclaimed “Pivot to the East”, to attract new resources for the development of the economy and of the Asian territories, while hedging the potential risks and ensuring peace in the region close to its Far East.
Comparing to the other great powers, Russia builds relations with the Association within the unique format, having some significant advantages over other ASEAN strategic partners. Russia does not have expansionist intentions towards ASEAN countries; there has never been any serious armed conflict in the region with participation of Russia. The fundamental difference is that Russia treats the Association and its member states as equal partners, not imposing any restrictions on the behaviour, the two sides do not interact within the donor-recipient model. economic cooperation organization partnership
Russia has never interfered into internal affairs of the Southeast Asia countries and does not seem to have such intentions. These facts may be considered as advantages of Russia and the basis for its goodwill.
ASEAN tries to use external relations for its internal development, promoting ASEAN Community in particular. An imbalance in foreign policy can adversely affect the organization itself as a united and independent actor and its security, since excessive bias towards one of the external partners can lead to the dependence on the future partner's policy if not to say threatens the sovereignty.
Thereby it should be noted that strategic cooperation is not about immediate benefits, but about providing the basis and guarantees of security and future prosperity. Partnership with Russia could offer the ASEAN opportunities for capacity-building and underpin the balance in the foreign relations of the Association.
To conclude, one should point out that practically all the set tasks of the research have been completed, the aim of the researched has been achieved and the hypnoses has been proven. Nevertheless, one should mention not only the achievements but also challenges and outline the prospects for the studies in future.
The main challenge for the research presented the lack of open access data on ASEAN - Russia cooperation. What is more the development of Russia's economy as well as the US foreign policy are hard to be forecasted. The ASEAN together with its initiative and the international relations in the Asia Pacific region on the whole still require theoretical explanation and conceptual study. In this perspective this given research not only presents a comprehensive analysis, but also lays the foundation for the future studies, providing facts and ideas and identifying the areas and aspects to focus on.
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