4.1 Obstacles of Russian female entrepreneurs

According to the Global Gender Gap Report (2016), compiled by the World Economic Forum, Russia is ranked 75 out of 144 countries in terms of having a gender gap. The state of entrepreneurship complies with these data: it is widely represented by men (77%), while the number of female entrepreneurs is only 23% according to the latest research of the Ministry of the Economy of the Russian Federation. However, compare to Niger which, globally stands at 88 in the ranking of 190, Russia is doing greater. According to the OECD (2012), Russian women suffer from obstacles such as lack of information, self-confidence, fear of falling, lack of financial support and new laws that are there but not enforced due to the application of the laws of the communist period. In a study conducted by (Dimitri Kisline, 2007), there are three groups of major obstacles that have been mentioned. The first are those laid by the state, the second by banking infrastructure and the third by human resources.

In the first wave of surveys from (OPORA of Russia, 2015), a wide range of problems impeding female entrepreneurship were identified. These problems were identified as:

Lack of time (41%)

Lack of knowledge and experience in doing business (40%)

Lack of financial capacity (39%)

Self-doubt (32%)

The impact of the economic situation in the region and competition (21%).

According to the data for 2017, respondents indicated the main barriers to the development of female entrepreneurship:

Lack of financial capacity (33%)

Self-doubt and personal qualities (16%)

Lack of knowledge and experience in doing business (10%)

The impact of the economic situation in the region, competition and infrastructure (19%)

Comparison of data for 2017 and 2015 show that the lack of funds remained the main barrier. There is a significant decrease in 2017 compared to 2015, mentioning such problems as self-doubt, lack of knowledge and experience in doing business. The lack of time as one of the often-mentioned barriers disappeared in 2017.Given that the main obstacle to the development of entrepreneurship is the difficulty of financing, table 2 shows the proportion of various forms of attracting financial resources. The corresponding survey was conducted during the first, second and third waves of the survey

Table 2. The structure of attracting financial resources, %

Survey waves
Forms of financing	1 (2015)	2 (2016)	3 (the first half of 2017)
Money from friends, relatives and acquaintances Bank loans on behalf of an individual Bank loans on behalf of the company Private investment Government subsidies	20 32 32 7 2	16 26 36 9 3	43 36 19 15 No data

Source: developed by authors: Pinkovetskaia et al. by using data from (GEM, 2015-2017)

The data presented in table 2 differ significantly from one period to another. Therefore, the analysis of the financing structure can be based on averages. This analysis shows that the proportion of Bank loans issued on behalf of individuals and companies did not change significantly during the period under review and ranged from 64% to 55%. The share of financial resources borrowed from friends, relatives and acquaintances is lower. From 7% to 15% of female entrepreneurs attracted private investment. State subsidies were used by a small number of entrepreneurs.



4.2 Obstacles of Nigerien female entrepreneurs

According to the 2018 Doing Business Report, Niger has reached the 24th place in the world. This position places Niger at the 1st African rank in the creation of enterprises in the 53 countries of Africa. In four years, Niger has seen a progress on the indicator "business creation" from 132nd in 2016 to 27th in 2019 World place.

Recent economic, institutional, legal and business creation reforms have impacted this outcome. The reforms implemented with regard to the "business creation" indicator relate to the reduction of the time and cost of the formalities for the creation of a limited liability company (SARL) on the one hand and, on the other hand, the reduction of procedures by making it optional to switch to notaries when creating a SARL ".

However, these performance barriers, challenges and risks exist for young people and women when starting a business and in particular for integration into the labour market. these are:

§ Insufficient or lack of qualification of young men or women; most women who engage in entrepreneurship do so by coercion to meet their needs, the needs of the family. These women usually do not have enough or not studied at all. Women who have studied face the problem of unemployment because the state is unable to absorb all graduates.

§ Taxation; competition from informal enterprises.

§ Economic crises: the economic crisis affecting developing countries such as Niger does not allow for substantial financing of women's entrepreneurship.

§ Employee membership. According to one the results of an interview with a female entrepreneur; mainly male employees do not adhere to the ideals of the company because of a complex develop; do not allow themselves to be dominated by women.

§ Mismatch of training: in most cases there is mismatch between training and the enterprise created by the woman.

§ Business environment little received by young people and company profile; conducive; business environment is not conducive to women because the texts in favour of women entrepreneurs are insufficient.

There is no text that protects the products of women entrepreneurs because women face harsh competition from products from neigh-boring countries or other contain such as Asia.

§ Low start-up income resulting in domestic products;

§ Insufficient training in starting new businesses;

§ High cost of financial management services of the enterprise; transportation etc.

Summary of obstacles for female entrepreneurs in Niger female

Insufficient or lack of qualification	High exposure to natural hazards
Economic crisis	Country is landlocked
Employee membership	Insufficient and obsolete infrastructure
Mismatch of training	High rate of population growth
Business environment	Low literacy level
Low start-up income resulting in domestic products	Low entrepreneurial culture
Insufficient training in starting new businesses	Socio-cultural prejudices
High cost of financial management services of the enterprise

Source: developed by the Author



5. Method and data

The collection of our data includes the use of quantitative and qualitative methods. Our secondary data has been collected from other open sources such as: the OECD, the World Bank, The Global Entrepreneurship Monitor, various recent articles and journals.

Participants: our data comes from Russian and Nigerien entrepreneurs

Primary data: was collected through a survey conducted between October 2019 and February 2020 (250) Nigeriens women entrepreneurs and (68) Russian women entrepreneurs.

After, a survey phase of collection of contacts (names, contact details, nature of the company) from the Ministry of youth entrepreneurship; from the company house and the Chamber of commerce, our questionnaires were administered. For this exercise we mainly took advantage of the various fairs organized in Niamey.

Also, we conducted interviews with leading women in the field of entrepreneurship and networking.

More than half of the contacts taken did not result in direct administration by telephone. The questionnaires were administered, according to the wishes of the interviewees; they were conducted at home, at the workplace or at fairs.

The different information collected has been processed with the Statistical package for social science software in its version 20 and is presented in Table form in the following paragraph to make out the difference in the entrepreneurial practice of women in these countries in terms of opportunities, obstacles, etc.

6. Analysis, results, and discussion

	Frequency	Percent
	18-25	12	16.9
	26-35	29	40.8
	36 and older	30	42.3
	Total	71	100.0



1. Age Russia

Table 1: Age Niger

	Frequency	Percentages
	18 to 25 years	69	27.6
	26 to 35 years	116	46.4
	36 years and more	65	26.0
	Total	250	100.0

The data in this tables shows that 12 people with 16.9% of our participants are aged from 18-25 years, 29 people with 40.8% are from 26-35 years and 30 people with 42.3% have 36 years and older, so we can deduct that the majority of Women who engage more in entrepreneurship are between 26-35 years and 36 years and older, thus more older and a minority of young women aged from 18-25 years.

The table above reveals that out of all the respondents, 27.6% of those surveyed are between 18 and 25 years of age; 46.4% are between 26 and 36 years and older; 26% are 36 years and older. We deduce from this table that there is a majority which emerges through respectively 27.6% and 46.4% who are younger than a significant minority 26% who are older.

	Frequency	Percent
	Single	19	26.8
	in civil partnership	17	23.9
	Married	29	40.8
	Divorced	5	7.0
	Widowed	1	1.4
	Total	71	100.0



2. Marital status Russia

Table 2: marital status of respondents Niger

marital status	Frequency	Percentages
	-Single	100	40.0
	-Married	80	32.0
	-Divorcee	50	20.0
	-Widow	20	8.0
	Total	250	100.0

This tables demonstrates that 19 people with 26.8% of our respondents are single, 17 people with 23.9% are in civil partnership, 29 people with 40.8% are married, 5 people with 7% are divorced and 1 person with 1.4% is widowed. We can conclude that most women who create their business are married, the is average is between single or in civil partnership and a minority is observed among divorced or widowed women.

In this table, which is the subject of our survey, 40% of all people questioned are single; 32% are married; 20% are divorced and 8% are widows. Apart from the 32% who are married women, the others are forced to create small businesses to support themselves and their families.

3. Level of education Russia

	Frequency	Percent
	Secondary	5	7.0
	Bachelor	23	32.4
	Masters	15	21.1
	Specialist	24	33.8
	PhD	4	5.6
	Total	71	100.0

The data about the level of education revealed that 5 people with 7% possess secondary level, 23 people with 32.4% have bachelor's degree, 15 people with 21.1% have master's degree, 24 people with 33.8% possess specialist level of education and 4 people with 5.6% have their PhD. To conclude most of our participants, have either specialist level of education or bachelor's degree, the average of our participants possesses master's degree and a minority of them have secondary level or PhD.

Table 3: level of education of the respondent Niger

Levels	Frequency	Percentages
	Primary	100	40.0
	Secondary	77	30.8
	Superior	50	20.0
	Phd- doctorate	23	9.2
	Total	250	100.0

This table shows that out of all the respondents, 40% have a level of primary education; 30.8% have a secondary level; 20% have a higher level and 9.2% have a phd-doctorate level. This situation is explained by the fact that till now some girls have difficulties in pursuing studies up to the higher level.

4. job activity Russia

	Frequency	Percent
	Commerce	16	22.5
	Breeding	5	7.0
	Crafts	3	4.2
	Restaurant	10	14.1
	customer services and e	9	12.7
	IT	13	18.3
	e-commerce	8	11.3
	Consulting	3	4.2
	Media	3	4.2
	Others	1	1.4
	Total	71	100.0



The table above shows that 16 people with 22.5% of our respondents created their businesses in the field of commerce, 5 people with 7% are in the field breeding, 3 people with 4.2% are in crafts activities, 10 people with 14.1% are in restaurant field, 9 people with 12.7% are in the field of customer service, 13 people with 18.3% are in the field of IT, 8 people with 11.3% are in e-commerce, 3 people with 4.2 in the field of consulting, 3 people with 4.2 in the field of media and finally 1 person with 1,4% in others fields. To sum-up most of Russia women entrepreneurs are represented in the field of commerce with 16%, IT 13%, restaurant 10%, customer services 9% and e-commerce 8 % while the average are represented in breeding, crafts, consulting, media and very few people in other fields.

Table 4: activity of the respondent Niger

	Frequency	Percentages
	Trade	100	40.0
	Breeding	50	20.0
	Arts and crafts	50	20.0
	Restoration	30	12.0
	transformation of agro-pastoral products	20	8.0
	Total	250	100.0

The table above reveals that out of all people questioned, 40% work in commerce; 20% in breeding; 20% in crafts; 12% in catering and 8% in the processing of agro-pastoral products.

5. motivation Russia

	Frequency	Percent
	Profit	24	33.8
	Survival	1	1.4
	Experience	22	31.0
	Inovation	14	19.7
	no option	3	4.2
	Other	7	9.9
	Total	71	100.0

Here our data results revealed that among the motivations that push Russia women entrepreneurs to operate in the activities highlighted in the previous tables, we have the desire to make profit to which 24 people answered with 33.8%, 1 person with 1.4% mentioned the survival motivation, 22 people with 31.0% due to their experience in the field, innovative motivation was answered by 14 people with 19.7%, 3 people are working in their choosing fields because

they have no option and 7 people with 9.9% because of other motives. So, we can conclude that most of our participants are motivated by profit-making with 33.8%, their past experiences 31.0% and innovation with 19.7% while the minority are in their chosen activities due to reasons such as: survival, no option, and other motives.

Table 5 reason for the choice of activity Niger

	Frequency	Percentages
	it is profitable	100	40.0
	to survive	110	44.0
	experience in the field	20	8.0
	corresponds to my training	20	8.0
	Total	250	100.0

the table above reveals that out of all respondents, 40% said that the choice of activity is profitable; 44% said it is to survive; 8% said it is for experience in the field and 8% also said that it corresponds to their training.

6. professionally trained Russia

	Frequency	Percent
	Yes	29	40.8
	No	42	59.2
	Total	71	100.0

As indicated in the tables above 29 people with 40.8% confirmed that the received a professional training while 42 people with 59.2 said that they are not professionally trained, so more than half of them in Russia were trained before having their businesses with 59.2%, followed by 40.8% who were not trained.

Table n ° 6 did you receive training Niger

	Frequency	Percentages
	Yes	100	40.0
	No	150	60.0
	Total	250	100.0

In this table, we have 40% of all respondents who said that they have received training and 60% said that they did not receive it. We deduce from this table that a majority affirmed that having received training to the detriment of a significant minority which affirmed the opposite.

What is the orginazer if the training received Russia

	Frequency	Percent
	Department	19	26.8
	The chamber of commerce	3	4.2
	NGOs	6	8.5
	Training Association of entrepreneurs	25	35.2
	acceleration program	18	25.4
	Total	71	100.0

Our table indicates that 19 people with 26.8% who received some trainings were trained by some departments, 3 people with 4.2 were trained by the chamber of commerce, 6 people with 8.5% were trained by some NGOs, 25 people with 35.2% were trained by training Association of entrepreneurs and 18 people with 25.4% were trained by acceleration program. Thus, most of women were trained by departments, Training Association of entrepreneurs or acceleration program respectively with 26.8%, 35.2% and 25.4% compare to, few of them by the chamber of commerce or NGOs with respectively with 3% and 6%.

Table training organizer Niger

	Frequency	Percentages
	Ministerial department	100	40.0
	Chamber of Commerce	50	20.0
	NGO	80	32.0
	acceleration program	20	8.0
	Total	250	100.0

The table above reveals that out of all people questioned that 40% affirmed that the ministerial department is the organizer of their training; 20% said it is the chamber of commerce; 32% said it is NGOs and 8% said it is the acceleration program

7. training purpose Russia

	Frequency	Percent
	Assembly and project management	23	33.4
	Transformation of products	14	19.7
	Marketing	18	25.3
	Project management	8	11.3
	Others	8	11.3
	Total	71	100.0

The table above indicates that 23 people with 33.4% said that, their training purpose is for the assembly and project management, 14 people with 19.7% said that for it was for products transformation purpose, 18 people with 25.3 confirmed that the purpose was for the need of marketing competences, 8 people with 11.3% said that it was for the project management only and another group of people gave other reasons. To summarize most of women prefer to be trained for the purpose of assembly and project management, Transformation of products and Marketing with respectively 33.4%, 19.7%, 25.3% compare to 11.3% and 11.3% respectively for Project management and others purpose.

Table 7 purpose of the training Niger

	Frequency	Percentages
	project management	100	40.0
	product transformation	50	20.0
	Marketing	70	28.0
	Others	30	12.0
	Total	250	100.0

In this table, we have 40% of respondents who said that the goal of training is based on project management; 20% said it is about product transformation and marketing and other purposes with respectively 28.0% and 12.0%.

8. difficulties income Russia

	Frequency	Percent
	Yes	57	80.3
	No	14	19.7
	Total	71	100.0

As indicated in the tables above 57 people with 80.3% confirmed that they have difficulties to increase their income while 17 people with 19.7 said the opposite, so all most of them have difficulties to increase their income with 80.3% of the participants.

9. improvement need Russia

	Frequency	Percent
	Having access to bank loans	5	7.0
	Improving the legal framework for women's cases	6	8.5
	Review taxes downwards	28	39.4
	Create a framework to support women's businesses	26	36.6
	Others	6	8.4
	Total	71	100.0

Our table here indicates that 5 people with 7.0% think that having access to bank loans is what they need to improve their business situation, 6 people with 8.5% confirmed that improving the legal framework for women's cases is what they need, 28 people with 39.4% said that the review taxes downwards is what they want, 26 people with 36.6% said that Create a framework to support women's businesses is what have to be done to improve women entrepreneurs business conditions and finally 6 people with 8.4% said others needs than those cited in the table. So, most of them think that Review taxes downwards and Create a framework to support women's businesses are more needed for improvement with respectively 39.4% and 36.6% while few of them think that Having access to bank loans, Improving the legal framework for women's cases and Others are needed with respectively 5%, 6% and of the participants.

This table which is the subject of our work reveals that out of all people questioned 28% of the respondents need a bank loan to improve the project; 32% to the improvement of the legal framework; 32% to review the taxes and 8% in the framework to support female businesses

10. source of capital Russia

	Frequency	Percent
	Tontine	3	4.2
	Personnel savings	35	49.3
	Help from parents	15	21.1
	Bank credit	9	12.7
	Finance from organization	4	5.6
	Others	5	7.0
	Total	71	100.0



Our table here indicates that 3 people with 4.2% got their capital to start their business through tontine, 35 people with 49.3% got their capital to start their business by Personnel savings, 15 people with 21.1% said that they got their capital to start their business through the help from parents, 9 people with 12.7% said through Bank credit, 4 people with 5.6% through finance from organizations and 5 people with 7.0% through other sources. So, most of them got their capital through Personnel savings and Help from parents with respectively 49.3% and 21.1% while few of them got their capital through Tontine, Bank credit, Finance from organization and from others sources with respectively 4.2%, 12.7%, 5.6%, and 7.0% of the participants.

Table 10 source of funding for the respondent's activities Niger

	Frequency	Percentages
	Tontine	50	20.0
	Economy	100	40.0
	help from parents	80	32.0
	an organization	20	8.0
	Total	250	100.0

This table reveals that out of all the people questioned 20% have their tontine as a source of funding for their activities; 40% used their savings; 32% with the help of parents and 8% with an organization

11. bank loan acquisition Russia

	Frequency	Percent
	Having relationships with banks	9	12.7
	Present a reliable and cost-effective project	56	78.9
	Corrupting officers in charge of reviewing the files	4	5.6
	Others	2	2.8
	Total	71	100.0



The table here indicates that 9 people with 12.7% think that having relationships with banks eases bank loan acquisition, 59 people with 78.9% confirmed that to get loan from banks you need to Present a reliable and cost-effective project, 4 people with 5.6% said that Corrupting officers in charge of reviewing the files is the best way to get credit from banks and 2 people with 2.8 % said there are other ways to easily get credit from banks. To conclude, the majority of the participants think that Present a reliable and cost-effective project is the easiest way to get credit with 78.9% while few of them confirmed: Having relationships with banks, Corrupting officers in charge of reviewing the files or other means are the ways to get credit from banks, with respectively 12.7%, 5.6% and 2.8% and of the participants.

Table 11 access to bank loan Niger

	Frequency	Percentages
	have relationships with bankers	100	40.0
	present a reliable case	100	40.0
	By corruption	50	20.0
	Total	250	100.0

Source our survey; january 2020

In this table, we have 40% of the participants who said they have access to bank loans through relationships with bankers; 40% after presenting a reliable case and 20% through corruption.

12. membership of association Russia

	Frequency	PerCent
	Yes	24	33.8
	No	47	66.2
	Total	71	100.0



As indicated in the tables above 24 people with 33.8% confirmed membership to an association and 47 people with 66.2% said the opposite, so all most all of them do not belong to an association with 66.2% of the participants.

13. support from ministry Russia

	Frequency	Percent
	Never	47	66.2
	Occasionally	13	18.3
	Sometimes	10	14.1
	Often	1	1.4
	Total	71	100.0

Table 13 support from ministry Niger

	Frequencies	Percentages
	Always	8	3.2
	Sometimes	42	16.8
	Never	200	80.0
	Total	250	100.0

This table revealed that 47 people with 66.2% affirmed that they have never been supported the Russia ministries, 13 people with 18.3 confirmed that they have occasionally been supported by the ministries, 10 people with 14.1% said that they have been supported by the ministries sometimes and 1 people with 1.4% said that they have often been supported by the ministries. To conclude, the majority of the participants they have never been supported by the ministries with 66.2%while the rest said that they have some-how been supported by the ministries with of a total of 33.8% the participants.

The table above reveals that out of all those questioned, 3.2% said they still have the support of the ministry; 16.8% say sometimes and 80% say they never have the support of the department. This table shows that the majority of respondents do not receive the support of the ministry.



14. Legal texts favorable Russia

	Frequency	Valid Percent
	absolutely unfavourable	2	2.8
	rather unfavorbale	14	19.7
	neither fav or unfav	35	49.3
	rather favourable	14	19.7
	absolutely favourable	6	8.5
	Total	71	100.0

The table above indicates that 2 people with 2.8% said that Legal texts are absolutely unfavourable for women entrepreneurs in Russia, 14 people with 19.7% said that Legal texts are rather unfavorbale, 35 people with 49.3% confirmed that said that Legal texts are neither favorable or unfavorbale, 14 people with 19.7% said that Legal texts are rather favorbale and 6 people with 8.5% said that Legal texts are absolutely favorable. To summarize most of women confirmed that Legal texts are neither favorable or unfavorbale, the average member of people confirmed that Legal texts are favorable followed by the rest who said that Legal texts are unfavorbale with respectively 49.3%, 28.2% and 22.5% of the participants.

Table 14 Are the legal texts favorable to the creation of a company Niger

	Frequency	Percentages
	fairly favorable	5	2.0
	Rather favorable	16	6.4
	neither favorable nor unfavorable	24	9.6
	quite unfavorable	205	82
	Total	250	100.0

The table above reveals that out of all people questioned, 2% affirmed that the legal texts are fairly favorable to business creation; 6.4% said Rather favorable and 9.6% said neither favorable nor unfavorable and 82% said that it is completely unfavorable. It emerges from this table that the majority of those surveyed said that the legal texts are completely unfavorable to business creation.

15. Are taxes favorable for women entrepreneurs in Russia?

	Frequency	Percent
	Yes	7	9.9
	No	43	60.6
	dont know	21	29.6
	Total	71	100.0

As indicated in the tables above 7 people with 9.9% confirmed that taxes are favorable for women entrepreneurs in Russia, 43 people with 60.6% said the opposite and 21 people with 29.6% said that they do not know, so we can conclude that most of them do not believe that taxes are favorable for women entrepreneurs in Russia with more than 60.6% of the participants.

Table 15 Tax flexibility Niger

	Frequency	Percentages
	Yes	50	20.0
	No	200	80.0
	Total	250	100.0

Source our survey; january 2020

In this table, we have 20% of respondents who said that taxes are flexible and 80% said the opposite. This table shows that taxes are not flexible.



16. Financial and non-financial support Russia

	Frequency	Percent
	Network contacts	28	39.4
	Start-up Incubators and accelerators	14	19.7
	Foreign Markets	7	9.9
	Support from government and society	3	4.2
	Professional Seminars and Workshops for awareness	6	8.5
	Financial Support	6	8.5
	Legal policies	2	2.8
	Making documentation and processes easy	3	4.2
	Others	2	2.8
	Total	71	100.0

As indicated in the tables above 28 people with 39.4% said that Network contacts is a one of the supports that women have in Russia in the field of entrepreneurship, 14 people with 19.7% affirmed that Start-up Incubators and accelerators are also some kind of support for women,7 people with 9.9% confirmed that Foreign Markets represent a support, also 3 people with 4.2% said that the received Support from government and society, 6 people with 8.5% said Professional Seminars and Workshops for awareness are for a good support, again 6 people with 8.5% confirmed that the have Financial Support, 2 people only with 2.8% affirmed that Legal policies represents support for them, 3 people with 4.2% said that Making documentation and processes easy is one of the supports they have and finally 2 people with 2.8% said that they have other supports apart from those cited in the table. To conclude, we deduct that most of the respondents affirmed to have more non-financial supports with 77.5% as opportunity, insignificant financial support 8.5%, the legal policies plus support from government and society are far to be ideal in their support with 11, 2 and 2.8% from other supports.



Table 16 Financial and non-financial support (opportunities) Niger Frequency Percentages

Contact network	50	20
Start-up Incubators and accelerators	40	16
Foreign market	10	4
Government and society support	10	4
Professional Seminars and Workshops for awareness	35	14
Financial support	45	18
Legal policy	30	12
Administrative procedures	30	12
Others to be specified	00	00

According to these results, we note that 20% of the women questioned believe network contacts is a support they have in the field of entrepreneurship and 18% believe that one of support they have is financial support; 16% of the women questioned believe that Start-up Incubators and accelerators are some of the supports also. The administrative procedures and Legal policy were confirmed to be opportunities for women with respectively 12% for each of the indicators, while Foreign market and Government and society support represent only 4% for each of the indicators. However, Professional Seminars and Workshops for awareness itself was confirmed by 14% of the participants as an opportunity.

17. Obstacles Russia

	Frequency	Percent
	Educational issues	13	18.3
	Financial literacy	15	21.1
	Corruption	5	7.0
	Cultural prejudices	16	22.5
	Fear of failure and success	16	22.5
	High taxes	3	4.2
	Lack of knowledge and experiences	2	2.8
	Unfair Government policies	1	1.4
	Total	71	100.0



As indicated in the tables above 13 people with 18.3% said that Educational issues is one of the obstacles that Russian women are facing in the field of entrepreneurship, 15 people with 21.1% affirmed Financial literacy also is a kind of obstacles for women, 5 people with 7.0% confirmed that among the obstacles Corruption represents one of them, also 16 people with 22.5 % said that Cultural prejudices are some of the obstacles, 16 people with 22.5 % said Fear of failure and success is also an issue for them, 3 people with 4.2% confirmed that among the obstacles is High taxes, 2 people only with 2.8% affirmed Lack of knowledge and experiences are also obstacles for them and finally 1 people with 1.4% said that Unfair Government policies is an obstacle. To conclude, we deduct that most of the respondents affirmed to have most of the obstacles in Cultural prejudices, Fear of failure and success, Financial literacy, and Educational issues with 16%, 16%, 15% and 13% of the participants.

Table 17 Obstacles Niger

Terms	Frequency	Percentages
Educational challenges	5	2
Financial ignorance	00	00
Corruption	100	40
Cultural prejudices	20	8
Fear of failure and success	25	10
High taxes	55	22
Lack of knowledge and experience	5	2
Government equity	40	16
Total	250	100

According to these results, 40% of the respondents recognized that corruption constitutes a brake and 16% believe that the lack of justice at the state level is the cause. In another sense, however, 22% believe that the taxes are too high. Other people believe that the cultural weight is a tackle with 8%. However, the feeling of failure constitutes an obstacle too with 10% of the participants, according to 2% of those questioned Lack of knowledge and experience is also an obstacle for women, followed by 2% of the respondents who said Educational challenges is among the hindrance of women entrepreneurs. According to the results of our study, we note that many factors are obstacles to the emergence of female entrepreneurship in Niger.

Comparative analysis of the results

Comparing the results of the two tables relative to the age range we notice that the majority of women who are more engaged in entrepreneurship are aged 36 years with 42.3%, followed by those aged between 26 and 35 years with 40.8% therefore the oldest and finally those aged 18 to 25 years with 16.9% which represents a minority of young women compared to the data of women from Niger who present a result contrary to that of Russia. Thus the majority of women who are more engaged in entrepreneurship are aged 26 to 35 years with 46.4%, followed by 18 to 25 years with 27.6 and finally those aged 36 a plus with 26.0%, so young people are more engaged than the older ones.

Comparing the results of the two tables relating to the marital status of the respondents we notice that the majority of Russian women who are more engaged in entrepreneurship are married with 40.8%, followed by singles with 26.8%, then those in civil relationship with 23.9% and finally divorcees and widows who represent only 8.4%. However in Niger the most present are singles because they represent the young population with 40%, followed by married with 32% hence a similarity with Russia, divorced women who have a higher rate than that of Russia which is 20% and finally widows with 8%.

Comparing the results of the two tables relating to the educational level of the respondents we notice that the majority of Russian women who are more engaged in entrepreneurship have a very high educational level because that is to say the level of specialty with 33.8% or the license with 32%, followed by those who have the master's degree with 21.1%, then those who have a secondary level with 7% and finally doctoral students with 5.6%. However Niger represents results contrary to those of Russia, the most present have a low educational level that is to say the primary level with 40%, secondary with 30%, master and Bachelor 20% and finally those who have the doctorate with 9.2%.

Comparing the results of the two tables relating to the type of activities of the respondents we notice that most of the Russian women entrepreneurs are represented in the field of commerce with 16%, IT 13%, restaurant 10%, customer Services 9% and e-commerce 8% while the average are represented in livestock, crafts, consulting, media and very few people in other fields, compare to the Women entrepreneurs of Niger where of all the respondents, 40% practice in commerce ; 20% in livestock ; 20% in handicrafts ; 12% in the restoration and 8% in the processing of agro-pastoral products. In both countries they have more in trade but for the restoration t...