Аргументативные риторические вопросы в английском языке

According to Belokolotskoya, context-dependent are some structural and syntactic form of a rhetorical question, for example, the alternative question. Another type of syntactic rhetorical question, rhetorical which is always conditioned by the context, is the separation issue.

Features of functioning of rhetorical questions in English

The traditional name of "rhetorical question" limits the scope of its actual use. The rhetorical question is not an exceptional phenomenon in the speech, on the contrary it is very typical for emotional speech. Rhetorical question - is a judgment (positive or negative), presented in the form of an interrogative sentence. The speaker has no doubt that his question can be given only one answer that the listener is provided to speculation that this response, specifically, prompted the conclusion was his own conviction:

If this belief from heaven be sent, such be Nature's holy plan, I not reason to lamentman has made of man?

(Lines Written in Early Spring, W. Wordsworth)

The syntactic meaning of interrogative in rhetorical question may be so weakened that, instead of a question mark with an exclamation mark:

“…You remember the sign she used to send, Badly - the heart with a cross inside of it?”

“Me?” cried Badly, with intoxicated archness.

“You old sugar-stealing coyote! Don't I remember! Why, you dad-blamed old long-horned turtle-dove, the boys in camp was all cognoscious about them hieroglyphs…” (O. Henry)

In colloquial speech often used stereotyped formulas of rhetorical questions, expressing sharp disagreement with the interlocutor:

Business is it of yours? You mind your own affairs. (Shaw)painter! What business had he to paint a woman so like Vic as that - a woman that didn't mind lyin' like that! (Golsworthy)

“What did you do in the feud, Father?”

“Never you mind.”

“Oh! But if I'm to keep it up?”

“Who said you were to keep it up?” (Golsworthy)

Encased in an interrogative basis makes a rhetorical question means to enhance expressiveness, revitalizes and diversifies monologues:

“I never see him doing any work there”, continued Harries, “whenever I go in. He sits behind a bit of glass all day, truing to look as if he was doing something. What's the good of a man behind a bit of glass? I have to work for my living. Why can't he work? What use is he there, and what's the good of their banks? They take your money, and then, when you draw a cheque, they send it back smeared all over with “No effect”, “Refer to drawer”. What's the good of that? That's the sort of trick they served me twice last week…” (Jerome K. Jerome)

The rhetorical question does not involve a response and put not to encourage the listener to report something known speaker. The function of the rhetorical question - to attract attention, reinforce the impression, improve emotional. The answer is suggested by him, and a rhetorical question only involves the reader or listener into the argument, making it more active, forcing himself to draw a conclusion. Rhetorical question is found in all styles of speech, but has in each of them a special function. LVII Shakespearean sonnet about boundless devotion to his beloved begins with an emotional issue, which is really a statement:

Being your slave, what should I do but tendthe hours and times of your desire?

In a famous speech of the parliamentary Byron against the bill on the death penalty for the destroyers of machines using rhetorical questions expresses bright sarcasm and anger. In the play "Saint Joan" Shaw gives a sharp satirical description of the English false patriotism when canon "with a bull neck," exclaims:

“How can what an Englishman believes be heresy? It is a contradiction in terms”.

3. Argumental rhetorical questions

The argument (Latin: argumentum of the verb arguo - show, it turns out, prove - argument, the evidence, reasoning) is a fragment of utterance (question) that contains the rationale thought. "The basis of argumentative analysis is theoretical conviction that whatever form of speech, we have not taken (whether written or oral, prepared or spontaneous, scientific or everyday), we always find ... model, using which people interact with each other, trying to doubtless provide for others expressed their point of view. It is undisputed that in natural language, in the act of speech, every statement, the statement is as such only if it is addressed to another, if it joins in the act of speech, mind and consciousness of the speaker listening. And in this interaction interlocutors assume that the speaker, expressing anything, believes that this should be taken for this listener and there is some justification. " [А.И. Мигунов Семантика аргументативного речевого акта. (диссертация)]

Referring to these reasons, the obvious, it is not always present in speech, even in cases where the speaker is not aware of, so the nature of the speech is always argumentative. Call any argumentative statement is not enough that it was such as to demonstrate its particular logical validity in the context and situation. In argumentative rhetorical question laid logical communication process aimed at substantiation of the position of one person to follow her understanding and acceptance of the other person. This issue presents the reasons for the expression and appreciation of the opponent's dialogue offers detailed position the speaker. [http://www.bibliotekar.ru/russkiy-yazyk/52.htm}

Resorting to the terminology validity, any rhetorical question or exclamation can be interpreted as an expression in the language of the speaker specific information to its transmission to the listener, understanding and appreciation of her last. As a result, the validity of any statements intended to certain concepts of education and knowledge of the listener. Argument - it's a known and clear to the speaker's reality, with which the statement, signed in the form of a rhetorical question, contains a good deal of evidence and credibility. It should be noted that very often in the speech of the argument is not clearly traced, so the listener or the opponent dialogue efforts must be made to understand. Validity of the rhetorical question can be achieved by such means as well as the language analogy, comparison or metaphor. In using the argument that the speaker intended to exclude any doubt on the part of the listener, change the position, persuade, and, in addition, to encourage the listener to self-resolve the issue. Intellectual activity of the speaker in this time focused on the truth or falsity of the justification of a position expressed by the question. In other words, the speaker argued using a rhetorical question, as the best means of language, trying to influence the opponent. The argument is a speech act, which includes a system of propositions intended to justify or refute any opinion. It is addressed primarily to the mind of the person who is able, judging whether to accept or reject this view.

For argumentativity of questions or statements the following features are important:

* argument is always expressed in a language that has the form of spoken or written statements;

* argument is a purposeful activity: it has the task of strengthening or weakening of one's convictions;

* argument - it is a social activity because it is directed at another person or other people, involves dialogue and active response on the other hand;

* argument assumes rationality of those who perceive it, their ability to rationally weigh the arguments, take them or challenge.

Arguments can be defined as social, intellectual, verbal activity, which serves as the justification or refutation of view, the allegations presented by the system to achieve the approval of the specific audience. [А. П. Алексеев Аргументация. Познание. Общение, 149]. Including in his speech argument, saying really wants as clearly as possible to present their point of view, in some cases, ignoring the possible consequences of the evidence and the reaction of the recipient. In addition to this, argument is defined as "the technique of speech, aimed at convincing the interlocutor, the audience". [Ю.В. Рождественский, Принципы современной риторики, 1999].

Summarizing the above, it is believed that reasoned rhetorical question is a communicative activity, the purpose of which is to convince the recipient through the support of its position.In the process of argumentation speaking sells itself as a language person involved are his knowledge, common sense, his emotional state, as well as his social status. Reasoned rhetorical question is dynamic, as it encompasses the process of formulating a response. Therefore, we can say that it is associated primarily with the predication, as any thought is always predicative. The peculiarity of this process is to establish credibility. The ideal strategic objective argument - persuasive effect - achieved through the reliability and consistency of arguments.Social representations, concepts, incorporates the intellectual, spiritual, emotional and mental aspirations of the individual parcels are still in communication tactics and the strategy of communication, "led by" choice of language means.

Argumentative process can be regarded as a method of treatment beliefs in the cognitive system of the individual. The argument, in turn, begins to present as a component in the relationship of addresser and addressee. [D. Hample 1982]. It is reasonable. After the construction is not possible without understanding the argument to accept or reject the arguments only after their understanding, correlating with their belief system and his opponent.

Turning the argument in question can be characterized as one of the mental processes, because as a way of reasoning, using the argument - the thought process. [Г.А. Брутян 1992. С. 46], requiring mental activity, even if only at the time of production of the argument. As its main functions, it suggests an explanation, confirmation, correction, objection, etc. Of course, any speech acts leave a mental mark on the recipient's head. However, the reasoning followed by a call from the memory components, components for a reasoned statement.

The cause of the argument, some linguists consider the disagreement between the participants of the communicative act. [Т.В. Губаева 1995; Н.Ю. Фанян 2000].

Therefore, there is often a rhetorical question with a negative emotional tone. In Spontaneous Communication argument often grows out of the conflict relationships, coupled with negative emotions (argument with a negative conflictual experience barged with negative emotion). ) [M.A. Gilbert 1995. P. 2].

Unlike argumentative situation of conflict is that it involves a focus on conflict resolution verbal way. To take into account non-verbal aspects of communication, as well as a set of argumentative-relevant non-linguistic components. Linguistic identity is implemented as a kind of full understanding of personality, encapsulating the psychological, social, ethical, and other components, but refracted through its language, its discourse. [В.П. Конецкая 1997]

Practical argumentation in spontaneous communication reduces not to be true or false allegations, but rather to resolve the conflicting traffic.

Список используемой литературы

1. Hample, D. (1982). Dual coding, reasoning and fallacies. Journal of the American Forensic Association, 19, 59-78.

2. http://www.bibliotekar.ru/russkiy-yazyk/52.htm

3. Lanham R.A. A Handlist of Rhetorical terms. N.Y., 1969. - 185 p.

4. Leech G., Svartvik J.A. Communicative Grammar of English. 2nd ed. London; N.Y.,с. 156

5. M.A. Gilbert 1995. P. 2

6. А. П. Алексеев Аргументация. Познание. Общение, 149,[1] с. 22 см, М. Изд-во МГУ 1991

7. А.И. Мигунов Семантика аргументативного речевого акта. (диссертация)

8. Бархударов Л.С. Очерки по морфологии современного английского языка: уч пособие для студентов старших курсов, институтов и фак-та. ин. языков. - Высш. школа, 1995. - 155 с.

9. Белоколоцкая С.А. Риторический вопрос в английском языке, с. 116

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11. Григорьев В.А. К толкованию понятия «риторический вопрос». Прагматико-функциональное исследование языков. - Высш. школа, 1990. - с. 38

12. Куделькина Е.В., дисс. Фразеосинтаксические схемы, 2001

13. Литературная энциклопедия http://feb-web.ru/feb/litenc/encyclop/

14. Русская грамматика. Т. 2. Синтакис, с. 194

15. Сергеева Т.А., дисс. Риторические вопросы как эмоциональные высказывания в немецкой диалогической речи, с. 74

16. Т.В. Губаева 1995; Н.Ю. Фанян 2000

17. Терешкина Л.З., дис. Функционально-семантические типы вопросительных предложений, с. 16

18. Фридман Л.Г. Вопросительные предложения в современного немецкого языка, с. 228

19. Ю.В. Рождественский, Принципы современной риторики, 1999

20. Янош З.П. дисс. Конфигурация внутренних отношений прямого вопросительного предложения современного французского языка

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