English For Lawyers

to draw on the Council's experience. The programmes are based on the results of intergovernmental collaboration at the Council - its reference texts, networks of experts and co-operation structures. Their purpose is to consolidate, strengthen and accelerate democratic reform in these countries so that they can integrate gradually and harmoniously into the processes and structures of European co-operation, above all the Council of Europe. The Confidence-Building Measures Programme has been established with a view to supporting civil society initiatives aimed at improving reciprocal knowledge and co-operation between majority and minority communities.

Countries joining the Council undertake to accept the principles of the rule of law and their people's prerogative to basic human rights and fundamental freedoms. They also undertake to collaborate sincerely and ef¬fectively to achieve greater unity, and to facilitate their economic and social progress. Each member state is responsible for honouring these commitments and the Committee of Ministers ensures that they do so. In the event of a serious violation, the Committee of Ministers can suspend a member state's right of representation, invite it to withdraw or even decide that it has ceased to be a member of the Council.

The Committee of Ministers also ensures that conventions and agreements between member states are implemented. This is crucial in the case of human rights texts, the most important of which (the European Convention on Human Rights, the European Social Charter, the European Convention for the Prevention of Torture and the Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities) provide for supervisory machinery. The Committee of Ministers' responsibilities with regard to the European Convention on Human Rights reflect the importance of this convention, which is the cornerstone of the system of human rights protection in Europe. In supervising the execution by member states of the judgments of the European Court of Human Rights, the Committee of Ministers plays an essential role In maintaining the credibility of a system that is unparalleled in the world.

In accordance with the philosophy that has governed the Council's enlargement since the fall of the Berlin Wall, the Committee of Ministers has exercised its responsibilities in an impartial and constructive spirit, emphasising dialogue and the gradual establishment of political and material conditions conducive to positive development. To this end, the Committee has introduced a monitoring system, which ensures that all member states respect their obligations. It offers all members the conditions and resources needed to nurture the Council's founding values. The enlargement of the Council of Europe has led to significant changes in the organisation and role of the Committee of Ministers, with considerable development in the political aspect of its work.

The Council of Europe has strengthened its dialogue with Europe's elected representatives at national and local levels and extended its political discussions to non-member states, including a number of non-European states with observer status (the United States, Canada, Japan and Mexico). It has intensified its co-operation with other European organisations, particularly the European Union and the OSCE.

Activity 2.

Study the following words and phrases. Translate the text in writing.

approaches to problems facing European community	підходи до проблем, що постають перед європейським співтовариством
in collaboration with	у співпраці з
guardian of the Council's fundamental values	охоронець основних цінностей Ради
to monitor member states' compliance with their undertakings	здійснювати моніторинг дотримання державами-членами їхніх зобов'язань
to require concerted solutions	вимагати узгоджених рішень
to give the necessary political impetus to the Council's activities	надавати необхідний політичний стимул діяльності Ради
ambassador	посол
to supplement	доповнювати
binding on states that ratify them	обов'язкові для держав, що ратифікували їх
lo affirm and strengthen cohesion	підтверджувати і зміцнювати згуртованість
to provide for	передбачати
responsible to the Committee of Ministers	відповідальний перед Комітетом Міністрів
to draw on experience	набувати досвід
intergovernmental collaboration	міжурядова співпраця
to integrate gradually and harmoniously	інтегруватися поступово і гармонійно
above all	передусім
with a view to supporting civil society initiatives	з метою підтримки ініціатив громадянського суспільства
to facilitate	полегшувати, сприяти
responsible for honouring these commitments	відповідальний за виконання зобов'язань
in the event of a serious violation	у випадку серйозного порушення
to suspend a member state's right of representation	призупинити право держави-члена на представництво
to invite it to withdraw	запропонувати їй відмовитись
crucial	вирішальний
European Social Charter	Європейська соціальні хартія
Convention for the Prevention of Torture	Конвенція про запобігання катуванням
Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities	Рамкова конвенція про захист національних меншин
cornerstone	наріжний камінь
conducive to	сприятливий
to this end	з цією метою
to nurture the Council's values	плекати цінності Ради
observer status	статус спостерігача
OSCE	ОБСЄ

Activity 3.

Activity 3.

Answer the following questions:

1. What body of the Council of Europe is the Committee of Ministers?

2. What issues do the Committee of Ministers' activities cover?

3. What does the Committee of Ministers monitor?

4. How often do Foreign Ministers of the member states meet?

5. What issues do Foreign Ministers discuss during the meetings?

6. Who chairs the Committee of Ministers?

7. How many votes do most decisions require?

8. What's the purpose of programmes of co-operation and assistance for the new member states?

9. What states enjoy observer status?

10. What can happen in the event of a serious violation if a member state fails to honour its commitments before the Council of Europe?

Activity 4.

Write a summary of the text.

UNIT TWENTY NINE. AN ASSEMBLY FOR THE WHOLE OF EUROPE

Activity 1.

Skim through the text and elucidate its meaning.

The Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe (PACE), which held its first session on 10 August 1949, can be considered the oldest international parliamentary Assembly with a pluralistic composition of democratically elected members of parliament established on the basis of an intergovernmental treaty. The Assembly is one of the two statutory organs of the Council of Europe, which is composed of the Committee of Ministers (the Ministers of Foreign Affairs, meeting usually at the level of their deputies) and the Assembly representing the political forces in its member states.

The statutory aim of the Council of Europe, which started with ten member states and now has 46, is to achieve greater unity among its members through common action, agreements and debates. The conditions for membership are pluralistic democracy, the rule of law and respect for human rights. Only those countries, which fulfill these criteria, can accede. Consequently some countries were only able to join the Organisation at a subsequent stage; i.e. Portugal in 1976, Spain in 1977. Greece was obliged to withdraw from the Council of Europe in 1970 for a period of four years.

The Knesset of Israel has participated in the work of the Parliamentary Assembly as an Observer since 1957, the Parliament of Canada since May 1997 and the Parliament of Mexico since November 1999.

The United States of America were granted Observer status with the Council of Europe on 10 January, Canada on 29 May, Japan on 21 November 1996 and Mexico on 7 December 1999.

The dйmocratisation process in Central and Eastern Europe led to Hungary's accession in 1990, Poland's in 1991, Bulgaria's in 1992 and Estonia, Lithuania, Slovenia and Romania in 1993. That of the Czech Republic and the Slovak Republic replaced Czechoslovakia's accession from 1991 in 1993. Latvia joined the Council of Europe on 10 February, Moldova and Albania on 13 July and Ukraine and the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia on 9 November 1995. The Russian Federation acceded on 28 February, Croatia on 6 November 1996, Georgia on 27 April 1999, Armenia and Azerbaijan on 25 January 2001, Bosnia and Herzegovina on 24 April 2002 and Serbia and Montenegro on 3 April 2003.

The accession process usually begins with a request to the Secretary General of the Council of Europe, who transmits it to the Committee of Ministers for consideration. The latter consults the Parliamentary Assembly, which in turn examines whether the candidate fulfills all the necessary requirements. This is done by an on-the-spot visit by parliamentary committees and also, since the 90s, by fact-finding missions by eminent jurists. Although not a statutory provision, it has also become customary to require the acceptance of the European Convention on Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms by any new candidate. The Opinion adopted by the PACE then determines the invitation from the Committee of Ministers to the State to become a full member.

In order to facilitate the process of accession of the countries from Central and Eastern Europe, the Assembly introduced in 1989 a so-called special guest status, applicable to all national legislative assemblies of European non-member states, which have signed the Helsinki Final Act and the Charter of Paris for a New Europe. The decision to grant special guest status is taken by the Bureau of the PACE.

The National Assembly of Belarus obtained the status on 16 September 1992 but it was suspended on 13 January 1997 by a decision of the Bureau. The number of seats allocated to each special guest delegation is the same (although without substitutes) as that likely to be attributed when becoming a full member.

Special guests have many rights in the Assembly and in committees (except in the Joint Committee, the Monitoring Committee and the Committee on Rules of Procedure and Immunities), with the exception of the right to vote or to stand for election.

The Parliamentary Assembly is the Council of Europe's deliberative body. Its 582 member (291 representatives and 291 substitutes) are drawn from the 46 national parliaments.

The Council of Europe's Parliamentary Assembly was the first European assembly to be created in the history of our continent. With delegations from 46 national parliaments, it is the most widely-based European assembly.

The Assembly is free to choose its own agenda; it deals with topics of current or potential importance including problems of contemporary society and aspects of international politics.

Its deliberations are important in guiding the activities of the Committee of Ministers. These deliberations also influence governments when members relay them to their national parliaments.

The historic events in central and eastern Europe at the end of the century set the Assembly a unique challenge, that of helping to bring these countries into the fold of European democracies and encouraging genuine parliamentary co-operation between all European nations Thus, the spйcial guest status created by the Parliamentary Assembly in I9H9 allowed parliamentary delegations from the emerging pluralist democracies of central and eastern Europe, which were not full members of (he Organisation, to attend the Assembly's plenary sessions and committee meetings. The contacts and exchanges thus established encouraged the process of dйmocratisation in these countries and facilitated their accession to the Council of Europe. Parliaments of four countries currently benefit from special guest status.

The Parliamentary Assembly's members and their 291 substitutes are elected or appointed by national parliaments from among their own members.

Such country has between 2 and 18 representatives depending on the size of its population: Albania (4), Andorra (2), Austria (6), Belgium (7), Bulgaria (A), Croatia (5), Cyprus (3), Czech Republic (7), Denmark (5), Estonia (3),

I inland (5), France (18), Georgia (5), Germany (18), Greece (7), Hungary (7), Iceland (3), Ireland (4), Italy (18), Latvia (3), Liechtenstein (2), Lithuania (4), Luxembourg (3), Malta (3), Moldova (5), Netherlands (7), Norway (5), Poland (12), Portugal (7), Romania (10), Russia (18), San Marino (2), Slovakia (5), Slovenia (3), Spain (12), Sweden (6), Switzerland (6), "the lormer Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia" (3), Turkey (12), Ukraine (12), United Kingdom (18)

All the main national political parties should be represented.

The Assembly meets quarterly for a week in plenary session in the Chamber of the Palaisde l'Europe in Strasbourg. Sittings are public. It also holds a spring meeting in one of the member states. The Assembly elects its president from among its members, traditionally for three consecutive one- year terms. The President, Vice-Presidents (17 at present) and the Chair of the 5 political groups form the Bureau of the Assembly. The Assembly also elects the Council of Europe's Secretary General and Deputy Secretary (general, the Secretary General of the Assembly and the judges of the European Court of Human Rights.

Its work is prepared by specialist committees dealing with: political affairs, legal affairs and human rights, social, health and family questions, culture and education, environment, regional planning and local authorities, science and technology, agriculture and rural development, economic affairs and development, migration, refugees and demography, relations with national parliaments and the public; equal opportunities for women and men; and the honouring of obligations and commitments by member states.

The Assembly provides a discussion forum for other international organisations such as the OECD, the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD), the European Space Agency and several specialised agencies of the United Nations. Non-governmental organisations take part in a certain number of committees as observers and provide a valuable input to important events organised by the Assembly.

The texts adopted by the Assembly provide guidelines for the Committee of Ministers, national governments, parliaments and politic.il parties. The Assembly has also initiated many international treaties, known us European conventions, which form the basis of a truly European system of legislation. The best known of these is the European Convention on Human Rights, opened for signature in 1950.

The Assembly also holds regular conferences, symposia and public parliamentary hearings on major topical issues such as: violence, intolerance, the environment, immigration, drugs, bioethics and the media. These hearings take the form of a dialogue between parliamentarians and specialists.

The Council of Europe plays an important part in shaping common European legislation. Its work is in three main areas:

modernising and harmonising national legislation in line with the principles of democracy, human rights and the rule of law;

improving justice by simple and flexible judicial procedures; seeking common solutions to the legal and ethical problems arising from scientific and technical progress by adopting regulations to cover the problems facing modem societies.

The Council of Europe has been the driving force behind many European treaties and has been directly instrumental in harmonising European legal systems.

Two forms of legal instrument result from the Council of Europe's work in this field: conventions and recommendations.

Conventions are essential instruments of legal co-operation between states. They are binding on states which ratify them.

Council of Europe multilateral conventions are instruments not only of co-operation but also of simplification: one such convention can replace dozens of bilateral conventions between member states.

Not all questions need to be regulated by conventions. The Committee of Ministers also adopts recommendations which are addressed to governments of the member states, giving guidelines for national legislation or administrative practice. These represent, for the governments, a means of proposing effective and practical solutions to new problems.

Most Council of Europe conventions are open to non-member states, so this form of international legal co-operation has extended beyond its members.

The conventions in question relate, for example, to: extradition;

protection of wildlife and natural habitats;

the laundering of the proceeds of crime; doping in sport; bioethics and cloning, etc.

The principle task of PACE Secretariat is to serve, in its best possible way, the Parliamentary Assembly.

The Council of Europe's Secretariat has a permanent staff of about 1 300 drawn from the 46 member states. It is headed by the Secretary General - currently Terry Davis (UK) - who is elected for a five-year term by the Parliamentary Assembly and who co-ordinates and directs the Council's activities.

Activity 2.

Study the following words and phrases and translate the text consulting the list of Ukrainian equivalents.

to achieve greater unity among its members	досягти більшого єднання між її членами
to accede	приєднатись
to withdraw from the Council of Europe	вийти із Ради Європи
to grant observer status	надати статус спостерігача
accession process	процес приєднання
consecutive terms	послідовні строки
to transmit to the Committee of Ministers for consideration	передавати Комітетові Міністрів на розгляд
to allocate	виділяти
fact-finding missions by eminent jurists	місії, під час яких видатні юристи з'ясовують факти
guidelines	основні напрямки
to meet quarterly	зустрічатися щоквартально
science and technology	наука і техніка
agriculture and rural development	сільське господарство і розвиток села
refugees	біженці
European Bank for Reconstruction and Development	Європейський банк реконструкції та розвитку
non-governmental organisations	неурядові організації
equal opportunities for women and men	рівні можливості для жінок і дітей
to harmonise national legislation in line with the principles of democracy	гармонізувати національне законодавство у відповідності з засадами демократії
to improve justice	удосконалювати правосуддя
to seek common solutions	шукати спільних рішень
instrumental	важливим
simplification	спрощення
dozens of bilateral conventions	десятки двосторонніх конвенцій
extradition	екстрадиція
protection of wildlife and natural habitats	захист дикої природи і середовищ перебування диких тварин і рослин
laundering of the proceeds of crime	відмивання прибутків від злочинів
багатосторонні конвенції	multilateral conventions
permanent staff	постійний штат

Activity 3.

Activity 3

Answer the following questions.

1. What is the statutory aim of the Council of Europe?

2. Which countries can accede to the Council of Europe?

3. What countries enjoy the observer status?

4. What does the number of representatives from each country depend on? How many countries have 18 representatives?

5. What is the smallest number of representatives to the Parliamentary Assembly?

6. Who are representatives appointed or elected by?

7. How many representatives were elected from Ukraine?

8. What international treaties has the Assembly initiated?

9. What does the Committee of Ministers also adopt giving guidelines for national legislation or administrative practice?

10. sumir.

Activity 4.

Give a summary of the text.

UNIT THIRTY. DEMOCRACY THROUGH LAW

Activity 1.

Skim through the text and try to understand it without a dictionary.

The European Commission for Democracy through Law, also known as the Venice Commission, is a Partial Agreement of the Council of Europe and was established in May 1990. In October 1999, the Commission totalled 39 member states, 5 associate members and 8 observers.

The Commission studies constitutional, legislative and administrative measures which serve to establish the basic principles of the Council of Europe. Member states are able to consult it when developing their constitusion processes.

The main issues currently on the Commission's agenda are: constitutional justice and constitutional reform, in particular activities aimed at developing and consolidating democratic stability;

the participation of persons belonging to minorities in public life;

federal and regional states;

constitutional law and European integration;

the legal foundation of foreign policy.

Venice Commission studies on themes of comparative law are usually published in the series "Science and Technique of Democracy". The Commission edits the Bulletin on Constitutional Case-Law, which contains summaries of the most important decisions from constitutional courts and equivalent bodies of around 46 countries, as well as the European Court of Human Rights and the Court of Justice of the European Communities.

The Demo-droit and Themis programmes are concerned with dcvcioping and consolidating democratic stability, assisting with the reform of legal systems according to the rule of law, and helping the countries involved to integrate into the structures of European co-operation, in particular the Council of Europe.

Different activities are organised, such as multilateral and bilateral seminars, workshops, expert opinions on legislation and assistance in setting up training institutions for legal and judicial professions and study visits. A number of co-operation activities have been set up within the framework of joint programmes with the European Commission.

The European Convention on Data Protection defines a number of principles for the fair and lawful collection and use of personal information. This is a topical question in view of the increasing possibilities for the electronic transfer of personal information worldwide;il high speeds, forexample on the Internet.

Two examples of direct results of Council of Europe conventions: the Council of Europe's European Outline Convention on Transfrontier Co-operation between Territorial Communities or Authorities has greatly improved co-operation in towns and villages on either side of Europe's frontiers;

the European Convention on Recognition and Enforcement of Deci¬sions concerning Custody of Children and on Restoration of Custody ol' Children ensures that children of divorced parents can be returned to their legal guardian quickly.

Activity 3.

Study the following words and phrases:

Agenda	порядок денний
summaries of the most important decisions	стислі виклади найважливіших рішень
workshops	семінари
constitutional courts and equivalent bodies	конституційні суди та еквівалентні органи
Demo-droit	демократія через право (франц. мовою)
expert opinions on legislation	висновки експертів щодо законодавства
study visits	ознайомчі візити
within the framework of joint programmes	в межах спільних програм
fair and lawful collection and use	справедливе і законне збирання та використання
electronic transfer of personal information	електронне передавання особистої інформації
Transfrontier Co-operation	Трансгранична співпраця
Recognition and Enforcement of Decisions concerning Custody of Children	визнання і виконання рішень стосовно опіки над дітьми
Restoration of Custody of Children	поновлення опіки
divorced parents	розлучені батьки

Activity 3.

1. When was the European Commission fut Democracy through Law established?

2. What are the main issues currently on the Commission's agendo?

3. What summaries does the Bulletin on Constitutional Casc-1 aw contain?

4. What programmes are concerned with developing and consolidating democratic stability, assisting with the reform of legal systems according to the rule of law?

5. Could you give examples of direct results of Council of Europi conventions?

6. What principles does the European Convention on Data Protectio define?

Activity 4.

Write a summary of the text.



STARTING TEST

You don't have to do the whole test at once -- you could do numbers 2 to 22 first to test your knowledge of verbs. Choose the correct answer -- a), b), c) or d).

Some of the questions are quite difficult, so don't worry if you get them wrong.

Words and sentences

1 We gave... a meal.

a) at the visitors b) for the visitors

c) the visitors d) to the visitors

Verbs

2 I'm busy at the moment... on the computer.

a) I work b) I'm work

c) I'm working d) I working

3 My friend... the answer to the question.

a) is know b) know c) knowing d) knows

4 I think I'll buy these shoes... really well.

a) They fit b) They have fit

c) They're fitting d) They were fitting

5 Where... the car?

a) did you park b) did you parked

c) parked you d) you parked

6 At nine o'clock yesterday morning we... for the bus.

a) wait b) waiting c) was waiting d) were waiting

7 When I looked round the door, the baby... quietly.

a) is sleeping b) slept

c) was sleeping d) were sleeping

8 Here's my report... it at last.

a) I finish b) I finished

c) I'm finished d) I've finished

9 I've... made some coffee. It's in the kitchen.

a) ever b) just c) never d) yet

10 We... to Ireland for our holidays last year.

a) goes b) going c) have gone d) went

11 Robert... ill for three weeks. He's still in hospital.

a) had been b) has been c) is d) was

12 My arms are aching now because... since two o'clock.

a) I'm swimming b) I swam

c) I swim d) I've been swimming

13 I'm very tired... over four hundred miles today.

a) I drive b) I'm driving

c) I've been driving d) I've driven

14 When Martin... the car, he took it out for a drive.

a) had repaired b) has repaired

c) repaired d) was repairing

15 Janet was out of breath because....

a) she'd been running b) she did run

c) she's been running d) she's run

16 Don't worry. I... be here to help you.

a) not b) will c) willn't d) won't

17 Our friends... meet us at the airport tonight.

a) are b) are going to c) go to d) will be to

18 … a party next Saturday. We've sent out the invitations.

a) We had b) We have

c) We'll have d) We're having

19 I'll tell Anna all the news when … her.

a) I'll see b) I'm going to see

c) I see d) I shall see

20 At this time tomorrow … over the Atlantic.

a) we flying b) we'll be flying

c) we'll fly d) we to fly

21 Where's Robert?... a shower?

a) Does he have b) Has he

c) Has he got d) Is he having

22 I … like that coat. It's really nice.

a) am b) do c) very d) yes

Questions, negatives and answers

23 What's the weather like in Canada? How often … there?

a) does it snow b) does it snows

c) snow it d) snows it

24 Which team … the game?

a) did it win b) did they win c) won d) won it

25 What did you leave the meeting early...? ~ I didn't feel very well.

a) away b) because c) for d) like

26 Unfortunately the driver … the red light.

a) didn't saw b) didn't see

c) no saw d) saw not

27 You haven't eaten your pudding. … it?

a) Are you no want b) Do you no want

c) Don't want you d) Don't you want

28 I really enjoyed the disco. It was great,...?

a) is it b) isn't it c) was it d) wasn't it

29 Are we going the right way? ~ I think ….

a) indeed b) it c) so d) yes

Modal verbs

30 The chemist's was open, so luckily I … buy some aspirin.

a) can b) can't c) did can d) was able to

31 Susan has to work very hard. I … do her job, I'm sure.

a) can't b) couldn't c) don't d) shouldn't

32 We had a party last night … spend all morning clearing up the mess.

a) I must have b) I've been to

c) I've had to d) I've must

33 There was no one else at the box office. I … in a queue.

a) didn't need to wait b) mustn't wait

c) needn't have waited d) needn't wait

34 … I carry that bag for you? ~ Oh, thank you.

a) Do b) Shall c) Will d) Would

35 I've lost the key. I ought … it in a safe place.

a) that I put b) to be putting

c) to have put d) to put

The passive

36 We can't go along here because the road is ….

a) been repaired b) being repaired

c) repair d) repaired

37 The story I've just read … Agatha Christie.

a) was written b) was written by

c) was written from d) wrote

38 Some film stars … be difficult to work with.

a) are said b) are said to c) say d) say to

39 I'm going to go out and …

a) have cut my hair b) have my hair cut

c) let my hair cut d) my hair be cut

The infinitive and the ing-form

40 The driver was arrested for failing … an accident.

a) of report b) report c) reporting d) to report

41 Someone suggested … for a walk.

a) go b) going c) of going d) to go

42 I can remember … voices in the middle of the night.

a) hear b) heard c) hearing d) to hear

43 The police want … anything suspicious.

a) that we report b) us reporting

c) us to report d) we report

44 We weren't sure … or just walk in.

a) should knock b) to knock

c) whether knock d) whether to knock

45 It was too cold … outside.

a) for the guests eating b) for the guests to eat

c) that the guests should eat d) that the;

46 Did you congratulate Tessa … her exam?

a) of passing b) on passing c) passing d) to pass

47 I didn't like it in the city at first. But now … here.

a) I got used to living b) I'm used to living

c) I used to live d) I used to living

48 They raised the money simply … for it. It was easy.

a) asking b) by asking c) of asking d) with asking

49 As we walked past, we saw Nigel … his car.

a) in washing b) to wash c) wash d) washing

Nouns and articles (a/an and the)

50 I need to buy ….

a) a bread b) a loaf bread

c) a loaf of bread d) breads

51 My father is not only the town mayor, he runs … too.

a) a business b) a piece of business

c) business d) some business

52 The … produced at our factory in Scotland.

a) good are b) good is c) goods are d) goods is

53 I'm looking for … to cut this string.

a) a pair scissors b) a scissor

c) a scissors d) some scissors

54 I was watching TV at home when suddenly … rang.

a) a doorbell b) an doorbell

c) doorbell d) the doorbell

55 I've always liked ….

a) Chinese food b) food of China

c) some food of China d) the Chinese food

56 In England most children go … at the age of five.

a) school b) to school

c) to some schools d) to the school

57 We haven't had a holiday for … time.

a) a so long b) so a long

c) such a long d) such long

58 Our friends have a house in ….

a) a West London b) the West London

c) West London d) West of London

This, my, some, a lot of, all, etc

59 It's so boring here. Nothing ever happens in … place.

a) that b) these c) this d) those

60 Is that my key, or is it...?

a) the yours b) the your's c) your d) yours

61 Adrian takes no interest in clothes. He'll wear....

a) a thing b) anything c) something d) thing

62 There's … use in complaining. They probably won't do anything about it.

a) a few b) a little c) few d) little

63 I don't want to buy any of these books. I've got ….

a) all b) all them c) everything d) them all

Pronouns

64 Let's stop and have a coffee … a cafe over there, look.

a) Is b) It's c) There d) There's

65 Everyone in the group shook hands with ….

a) each other b) one other

c) one the other d) themselves

66 The washing-machine has broken down again. I think we should get ….

a) a new b) a new one c) new d) new one

67 All the guests were dancing … having a good time.

a) All were b) Every was

c) Everyone was d) Someone were

Adjectives and adverbs

68 The house was … building.

a) a nice old stone b) a nice stone old

c) a stone old nice d) an old nice stone

69 The government is doing nothing to help ….

a) poor b) the poor c) the poors d) the poor ones

70 The young man seems very ….

a) sensible b) sensiblely c) sensibley d) sensibly

71 I … missed the bus. I was only just in time to catch it.

a) mostly b) near c) nearest d) nearly

72 This detailed map is … the atlas.

a) more useful as b) more useful than

c) usefuller as d) usefuller than

73 This place gets … crowded with tourists every summer.

a) always more b) crowded and more

c) from more to more d) more and more

74 Yes, I have got the report … it.

a) I just am reading b) I'm just reading

c) I'm reading just d) Just I'm reading

75 I've read this paragraph three times, and I … understand it.

a) can't still b) can't yet c) still can't d) yet can't

76 We're really sorry. We regret what happened ….

a) a bit b) much c) very d) very much

Prepositions

77 The village is … Sheffield. It's only six miles away.

a) along b) by c) near d) next

78 You can seethe details … the computer screen.

a) at b) by c) in d) on

79 I've got a meeting … Thursday afternoon.

a) at b) in c) on d) to

80 We've lived in this flat … five years.

a) ago b) already c) for d) since

81 This car is … if you're interested in buying it.

a) for sale b) in sale c) on sale d) to sell

82 Polly wants to cycle round the world. She's really keen … the idea.

a) about b) for c) on d) with

Verbs with prepositions and adverbs

83 I prefer dogs … cats. I hate cats.

a) from b) over c) than d) to

84 My father used the money he won to set … his own company.

a) forward b) on c) out d) up

85 Don't go too fast. I can't keep … you.

a) on to b) on with c) up to d) up with

Reported speech

86 Someone … the tickets are free.

a) said me b) said me that

c) told me d) told to me

87 Last week Justin said “I'll do it tomorrow. “He said he would do it ….

a) the following day b) the previous day

c) tomorrow d) yesterday

88 I don't know why Nancy didn't go to the meeting. She said she definitely going.

a) be b) is c) was d) would

89 The librarian asked us … so much noise.

a) don't make b) not make

c) not making d) not to make

Relative clauses

90 What's the name of the man … gave us a lift?

a) he b) what c) which d) who

91 What was that notice...?

a) at that you were looking b) you were looking at

c) you were looking at it d) which you are looking

92 Susan is the woman … husband is in hospital.

a) her b) hers the c) whose d) whose the

93 York,... last year, is a nice old city.

a) I visited b) that I visited

c) which I visited d) whom I visited

94 The accident was seen by some people … at a bus stop

a) waited b) waiting

c) were waiting d) who waiting

Conditionals and wish

95 If … my passport, I'll be in trouble.

a) I lose b) I'll lose c) I lost d) I would lose

96 I haven't got a ticket. If … one, I could get in.

a) I'd have b) I had c) I have d) I've got

97 If the bus to the airport hadn't been so late, we … the plane.

a) caught b) had caught

c) would catch d) would have caught

98 If only people … keep sending me bills!

a) don't b) shouldn't c) weren't d) wouldn't

Linking words

99 I just had to take the dog out … of the awful weather.

a) although b) despite c) even though d) in spite

100 Anna put the electric fire on … warm.

a) for getting b) in order get

c) so she gets d) to get



GRAMMAR TESTS

Test 1. Present tenses

Test 1 A

Read the conversation between two students. Then look at the answers below and write the correct answer in each space.

Lisa: Who (>) is Michelle talking to?

Amy: I can't see Michelle.

Lisa: You (1)... looking in the right place. She's over there.

Amy: Oh, that's Adrian. He's new here.

Lisa: Really? Where (2)... he live? (3) you know?

Amy: No, I (4) … know anything else about him.

Lisa: What (5)... they talking about, I wonder?

Amy: Well, he (6)... look very interested. He's got a very bored expression on his face. And he (7)... saying anything.

> a) are b) do c) does d) is

1 a) aren't b) doesn't c) don't d) isn't

2 a) are b) do c) does d) is

3 a) Are b) Do c) Does d) Is

4 a) aren't b) doesn't c) don't d) `m not

5 a) are b) do c) does d) is

6 a) aren't b) doesn't c) don't d) isn't

7 a) aren't b) doesn't c) don't d) isn't

Test 1 B

Read Tessa's postcard to Angela and write the missing words. Use one word only in each space.

We're (>) having a great time here. It's beautiful, and the sun (1)... shining.

Yesterday I went water-skiing! What (2)... you think of that?

I'm (3) … at a table in our hotel room and writing a few postcards. The room is fine, but we (4)... like the food very much. But it (5)... matter because we (6)... out to a restaurant every evening.

We're both (7)... very lazy at the moment. I (8)... up quite late in the morning, and Nigel (9)... up even later. You know of course how much Nigel's work (10)... to him and how he's (11)... talking about it. Well, the holiday is so good that he's forgotten all about work. So it's the perfect holiday. The only problem is that it's (12)... us a lot of money. But we'll worry about that later.

Test 1 C

Each of these sentences has a mistake in it. Write the correct sentence.

> The children is doing their homework now.

The children are doing their homework now.

1 The girls are play tennis at the moment.

2 Both my brothers likes sport.

3 Anna wearing her new coat today.

4 What colour you like best?

5 My suitcase is weighing ten kilos.

6 At the moment I stay at a hotel.

7 Robert catch the same bus every morning.

8 What is this word here mean?

Test l D

Complete the conversations. Put in the correct form of each verb. Use the present continuous or the present simple.

> A: Is Janet in, please?

B: Yes, but I think (I / think) she's busy at the moment. She's washing (she / wash) her hair.

1 A:... (I / think) of buying a new computer.

B: But computers... (cost) so much money. What's wrong with the one we've got?

A:... (it/ get) out of date now.

2 A: Your new trousers... (look) nice.

B: Thank you. The trouble is... (they/ not/ fit) properly.

... (I / not / know) why I bought them, really.

3 A: What... (you / do)?

B:... (I / weigh) this letter... (I / need) to know how many stamps to put on it.

4 A:... (I / think) this road is really dangerous. Look how fast that lorry... (go).

B:... (I / agree). People shouldn't go so fast.

5 A:... (I / like) musicals. And this is a great show, isn't it?

... (you / enjoy) it?

B: Yes, I am... (I /love) every minute of it.

6 A:... (I / always/ fall) asleep. I just can't keep awake.

B: What time... (you / go) to bed?

A: About ten o'clock usually. But... (it / not / make) any difference.

7 A: Could you post the goods to me, please?

B: Yes, certainly.

A:... (I /live) at a guest house at the moment as... (I/look) for a flat. So could you send it to my work address?

B: Yes, of course. And you'll have the goods by the end of the week,... (I / promise).

8 A: Why... (you / want) to change the whole plan?

B: I'm just not happy with it.

A: And... (I / not / understand) why... (you / be) so difficult about it.

Test 2 Past simple and past continuous

Test 2 A

Put in the past simple of the verbs in brackets.

> The car stopped (stop) at the lights.

1 We... (leave) the cinema before the end of the film.

2 The streets... (be) crowded with people.

3 My grandmother... (die) last year.

4 Everyone... (have) a marvellous time.

5 We... (not / like) the food they gave us.

6 Claire... (go) to Egypt last month.

7 The accident... (happen) last weekend.

8 It... (not / be) a very comfortable journey.

9 I... (know) that ages ago.

Test 2 B

Write a second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first. Use the word in brackets.

> There were lights on the spacecraft. (had)

The spacecraft had lights on it.

1 I had my old coat on. (wearing)

2 I was on holiday, and you were on holiday, too. (we)

3 It isn't true that I made a mistake. (didn't)

4 The boys were in the middle of a game of cards. (playing)

5 No one told me about the change of plan. (know)

6 My friend was the winner of the competition. (won)

7 Is it a fact that the Romans built this wall? (did)

Test 2 C

Lorna Bright is a long-distance walker. Look at this part of her diary describing a morning's walk along the coast. Write the missing words. Use one word only in each space.

It was a fine day (>) when I started out on the last part of my walk around the coast of Britain. The sun was (1)..., and a light wind (2)... blowing from the southwest. I was pleased that it (3)... raining. I knew by now that I (4)... like rain. In fact I (5)... it. I (6)... along the cliff top and then down into the lovely little fishing village of Wellburn, past a cafe where people (7)... having morning coffee. Three miles past Wellburn I (8)... down for five minutes and (9)... a drink. Now it (10)... getting warmer, so I (11)... off one of my sweaters. I (12) …stop for long because I (13)... to reach Seabury by munch-time. (14)... I finally got there, it (15)... just after half past twelve.

Test 2 D

Each of these sentences has a mistake in it. Write the correct sentence.

> The hotel were very quiet.

The hotel was very quiet.

1 It was peaceful, and the birds were sing.

2 I washed my hair when the phone rang.

3 You came not to the club last night.

4 It talked ages to get home.

5 We tried to keep quiet because the baby sleeping.

6 As I was watching him, the man was suddenly running away.

7 We pass a petrol station two minutes ago.

8 Everything was seeming OK.

9 Where bought you that bag?

10 When I heard the alarm, I was leaving the room immediately.

Test 2 E

Complete the sentences. Put in the correct form of each verb. Use the past continuous or past simple.

> When Martin arrived (arrive) home, Anna was talking (talk) to someone on the phone. Martin started (start) to get the tea.

1 I... (lie) in the bath when the phone... (ring). It... (stop) after a few rings.

2 It... (be) cold when we... (leave) the house that day, and a light snow... (fall).

3 Your friend who... (come) here the other day... (seem) very nice. I... (enjoy) meeting her.

4 When I... (see) the man, he... (stand) outside the bank. He... (have) a black baseball cap on.

5 When I... (open) the cupboard door, a pile of books... (fall) out.

6 I... (walk) along the street when I suddenly... (feel) something hit me in the back. I... (not / know) what it was.

7 We... (go) to London yesterday, but on the way we... (hear) about a bomb scare in Oxford Street. So we... (drive) back home straightaway.

8 Something very strange... (happen) to me on my way home from work yesterday afternoon. I... (drive) along the bypass at the time. Suddenly I... (see) my mother in the seat beside me. But she died three years ago.

Test 3 Present perfect and past simple

Test 3 A

Put in the past participles of the verbs in brackets.

> We've found (find) all the answers.

1 Have you... (wash) the car?

2 You haven't... (eat) very much.

3 They've... (open) a new supermarket.

4 You've... (write) it in pencil.

5 I've... (make) the sandwiches.

6 We've... (have) our lunch.

7 United have... (score) a goal.

8 The balloon has... (land) in a field.

9 Who's... (break) this glass?

10 It's warm because the heating has... (be) on.

11 Have you... (sell) your flat yet?

12 I've... (finish) that job at last.

Test 3 B

Complete the second sentence so that it follows on from the first. Use the present perfect.

> My hair is tidy now. I've brushed my hair.

1 The door is open. Someone... the door.

2 This is Oliver's drawing, look. Oliver... a picture.

3 The calculator is broken. Someone... the calculator.

4 United are the winners. United... the game.

5 There's no more wine in the bottle. We... all the wine.

6 The floor is clean now. I... the floor.

7 I know my number now. I... my number by heart.

8 The guests are here now. The guests ….

9 I'm still working on the computer. I... with the computer yet.

Test 3 C

Decide which word is correct.

> I'd like to borrow this book. Has Anna read it yet?

1 Ben writes very quickly. He's... finished his essay.

2 What are you going to do? ~ I don't know. I haven't decided....

3 I've... to London. I went there in June.

4 Have you... done any skiing?

5 My boyfriend hasn't rung... week.

6 I haven't seen that coat before. How... have you had it?

7 The girls have... to the cinema. They won't be back until ten o'clock.

8 I haven't seen my parents... last Christmas.

9 This is the first... I've ever lived away from home.

10 This programme must be new. I've... seen it before.

a) done b) for c) just d) yet

a) already b) been c) for d) yet

a) just b) long c) since d) yet

a) been b) gone c) just d) yet

a) ever b) for c) just d) long

a) for b) last c) since d) this

a) already b) for c) long d) since

a) already b) been c) gone d) just

a) already b) before c) for d) since

a) already b) since c) that d) time

a) ever b) never c) since d) yet

Test 3 D

Some of these sentences are correct, and some have a word which should not be there. If the sentence is correct, put a tick (?). If it is incorrect, cross the unnecessary have or has out of the sentence and write it in the space.

> Susan has lost her keys. She can't find them anywhere. ?

Christopher has hurt his hand, but it's OK now. has

1 The directors have arrived half an hour ago, but they didn't stay long.

2 It's raining, and Peter has left his umbrella behind, look.

3 It's a long time since your friends have last visited us.

4 None of you have called me for weeks. Aren't we friends anymore?

5 We can play tennis now. The others have finished.

6 The company has bought some land, but then it sold it.

7 The computer isn't on now. Someone has turned it off.

8 Tessa has posted the parcel. It's on its way to you.

9 Several bombs have gone off in the city centre. It has happened … an hour ago.

10 Simon has left. He and Oliver have left after lunch.

Test 3 E

Put in the present perfect or past simple of the verbs in brackets.

> I've had (have) these shoes since my eighteenth birthday.

> I tidied (tidy) my desk, but now it's in a mess again.

1 The last time I... (go) to Brighton was in August.

2 I'd like to meet a ghost, but I... (never / see) one.

3 I've finished my homework. I... (do) it before tea.

4 And the race is over! And Micky Simpson... (win) in a record time!

5 I... (work) for a computer company for a year. That was after college.

6 What time... (you / get) to work this morning?

7 Martin... (be) to Greece five times. He loves the place.

8 The President... (come) out of the building and is going to make a speech.

9 You won't believe this, but I've got some tickets for the concert. ~ Oh, well done. How... (you / get) them?

10 Of course I can ride a bike. But I... (not / ride) one for years.

11 Marilyn Monroe... (be) in about thirty films.

12... (you / ever / bake) your own bread? ~ No, but I might try it some time.

13 Janet... (be) very ill three years ago.

14 Rupert has left a message for you. He... (ring) last night.

15... (you/ see) the news today? ~ No, not yet. I'll watch it at ten.

16 We moved here in 1993. We... (be) here a long time now.

Test 4 Past and perfect tenses

Test 4 A

Read the conversation. Then look at the answers below and write the correct answer in each space.

Tessa: Hello, Robert. I (>) haven't seen you for ages.

Robert: Hello, Tessa. Great to see you. What have you (1)... doing lately?

Tessa: (2)... just started a new job in computer software.

Robert: You (3)... working for Tuffex Plastics when we last met.

Tessa: That's right. I hadn't (4)... working there long before I got fed up. I (5)... realized what a horrible job it would be. But what about you? (6)... you found a job?

Robert: Well, six months ago I (7)... working for a car hire company, but then they (8)... bankrupt. So I'm out of work now. (9)... been looking around for another job.

Tessa: Well, I'm sure you'll find one soon.

> a) didn't b) hadn't c) haven't d) wasn't

1 a) been b) had c) has d) was

2 a) I'd b) I'll c) I'm d) I've

3 a) did b) had c) have d) were

4 a) be b) been c) done d) had

5 a) didn't b) hadn't c) haven't d) wasn't

6 a) Did b) Had c) Have d) Were

7 a) been b) had c) have d) was

8 a) go b) going c) gone d) went

9 a) I'd b) I'll c) I'm d) I've

Test 4 B

Write a second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first. Use the word in brackets.

> Susan had a green dress on. (wearing) Susan was wearing a green dress.

1 The doctor began work at six o'clock and is still working. (has)

2 Rupert didn't have his credit card. (forgotten)

3 I didn't want to go without taking a photo. (until)

4 Nancy has been writing the report. It is finished now. (written)

5 My wait in the queue has lasted forty minutes so far. (I)

6 When we arrived, everyone was on the dance floor. (dancing)

7 The computer has been mine for four years. (had)

8 In the middle of our lunch there was a knock at the door. (when)

9 Nigel felt sick from eating too many cakes. (because)

Test 4 C

Write the sentences correctly.

> I like this CD. I've been having it for ages. I've had it for ages.

1 It was my first day back at work. I was on holiday.

2 I'm quite tired now. I play badminton.

3 I had to sit down. I'd. been having a shock.

4 You need a rest. How much have you been working?

5 The robbery happened at midday. Lots of people walked along the street outside.

6 My sister speaks good English. She is practising her English since last summer.

7 At last I have my qualification. I've been passing my exam.

8 Michelle looked really sunburnt. She'd lie in the sun for too long.

9 We got to the coach stop at nine yesterday. But the coach has already gone.

Test 4 D

Complete the conversations. Put in the correct form of each verb.

> A: Did you buy (you / buy) anything at the antiques sale yesterday?

B: No. I wanted (I / want) to buy some jewellery, but I'd left (I / leave) my credit card at home.

1 A: Are you still copying those addresses?

B: No, that's all of them... (I / finish) now.

2 A: Th...