Translation of stylistic devices

For every translator is necessary broad, encyclopedic knowledge of country-and culture-nature, allowing adequate transfer when translating the realities of the world picture which has historically been a language community of the original language. During training, translation, both orally and in writing, it is important to pay special attention to the so-called transfer of catch phrases and expressions. The latter are a means of imaginative literary speech of an educated man, and give it a unique expressiveness and author. Difficulty of translating catch phrase lies primarily in the fact that for an adequate translation of the majority of winged words necessary background knowledge which would help to correctly perceive and adequately convey the cultural, literary, historical allusions and emotional associations that cause the carrier of the original language translatable strings. Of course, unfortunately, very often inevitable "loss" in the translation, and not always possible, even highly educated translator preserve and pass on all the connotations of the translation, but we need to strive to acquire the maximum extent by background knowledge of cultural and regional geography of the plan that helped to achieve the highest possible translation equivalence. As you know the main source of catch phrase and expressions are ancient mythology, history, the Bible, literature, theater, film, and in the modern world - TV (including - cartoons) and other media. To Catch phrase also include popular quote scientists, historical figures. Some of them have become a cliche: The die is cast! `Жребий брошен!' Honesty is the best policy честность -- лучшая политика'; Knowledge itself is power `Знание -- сила' (Fr. Bacon); Time is money `Время -- деньги' (B.Franklin); To err is human .. 'Ошибаться свойственно человеку', etc.

Predict longevity winged words is difficult, but part of it is in the annals of the language. So, for example, the statement in 1958 by the then Prime Minister of Great Britain on the difficult political environment when he actually dismissed all the members of the cabinet, (and that in itself is a prime example of British art "understatement"), in which he defined the situation as "a little local difficulty", stuck to "catastrophe, crisis, the extent of which downplayed." Famous definition of Mao Zedong tung allegedly dangerous opponent who endeavor to look formidable, - "paper tiger" (paper tiger)-entered all the world's languages. The inscription in the office of President Truman's "the buck stops here" became popular expression meaning "I take full responsibility" (cf. in Russian “я отвечаю за все”), the term is taken from the card game of poker: buck-stamp indicating turn goes to another player (to pass the buck-pass move to another player); killing fields - a newspaper popular expression for the first time to use to refer to mass graves of victims of the Khmer Rouge under Phnom Pen, after the release of the film of the same name (1984 .), was fixed in the English language and came to mean any mass graves or places of mass death. Historic phrase that has become winged words related to human history, relatively easily re-created in the translation, as in the target language, usually fixed a "translation cliche", set to be learned every literate translator. For example, the expression to cross the Rubicon `перейти Рубикон "to mean" take the plunge "- borrowed from Plutarch's stories and other ancient authors prehodit Caesar the Rubicon when he did not obey the order to disband legions and entered into open conflict with the Senate. Words that said by Madame Pompadour favroritke Louis XV, Apres nous, le deluge came and the English language "after us, the deluge", in Russian - "after us, the deluge!", A catch phrase Know thyself! 'Know thyself' - is the inscription in ancient Greek temple of Apollo at Delphi. It is often attributed to Chilo of Sparta and other Greek sages. Some historical phrases such unknown native speakers of Russian, and the historical facts associated with them little they know or do not know at all, whereas in English they are very commonplace. Such phrases that have no ready translation clichйs entrenched in the target language, cause difficulties in translation. For example, saying the leader of English bourgeois revolution XVII century Oliver Cromwell, addressed to his troops before crossing the river to attack the royal army, "keep your powder dry" 'keep the powder dry', in the modern language is used metaphorically to mean 'to be prepared for the unexpected , be prepared for the need for urgent action ', etc. Successful is the Russian equivalent of proposed T.A.Kazakovoy "God helps those who help themselves", but such a transfer may not be appropriate in all contexts and konsituatsiyah. In some of the following options would be appropriate (though the loss of emotional expressiveness), be alert, be ready to take precautionary measures. Perhaps, in the case where it is necessary to emphasize just the historical and emotional and expressive connotation in the translation, might be appropriate phrase from the Soviet song "We are peaceful people, but our train is on a siding" (especially in a situation where the author remarks trying to make a joke or commented ironically.)Of particular difficulty is the case when time historical catch phrase is exposed to a certain rethinking and changing its stylistic coloring. Thus, the phrase, instruction Victorian mothers to their daughters before the wedding night "Lie back and think of England!" In modern language used jokingly in a situation where in order to achieve a high goal, you need to sacrifice his own comfort, to make certain sacrifices, patience and etc. This catch phrase in certain contexts is quite adequate (albeit with the loss of "sex" connotations) can be translated Russian saying, "Be patient, Cossack - Ataman will." Napoleon's phrase "Not tonight, Josephine", he said, refusing to Josephine in marriage intimacy eve of the decisive battle, used jokingly as a waiver in any situation (for example, a playful rejection of the invitation to visit.) In this case, difficult to find an equivalent expression, and the translator is simply to convey the idea of ??a fault ("Not today," "tomorrow, not just," etc. / Eg "Care for a drink?" - "Not today, Josephine." /).Sometimes the most popular are not only serious historical winged phrases and sentences subjected playful reinterpretation, but also the "bloopers" of political figures and historical figures, some of which are not only the property of the media, but also used in the spoken language ("Before I start speaking, I'd like to say something "). Of course, such a vocabulary are primarily at "outdated", but requires a study, especially those who are engaged in translation in public and political life. These are called malapropisms (named Sheridan's character plays "The Rivals" Mrs. Meleprop, which is renowned for having confused the "related" words, which achieves a comic effect in her speech - for example, it could use the word allegory instead of alligator, etc.) . in modern language to malapropisms include not only such clause, but also meaning "mistakes." For example the phrase Bush 'Read my lips. No new taxes. 'Has become a political and commercial slogan.Large layer of winged words are so-called bibleizmy. If a match fixing of certain biblical characters and scenes in the metaphorical use in the original language and the target language, the task of the translator easier - in this case, only you should know the appropriate equivalents: Peace be to this house! 'Peace to this house!'; Prodigal son 'Prodigal Son'; to kill the fatted calf 'slayed the fat cells' etc. However, one of the difficulties of translation bibleizmov is commonly used in different degrees of particular bibleizmov in different languages. So, thanks to the epigraph to the novel by Leo Tolstoy's "Anna Karenina," which "pass through" to the school program, the majority of Russian speakers known quote from the Bible, "Vengeance is Mine, I will repay," while the English equivalent of the phrase "Vengeance is mine, I will repay "is not a cruise. Conversely, the expression by the rivers of Babylon / we sat down and wept / (the longing of the Jews in the Babylonian captivity) is used metaphorically about the sad state of mind (perhaps the "Update" in the English language due to the popularity hit the 70s), in While the Russian biblical expression "on the rivers of Babylon and customs sedohom plakohom ..." is uncommon archaic. Bibleizms 'No peace for the wicked' is widely used in the modern vernacular, usually jokingly - about the very busy people, and in the appropriate Russian equivalent of 'No Peace wicked' neupotrebitelen. Another difficulty may be different reinterpretation of the same biblical story and update of different things in it. different "placed" emphasis in the English and Russian languages. Thus, from the plot of Cain and Abel, in Russian entrenched as a "winged" the phrase "Where is your brother, Cain?", And in English - I am not my brother's keeper 'I'm not my brother's keeper. "World literature - an inexhaustible source of winged words and expressions - those that are "international": Knight of the Sorrowful Countenance - the knight of the rueful countenance ("Don Quixote" by Cervantes), from Russia with love - From Russia with love (the title of one from the novels of Fleming's superspy James Bond 007), a knight without fear and reproach - knight without fear and reproach (Bayard), "Elementary, my dear Watson" - "Elementary, my dear Watson" (Conan Doyle) to "purely English": Ask Jeeves! (A popular phrase in a series of stories about Worcester Wodehouse and his judgment and resourceful servant Jeeves, who knows all the answers); What will Mrs Grundy say? (Mrs. Grundy - character comedy T.Mortona 'Speed ??the plough' - a walking embodiment of morality) - what will people say? (Some dictionaries as a translation option offered in this case the phrase "What's going to say Aleksevna Princess Mary?", But not in all contexts, and seems to be adequate konsituatsiyah quote from Griboedov "Woe from Wit"); For your eyes only - the name of one of the many Fleming's novels about James Bond - is used metaphorically to mean "strictly secret, just between us"; "Dr. Livingstone, I presume? "- A phrase that said journalist Henry Stanley met in the wilds of Africa, Dr. Livingstone - missionary and traveler, in search of which went to the Stanley Expedition - used humorously unexpected meeting with two acquaintances, or at the first meeting people who have heard a lot about each other. There are cases when some shaped winged expressions and words (eg, proper names that are used metaphorically) are like a second birth through adaptations of novels, etc. It's funny that, for example, today's young speakers Uncle Scrooge is the epitome of greed rather than by Dickens literary hero ("Christmas carols"), and as a result of popular cartoon ducks and fisted Uncle Scrooge, and Tweedledum & Tweedledee - an ironic expression D. Vayroma (1692-1713) to refer to the two rival English schools of music in the first half of the 18th century, among which in fact there was no difference in principle, and which was used to mean 'doubles, two things or two terms, the difference between them is only the name '- once again became popular thanks to the book L.Kerolla "Alice in Wonderland", where he gave the names of those two funny characters (in Russian translation - Tra-la-la, and Tru-la-la). A similar "update "derives from Shakespeare's brave new world (" Tempest "), due to the fact that these lines did O.Haksli title of his dystopian novel Brave new world, 1932, (in Russian translation - 'Brave New World'), and now this catch expression is used, as a rule - ironically - to describe the real or imaginary society, whose citizens are deprived of real freedom, as described in the novel.Some of the "paradoxes" Wilde (I can resist everything except temptation) and Shaw (There are two tragedies in life. One is not to get your heart's desire. The other is to get it.) Are also popular words for each educated native speaker. Shakespeare's works are also an endless source of winged words and expressions, many of which are so firmly established in the English language that even native speakers do not always know that they use "shakespearisms." For example, the world's mine oyster (which I with sword will open) 'in front of me all roads are open, I can go where I want' - this line from the "Merry Wives of Windsor", to shuffle off this mortal coil ... - leave the mortal world (When we have shuffled off ... 'When we cast off the mortal veil ...') - of "Hamlet"; strange bedfellows - unexpected partners / Eg They made strange bedfellows when they agreed to work together against the government. / (Misery acquaints a man with strange bedfellows ...) - from "The Tempest", etc. It is interesting that along with the catch phrase from Shakespeare, which are approximately equal to commonly used in English and Russian (Something is rotten in the state of Denmark 'something is amiss in the Danish kingdom' - the corruption of the unfavorable political environment; All the world's a stage, and all the men and women merely players 'whole world - theater, and the people in it - the actors' - of human insincerity and "conventional" life situations, etc.), rather large number of inconsistencies in the commonplace at all, or in the frequency of such, chastnosti. Tak. the English have become the cruise line I am a man more sinned against, than sinning! (King Lear); Lead on, Macduff! (Macbeth); parting is such sweet sorrow (Romeo and Juliet), etc., while the equivalent became a catch phrase in the Russian translation of "Have you prayed for the night, Desdemona?" (Othello), "In the world there are many this, Horatio ... "(Hamlet)," shoes she had not worn ... "(Hamlet)" What he Hecuba? That it is - it? "(Hamlet) in the original language are not winged. Poetic lines are also often the popular expression - either as direct quotations "The days of our youth are the days of our glory", "She walks in beauty ..." (Byron), or in picture processing received a new shade of meaning: for example, Congreve string (1695) "... you must not kiss and tell ..." was the basis for the winged word kiss-and-tell, which is about the 1970 is used in the sense of 'revelations about the intimate relationships with celebrities (which are usually printed in the tabloid press). "Popular line of children's poems (nursery rhymes), fairy tales, the names of the characters of fairy tales, poems, cartoons and comics that are used metaphorically, also belong to the cruise: Jack Horner - imp who considers himself a "good boy", smug boy rhym eLittle Jack Horner Sat in a corner, Eating a Christmas pie;He put in his thumbAnd he pulled out a plum,And said,'What a good boy am I!' (Wed. Russian. Shutl. "He praises - no praise"); Jack and Jill - as characters in children's poem - in the figurative use (usually - joking) "any guy and girl "; D'oh! - Fashion is an expression of annoyance when making a slip or error of the popular American cartoon series "The Simpsons". By the way, a well-known expression, like to keep up with the Joneses 'to be the Joneses' goes back to the popular series of comic cartoonist A.Momanda, which was printed in the New York "Globe" from 1913 to 1940. / Eg The couple next door are very conscious of their social position. They've got a new car, a modern kitchen ... They don't really need them. They're just keeping up with the Joneses. /Some lines of popular songs are also becoming popular words (Diamonds are the best girl's friends), and phrases from popular movies (I'm all right, Jack-of movie of the same name - saying selfish person who is interested in only their own well-being and for all others - do not care. / Eg He's a selfish devil. His attitude is that of 'I'm all right, Jack'.), and, of course, the lines and the statements and "buzzwords" of the popular TV shows, radio programs, television series . (Yeah, that's the ticket! - From the TV show - 'this is what we need!' / Eg A cup of coffee? Yeah, that's the ticket! / Ср. Just what the doctor ordered 'just what the doctor ordered' to mean ' what we need ').A few stand out so-called spoonerisms (named teacher. Dr. Spooner), some of which are temporarily or permanently humorous aphorisms (lack of pies-pack of lies; fighting a liar-lighting a fire, etc.), as well as examples of rhyming slang (loaf of bread-head; Barnaby Rudge / character of the novel by Charles Dickens / - judge; Lady Godiva / hist. identity /-fever; Ghunga Dhin / R. Kipling and the hero of the poem of the same movie /-chin).The study of various rich allusions winged words and expressions beyond the scope of the translator and is relevant in the process of learning the basics of practical translation in the field of intercultural and professional communication.

Conclusion

Translation, both orally and in writing (including the translation of literary texts) - the process is quite complex and multifaceted. Translation - it's not just the replacement of one language by another. Translated encounter different cultures, personalities, levels of development, traditions and attitudes and the main task of the translator - to remember about all the difficulties and try to translate as accurately as possible to express the idea of ??the author, while not forgetting to pass different copyright artistic techniques. In other words, their difficulties and "reefs" exist in the translation, and oral. As already mentioned, the awareness of these difficulties - a step to success professional translator. Most importantly - never complacent and never assume that everyone already knows that a foreign language mastered "to perfection" (a concept that will never operate with real professionals who know that the perfect knowledge is not and can not be), that all the techniques " rehearsed, "etc. Self-reliance should not be a self-confidence, and existing knowledge - in the frozen dogma, not subject to verification or improvement. And it's important to remember that translation - it is above all a difficult, laborious, demanding job, which requires not only knowledge of diverse and creative attitude, but a huge effort.

In his term goal of the work I put on examples show the need for the expression of the translation. While working on this topic, I came to the conclusion that the transfer of stylistic units is one of the most important methods of translation. And it should pay special attention. The expression is most often found in literary texts. Translation, whether oral or written (including the translation of literary texts) - the process is quite complex and multifaceted. Translation - it's not just the replacement of one language by another. Translated encounter different cultures, personalities, levels of development, traditions and attitudes. And the main task of the translator - to remember about all the difficulties of translation, and try as closely as possible to express the author's thought, while not forgetting to pass through various special artistic techniques. In other words, their difficulties and "pitfalls" exists in written translation and oral. As already mentioned, the awareness of these difficulties - a step to success professional translator. Most importantly - never complacent and never assume that everyone already knows that a foreign language mastered "perfectly" (a concept that will never operate on the real professionals who know that knowledge is not perfect and can not be), that all the tricks " rehearsed,"etc. Self-reliance should not become a self-confidence, and the available knowledge - in a rigid dogma, not subject to review or improve. And it's important to remember that translation - it is primarily a difficult, painstaking, demanding job that requires not only a versatile knowledge and creative attitude, but also tremendous effort.

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