Neologisms in the English language from 2005 and means of translation into Russian

Based on the above, in this chapter we have come to the conclusion that the neologism (neo + Greek. Logos word) - a new word, linguistic innovation (figure of speech), the grammatical feature, which appears in the language.

A large number of new lexical units appeared in connection with the development of computer technology. New semantic group of neologisms are related to the alleged visits to earth by aliens from outer space.

In the field of fine arts there is a rapid process of experimentation, and new manners of painting paintings and other art works.

In the theatrical life also changes - new types of theaters, and with them new names.

It is interesting to note that in the 70-ies. members of the feminist movement have declared English sexist language, ie, language, discriminatory female sex, since it contains more forms of masculine than feminine (usually because of the word man as a second component of the names of many trades).

An important aspect of the life of society is the sphere of education. In the UK in 1988 was issued a new education law, known as Gerbil (Great Education Reform Bill). Due to this law, there are many neologisms.

Neologisms are usually formed under the laws of the relevant language, in his productive patterns of word formation. However, literary books are sometimes created neologisms and unproductive ways of word formation. In such cases, the effective power of word-formation means becomes more clear, vivid, tangible. Most funds formation of new words so often act as a stylistic device.

The most typical ways of formation of neologisms in the language of English writers are compounding, conversion and change the meanings of words.

In this chapter, we especially consider translation of neologisms.

Analysis of new words showed that the predominant host of new vocabulary units is, as expected, nouns, since the expansion of vocabulary is mainly due to the names of objects and events that fill the space of cultural studies.

Learning new words revealed some trends in linguistic and cultural features of the expansion of space in the period under review.

For the last decades the formation of euphemisms has been taken place according to the typical for English language models. It is first of all the semantical displacements among which the narrowing of meaning according to its wide spread takes the first place, that is the usage of words or word combinations of wide semantic and polysemantical in much narrower meaning. For example: "amateur" in the meaning of "an unprofessional politician", "golden age" instead of "old age", "newsreader" in the mean of the "reader of the latest news on the TV or internet". Euphemisms-neologisms functioning in different subject - conceptual spheres where the moral factors of tabu and euphemistic replacement act and they are formed with the help of all typical for English language semantical and formal means. Having looked at different models of the formation of the semantical neologisms it is possible to make certain conclusion. Semantical transfers serve as the means of strengthening of expression of the vocabulary at the expense of new formed more expressed lexical units - synonyms to already existent neutral words. The amount of neologisms on different topical groups depends on the development intensity of the corresponding kinds of people's activity and on the degree of changes in the way of life of the society. It is worth mentioning that for the last time it gets more complicated to separate exactly terminological and current vocabulary as the wide usage of everyday technique is followed by the penetration of the great amount of the technical words in the everyday vocabulary. Popular-science TV-programs and articles of media also help the appearance of diffusion of words into the everyday colloquial speech. In general, according to the laws of language development there exist mechanisms which regulate the addition and anewing of the vocabulary thanks to the semantical innovations, supporting them in corresponding activity. Some of the new meanings of the old words become an integral part of the language, the others can find the resistance in the language usage.

2. Translation features of neologisms in the modern vocabulary

2.1 Means of translation of modern neologisms

In the practice of translation work a prominent place occupied by the problem of transfer of economic neologisms.

Denominative education naturally became part of the language and vocabulary is indicated under the corresponding verbal droppings, for example: plan (v) to make a plan, schedule ship (v) ship, to land.

The conversion of these verbs is not difficult. However, be aware that this method of forming a verb from a noun is productive in modern English and serves as one of the sources of the appearance of neologisms. The authors often resort to it, using a variety of nouns and verbs are creating a completely new, which we do not find in the dictionary. [14;14] The value of such denominative tumors can be properly understood only in context by comparing the value of the original noun.

For example:

The delegates were planed to the conference last night.

The verb is formed from the noun planed plane -самолет.

Appointment of passenger aircraft is to transport people. On this basis we translate this sentence:

Yesterday evening, delegates were sent to the conference by plane.

another example:

The trunks were tractored to the river bank to be floated then downstream. Purpose of the tractor - towing carts and trunks of trees, hence the translation suggestions:

Tree trunks were towed tractor to the river bank in order to then float them down the river.

More examples:

The river is bridged in two places. On the river there are two bridges.

The rioters were machine-gunned by the police.

Police fired on the rioters with a machine gun.

Often such formations from nouns, decorated suffix - ed, used in the function definition.

There are several multi-storeyed buildings in Moscow.

In Moscow, there are several high-rise buildings.

We saw a two-funelled steamer.

We saw the Twin-ship.

The problem of correct understanding and translation of neologisms connected with the fact that in today's fast paced development of science and technology is no dictionary is not able to keep up with the emergence of new words and terms in different fields of knowledge.

So if the text includes a neologism that is not in the dictionary, translator's responsibility to determine its value, given the derivation of the word, and based on the context, for example:

Jet propelled planes consume enormous quantities of propellant.

In this sentence, we find a new word propellant, which is not in the general dictionary and the value which you want to install.

Separating the word suffix - ant and find the original shape propel (dropping the second letter 1).

We seek to propel the dictionary meaning of the word as a verb - "to push forward, to drive the move."

Given that the suffix - ant forms a noun from a verb, determine the approximate value of the word propellant: "that sets in motion."

Based on the context, we select the most appropriate setting: fuel. After this, we translate the entire sentence:

Jets absorb huge amounts of fuel.

If the neologism is a common word, but the use of a special terminological sense, then, obviously, the only way to establish its value is the reliance on the context, the total content of the translated text.

For example, in the sentence:

This proved to be an Arab film, but as it was dubbed into English we were able to enjoy the smartness and vividity of its dialogues.

we meet a neologism dubbed, the value of which - "dub" - easy to install out of context, and then offers a translation is straightforward:

The film, which was Arabic, but as he was dubbed into English, we were able to enjoy the wit and vivacity of his dialogues.

Meaning Denominative verbs, as indicated above, should be derived from the initial value nouns with special orientation on context. [15;34] In translating neologisms-borrowing principal means of disclosure of the word is the context and, of course, a dictionary of the language from which the word is borrowed.

Based on the definition of the term "neologism" it can be assumed that the translator for the first time actually meeting the neologism, of course has no idea about the concept indicated by them. Therefore, the value of neologism has to figure most often out of context.

In the translation of context is usually quite informative.

In the process of translating the word usually distinguish two phases:

1. Clarification of the meaning of a word in context;

2. Transfer this value means TL.

In the event of a transfer of neologism first stage is crucial, and the latter is only a purely technical issue, although it is important to decide the most appropriate methods for TL.

Within the context of the general concept differs narrow context (microcontext) and the broader context (macrocontext). Under the narrow context refers to the context of the sentence, ie the linguistic units that make up the environment of the unit, not going beyond the scope of the proposal; larger context - a set of linguistic units surrounding a given unit within which lie outside of the proposal.

The exact scope of the broader context can not be specified - it could be the context of sentences, paragraphs, chapters or the whole work (story, article or novel) as a whole. It is important for clarifying the significance of neologisms to take into account both the time macrocontext, as it it may contain "help". The narrow context, in turn, can be divided into lexical and syntactic context.

Syntactic context - this is the syntax, which is used in the word, phrase, or (clause) offer.

Lexical context - a set of specific lexical items, words and phrases, surrounded contain this unit. Accounting syntactic context will allow the interpreter to determine the identity of neologism to one of the parts of speech, but in clarifying the importance of neologism is crucial consideration is the lexical context.

New words usually occur on the basis of already existing in the language of words and morphemes.

Analysis of these words and morphemes can have a translator of great assistance in understanding the value of neologism. This requires good knowledge of word formation processes in English, such as: giving an existing word of another value. [16;234]

For example, the word call in English is called, calling, call call, call, phone call, etc. However, with the development of the exchange business is not so long ago, he got a new value, fixed in dictionaries as a call, a call option (ie, the right to buy for a certain period of securities at a price due to the pre-payment of premiums), and with the development of banking - a requirement of the bank to the borrower for early repayment of the loan in relation to the violation of its terms.

compounding.

One of the most ancient, universal and common methods of derivation in the English language are the word composition, has not lost its activity and at this time: more than one-third of all tumors in the modern English language - complex words.

The process of compounding is the juxtaposition of the two bases, usually homonymous word forms. For example, carryback - transfer of losses to an earlier period, citiplus - hedging instruments, the proposed bank customers "Citibank" (USA), etc.

Since the norms of the modern English language allows a combination of words that have the same lexical and grammatical features that are connected by compounding basis, then determine in which cases the translator has to deal with a difficult word, a neologism, and in which - with the phrase, it is quite difficult.

Compare closing bank - the bank, completing the deal, which was attended by several banks and closing bank - the bank closing.

Currently, there is a number of criteria for distinguishing compound words and phrases. When translating neologisms in English texts deserves special attention spelling test, the essence of which is to consider all of the complex written one word or hyphenated as a compound word, and the complex, whose components are written separately, as the phrase:

dividend-right certificate - certificate of entitlement to the dividend;

dear-money policy - the credit crunch by raising interest rates;

fill-or-kill order - an order the customer to the agent to be immediately executed or canceled.

When connecting words ending and beginning with the same vowel or consonant, one of them falls:

net + etiquette = netiquette - the unwritten customary rules of communication or posting on the Internet. However, it should be noted that this is not the rule:

Some sections of the American press are upping the case still further by using an even more emotive term "cyberrape", to describe the actions of Jake Baker, a 20-year-old American student.

Some American edition add fuel to the fire, using more emotionally laden term "cyber-rape" for the actions of twenty American student Jake Baker.

Nevertheless, it should be noted that in many cases there is inconsistency in the writing of even one and the same complex.

For example, in the case of man-made - an artificial, man-made, 6% - separate writing, 82% - with a hyphen, 12% - fused spelling.

Analysis of the components that make up a compound word, the translator gives the opportunity, knowing their lexical meaning, find out the value of the entire complex:

Graphite bombing caused power lines destruction turning off life-supports in Belgrade hospitals.

As we can see life-supports neologism composed of two parts: life (life) and support (support), then we are talking about something that can sustain life or vitality, and the suffix - s indicates that we are dealing with a countable noun in the plural form.

Thus, taking into account the context, this neologism can be translated as "life-support equipment." During the bombing of graphite bombs have been damaged power line, which was the reason for the disconnection of life support equipment in hospitals in Belgrade.

education forms by analogy with already existing in the language by adding to them a variety of productive affixes.

For a correct understanding of the meaning of neologisms formed in this way the interpreter needs to know the productive affixes in modern English language and be able to correctly divide the word into components: kiteflyer - recipient of money under fictitious bill, the user fictitious bills.

Very often, when a similar method of forming neologisms have a satirical painting, especially in the press ... that they taste the same in Peking as they do in London or New York, and so it was that world burgernomics was born by McDonald "s.

In this case, the author wishes to draw attention to the significant development of a chain of restaurants, «McDonald's» fast food industry, which has its own laws and phenomena, and like other economic laws is equally valid in different countries:

... that in Beijing they taste the same as in London or New York, that's it, "McDonald's" created a world gamburgernomiku.

conversion.

Conversion is called a functional transition words from one part of speech the other, ie use the same words as various parts of speech.

For example, now the Internet can often be seen E-mail me / us to ... Clarifying the value of this neologism is easy.

Syntactic context makes it possible to determine the membership of the words to transitive verbs, and knowing the meaning of the word E-mail (electronic mail) translate: Please send an e-mail to ...

borrowing from other languages.

Then his telefonino rang, or rather squeaked piercingly ... It is impossible to get away from the wretched telefonino wherever you are in Italy. Of all the countries in Europe, only Britain has more mobile telephones. Then the phone rang, or rather shrill squeak of his mini-phone. No matter what part of Italy you are, you can not get away from those pesky telefonino. Of all European countries, mobile phones are more in the UK.

The Soviets had Sputnik, but the Americans had their open-plan kitchen. No contest.

The Soviet Union created the "Satellite", and the Americans have created an open kitchen. Out of competition.

reverse derivation.

Contact derivation is the process of formation of verbs by truncating the suffix of correlative nouns such televise - televise from television channels.

symphysis.

Fusion - the connection or a truncated root of one word to a whole word or a combination of two truncated roots:

forex reserve (forex = foreign + exchange) - резервы в иностранной валюте;

impex transactions (impex = import + export) - экспортно-импортные сделки.

abbreviation.

Among the existing types of word-formation process deserve special attention partly abbreviated acronyms, the essence of which is the acronym of one of the components, eg, B-unit (Barclays currency unit) international currency bank "Barclays Bank international", Fed Wire - email system Communication Federal Reserve Banks (USA). Dixi.

2.2 Translating difficulties of neologisms in the modern vocabulary

In the era of mass communication, there is truly an unprecedented opportunity for the development and spread of neologisms. A striking proof of the language of the press is our time. Language of the American press, almost daily enriched neologisms. Many of them, however, remain "neologisms-by-night" while the other "word-Impromptu" is gradually moving the vocabulary. This, in particular, are the (now widely known), the words and phrases like:

sweat shop - sweatshop;

trouble shooter - Commissioner for conflict management,

dark horse - a dark horse candidate that is surprisingly nominated for a post in the midst of the election campaign;

favorite son - the candidate nominated for president by the delegation of its staff (at an election party congress);

boondoggling - a word once belonged to the category of slang is now widely known in political parlance to mean "engage in empty cases";

hooverize term literally means "to live according to Hoover," that is, "to save on food," "malnourished".

Expression of pork barrel once was part of the American slang. Now, however, it is recognized political term that means "a barrel of lard", "manger", "pork barrel" that is specially made by the Government activities to gain popularity among the masses.

It is now quite "respectable" political term lame duck was once known only as a political slengizmy. Now the term lame duck is used in the sense of "policy-loser," "a person who does not carry."

It is interesting to trace the emergence of a neologism sky marshal. This word originated in the heyday of the practice of hijacking the kidnappers, robbers (highjackers). A wave of violent seizure and hijackings in the United States gave rise to a special science of discernment n 'profile of a potential hijacker "(highjacker profile determination). Respectively and there were a lot of new words and concepts associated with this area.

Neologisms lunatic fringe and a little old lady in tennis shoes are rough and emotive expressive phraseological units. These words have approximately the same value as the traditional political term extremist - extremist.

This group should include such words "winged" neologisms as

nuts and cooks - terry reactionaries;

diehards - stubborn;

dinosaur wing - (letters) "wing of the dinosaur," that there is a group of people sustarelymi views;

hidebounds - people with narrow political outlook;

moss-backs - and the ultra-conservatives

old fogies - old conservatives.

Referring to the history of political neologisms, it would be interesting to trace, for example, the development of a number of political terms. The number of terms in the American political vocabulary is very much: besides the already long settled word-concepts such as political hireling - a political hireling; political drudge - hard worker (a hardworking employee); stooge - a political puppet, there are more and more. It is already mentioned above terms wardheeler, wheelhorse, as well as (party) hack, hanger-on, hangdog politician, hatchetman. Unfortunately, the vocabulary has not been reflected in the current bilingual (translated) dictionaries and translator must offer their own versions of translation based on its own independent conclusions.

Wardheeler - it is a political term with a scornful and contemptuous color, in Russian his value can be passed through such relations as the petty politician, hanger (with the boss), the term wheelhorse, is also used in speech, given the definition that is given to that term in American monolingual dictionaries, Russian equivalent lexical units: a hard worker, a person who carries on itself all impact. Consequently, the terms drudge, wheelhorse very close in value. Party hack - a political prostitute. Hanger-on is not difficult to translate, because the meaning is quite clear already passed by a word (compare to hang-on - cling) henchman, sycophant. Hang-dog politician should translate hanger, careerist. The word hatchet-man appeared in the American political "vocabulary recently. It has a conversational tone and clearly translates to political henchman. Sometimes it is necessary to give a broader interpretation of" person tracking (on behalf of the boss) compliance with other members of the party discipline and the implementation of major party solutions. "

From the point of view of psycholinguistic analysis of a very interesting series of political synonyms are neologisms 60s. These are the words that represent the symbolic power or imaginary power: straw man, paper tiger, stalking horse, satellite.

Obscheliteraturnogo idiom puppet government - a puppet government is known to all. At the same time, the latest neologisms in said series of synonyms can perplex even the most experienced interpreter. In fact, how to translate this political neologism as straw man (or man of straw)? The literal meaning of it is "straw man." Clearly, this is a metaphor, and therefore, it is necessary to refer the metaphorical element in Russian. Apparently, the best can be considered such options as a "straw man", "man of straw". However rethinking neologism went even further. Straw man in modern political language means "dummy (fake) candidate nominated to distract voters from the other candidate." Neologism paper tiger, as it is known, entered the Russian language for a long time. It is converted by means of tracing paper - paper tiger that is used to mean "paper tiger." The phrase stalking horse is very difficult to translate without knowing its scope. In the dictionary "The American Heritage" stalking horse neologism defined as follows: "any sham candidate put forward to conceal the candidacy of another or divide the opposition" ("any" sham "candidate, which extends to divert attention from the other candidates or split the opposition ") Since so wordy interpretation can not be used as a transferable option, then it should be made based on at least the basic features, and then given a neologism can be translated as a dummy candidate, figureheads (in the political game).

Most recently appeared in the political language, the term off the reservation, where the neologism meaning "to remain in the party, but not to support the candidate nominated by the party." It appears mostly in speech policies can not be known even English speakers.

The next step in the political sense (after off the reservation) will be taking a walk - "Support the candidate of the other party." And finally, the last step in this direction bolting is "transition into the ranks of the other party." This neologism is used primarily in speech, and is gradually replacing the obscheliteraturnogo version of switching to the other party. Without knowledge of the extra-linguistic situation is extremely difficult, to translate a neologism nervous Nellies.

2.3 Translation features of neologisms in modern texts

We analyzed texts on economics and management. Let's look at each transformation of each species separately, we found in these texts.

2.3.1 Lexical transformation

Lexical transformations describe the formal and substantial relationship between the words and phrases in the original and in translation. Among the formal change the basic techniques of interpretation are transcription translation/ transliteration and translation tracing.

As the Russian equivalent of the term is taken, the form of which is not related to the shape of the English term: white collar workers - служащие, Chancellor of the Exchequer - служащие, residence qualification- ценз оседлости.

We like nuclear power as much as anyone else on the right. But friends don "t let friends get hooked on subsidies. - Мы больше всех любим ядерную энергию. Но друзья не позволяют друзьям цепляться за субсидии.

Transcription

Acceptance of transcription indicates that the translation is reproduced sound of the word original. This technique is widely used in the translation of proper names, place names, company names, publications, many neologisms, etc.

Automation is one of the ways to increase production - Автоматизация - один из способов повысить производительность (повышения производительности).

Of course, just because Bladex once drove into the ditch doesn "t mean that it will forever after remain on the straight and narrow - Конечно, только потому, что Bladex однажды разорился, вовсе не значит, что это навсегда

Transliteration

Admission transliteration means that the translation is transferred graphic form of the original word.

Much greater economic tasks were seen to lie ahead. - - Предстояли значительно более важные экономические задачи.

The Finnish plant was built on 60-year purchase contracts signed by electricity buyers, by a firm (the French Areva) that scarcely seems to be making good money on the deal. - Финская установка была построена согласно контракту на 60 лет, подписанный покупателями электричества, фирмой (французской Areva) и, кажется, приносит хороший доход

Transliteration

Admission transliteration means that the translation is transferred graphic form of the original word.Much greater economic tasks were seen to lie ahead. - Предстояли значительно более важные экономические задачи.

The Finnish plant was built on 60-year purchase contracts signed by electricity buyers, by a firm (the French Areva) that scarcely seems to be making good money on the deal. - Финская установка была построена согласно контракту на 60 лет, подписанный покупателями электричества, фирмой (французской Areva) и, кажется, приносит хороший доход.

Tracing

Acceptance of transfer of the constituent elements of words or phrases, and then combining the translated parts into a whole.

superpower = superpower

International Monetary Fund = International Monetary Fund

In this case, the translation can change the order of the components.

United Nations Organisation = Organization of the United Nations

first-strike weapon = first-strike weapons

There are mixed cases, when tracing at one part of the word translated and another - transcribed.

petrodollars = petrodollars

Present plans are for the Prime Minister to make a statement in the first part of next week. - В настоящий момент планы состоят в том, чтобы премьер-министр выступил с заявлением до следующей среды (не позже чем в следующую среду).

While the offer would have handed Semler a small profit, he felt it was a low-ball by as much as $10 a share, compared with what cell firms were trading for on the Continent. - В то время, как предложение обеспечило бы Семлеру маленькую прибыль, он чувствовал, что это очень низкий процент по сравнению с тем, что фирмы имели на Континенте.

The next groups of lexical transformations are lexical and semantic change, the use of which is associated with a modification of the values ??of lexical units. The main techniques of this group include specification, generalization, and modulation.

Purchasing power

Acceptance of semantic specification is that the translator chooses to translate the original word with a specific meaning in the target language.

The settlement may be considered to be of primary importance to the industries concerned. - Можно считать, что это решение (урегулирование) имеет решающее значение для тех отраслей промышленности, которых оно касается.

The sellers offered the buyers 5,000 tons of oil, delivery to be made in October. Поставщики предложили покупателям 5.000 тонн нефти, причем поставка должна быть произведена в октябре.

In August 2005, shortly before minority shareholders were set to get bought out, Semler asked TIM Hellas" TPG-Apax-controlled board to appoint an independent fairness committee to assess the price. - В августе 2005 года, были созваны акционеры, чтобы выкупить акции, Семлер попросил, чтобы назначили независимый комитет справедливости для определения истинной цены.

After all, it had gotten a fairness opinion from what it described as "independent investment bank" Morgan Stanley-a firm that had earned $40 million from Texas Pacific and Арах the previous two years. - В конце концов, это привело к справедливому мнению, о том, что это "независимый инвестиционный банк" фирмы Моргана Станлей, которая заработала 40 миллионов в предыдущие два года.

As its name implies, the reception of generalization involves the replacement of a unit of Linguistics, which has a narrower meaning, the unit of AEs with a broader meaning.

This is easily illustrated by the widespread word performance. New BARS determines the value of this noun as follows:

1). performance,

2). presentation, a play,

3). work (the machine).

Often, however, when translated to English to Russian none of these values ??is used.

The awful performance of state-owned enterprises and the growing potential of a financial disaster are surely the Achilles "heel of what is called China" s "primary stage of socialism".

When translating, as can be seen, none of the definitions, giving New Leopard is not suitable. Translation intuition is quite suitable option "state": "Terrible state of public companies ...". Another example from the same article: China "s extraordinary growth performance ... has been nothing short of remarkable." In this example, an option may offer a "performance": "The amazing economic growth of China ...". When using this option translator starts from situational surrounding the phrase "economic growth." Obviously, the noun, delivered in connection with the relation of subordination this phrase must be somehow associated with the numbers.

Another 1.5mln are town and village owned enterprises that have been the core of Chinese performance.

In the analysis of proposals translator determines that it is about some big concept. Therefore, as a variant of "economy", "... which became the core of the Chinese economy." Another example: "In addition economic performance is supposedly replacing the goal of simply meeting production targets regardless of the cost or consumer demand." Value "indicators" as becomes clear in the analysis of the proposals are not appropriate. Possible to use the value of "economic growth" or "economic development", then: "In addition, the possible economic development issues came to the fore ...". Finally, another example of this article.

"Their (of state-owned enterprises) poor performance translates into protectionism, limits to competition etc."

In this example, the value of "dire state", "low performance", etc., are proposed in the above examples can be summed up in one word "unprofitable", "of unprofitable state enterprises leads to protectionism ...".

The same way, has never been used the value suggested by the Anglo-Russian dictionary. Perhaps for the development of translation intuition must pay more attention to work with dictionaries, which, at least, do not give a clear version of the translation, and therefore the choice and the search option is for the translator.

Modulation or semantic development

Modulation or the semantic development is called the substitution of one word or phrase DICE unit of PCOS, the value of which is logically deduced from the value of the original unit. The most common values ??are correlated segments in the source and target are associated with the cause-and-effect relationship.

Import from the U. S. declined about 14 per cent in value. as compared with the like period in 1957... Considering the increase in import prices the volume decrease wa5 considerably greater. - Импорт из США уменьшился в денежном выражении примерно на 14% по сравнению с тем же периодом 1957 года. Если учесть (учитывая) увеличение импортных цен, то можно сказать, что уменьшение его объема было значительно большим.

It is good that the Government should have recognize the opportunity and the obligations so clearly. Можно только приветствовать (весьма хорошо), что правительство так ясно осознало (наличие) возможности и свои обязательства.

Grammatical transformation

Now look at some grammatical transformations. Among the most common methods are the literal translation, the division offers, union proposals and grammatical change.

Over 60,000 drivers were on strike yesterday. Men at York and Portsmouth joined the strike, while at Edinburgh there was a return to work. Вчера забастовало более 60 тыс. водителей машин. Рабочие в Йорке и Портсмуте присоединились к забастовщикам, в то время как в Эдинбурге рабочие вновь приступили к работе (вернулись на работу). While the negotiation has been protracted, there is no evidence that a deadlock has been reached. - Хотя переговоры затянулись, нет оснований считать, что они зашли в тупик.

Syntax assimilation (literal translation)

The literal translation (no transformation) - a way of translation, in which syntactic structure is replaced by a similar structure FL TL.

Difficult as the task was, they set a time-limit for its fulfilment. - Как ни трудна была эта задача (хотя эта задача была очень трудной), они установили срок для ее выполнения.

Admission is simple enough, but deserves a mention for two reasons. First, because it should be emphasized "legitimacy" of its application: from novice translators sometimes found desire to change the syntactic structure, even where the best choice would be a literal translation. Second, we must clearly distinguish this method already known to us from a literal translation, which also passes the original "word for word", but it distorts its meaning or violates the rules of the target language.

Up to the present, international agreements on the prices of certain major products have scarcely modified the situation since prices are always dictated by the big industrial powers. Вплоть до настоящего времени международные соглашения о ценах на некоторые основные продукты вряд ли изменили положение дел, поскольку цены всегда определяются (диктуются) великими промышленными державами.

The division offers

Admission division of the sentence, as is its name says, is that one of the original proposal is divided into two or three sentences in the translation.

This is one of the many stories circulating at the foreign ministry in Paris where is 53-year old Dr. Abdul Kizzak is based and who, it is claimed, is thriving on his reputation as one of Europe"s most hated man" - Это одна из многих историй, циркулирующих в Министерстве иностранных дел в Париже, где обосновался 53-летний доктор Абдул Киззак, который, как утверждают, пользуется славой самого ненавистного человека в Европе. .

There are two things that a money management firm can do when it finds itself in this predicament. - Есть две вещи, которые может сделать фирма, оказывающаяся в таком затруднительном положении, чтобы управлять деньгами.

Grammatical change

In many cases, the transition from the original to the translation provided by various grammatical changes, which implies a rejection of the use of the translation of similar grammatical forms. Replacement may be a grammatical category, part of speech, a member of the proposals offer a specific type. Grammatical change - this is the most common type of translational transformations.

Replacement of word forms are often dependent on differences in the grammatical structure of the language. Category of nouns is available in both English and in Russian. However, the use of nouns in singular and plural, there are quite significant differences both in terms of countable and uncountable nouns. This fact leads to grammatical transformations in translation, in particular - replace the English plural noun singular Russian and vice versa.

The shape of things to come is shown by the data obtained by the experts. - О характере предстоящих событий можно судить по данным, полученным специалистами (экспертами).

It lagged, badly - Он ужасно отставал

There are many cases when a singular form in the Russian language corresponds to the plural form in English, and vice versa.

The preliminary talks are not expected to last more than two weeks. - Ожидается, что предварительные переговоры продлятся не больше двух недель.

Replacement of parts of speech. A very common type of grammatical change in translation is the replacement of parts of speech. In this paper, most often a verb undergoes morphological transformation, changing which when translated into Russian language is a verbal noun.

For example, the English term economic dollar export does not mean the export of dollars, as might be inferred from the values ??of its components, but something almost the opposite: the export of goods to the dollar zone, which aims to increase the flow of dollars to the United Kingdom [31, 259]. Thus, it is not on the export of dollars, but rather on their imports.

The workers demands were for a cost-of-living raise, shorter hours and improved safety conditions.

Replacement of the sentence. Replacement of the sentence leads to a restructuring of its syntactic structure.

A significant change in the syntactic structure is associated with the replacement of the main parts of the sentence, especially the subject. In the Anglo-Russian translations of the use of such replacements is largely due to the fact that in English more often than in Russian, the subject performs other functions, rather than refer to the subject of the action, for example, the object of the action (subject replaced with supplement).

Lexical and grammatical

A special group of translational transformations are methods of translation, by which is converted and vocabulary, syntax and structure of the original. The most common lexical and grammatical transformations are welcome antonymic translation, reception descriptive translation and reception of compensation.

antonymic translation

When antonymic translation replacement affirmative form in the original negative form in translation or, conversely, negative to affirmative accompanied by the replacement of a lexical unit DICE per unit AEs with the opposite meaning:

Solving Britain"s economic difficulties, said Nick Havens, is a question not so much of political doсtrine as practical judgment. - Разрешение экономических трудностей Англии, сказал премьер-министр это вопрос не столько политической доктрины сколько практической целесообразности.

Legend (descriptive translation)

Descriptive translation - it is the lexical and grammatical transformation, in which the lexical unit DICE substituted by the word, revealing its value. The lack of descriptive translation lies in its verbosity. Therefore, the most successful way of translating this is used where possible to manage a relatively brief explanation.

For example, instead of using stylistically neutral word quarrel - "quarrel" by the following article puts its synonym in the text run-in, which is more colloquial version:

This is a considerable diplomatic coup for China which has been trying to regain international recognition in the wake of its 1989 Tiananmen Square crisis, and shows how vulnerable the UK diplomacy in the run-up to 1987 - Это довольно удачный дипломатический ход Китая, который стремится вернуть утраченное после кризиса 1989 года международное и показать, насколько уязвима была британская дипломатия в ссоре четырехлетней давности.

Compensation

Compensation - a transfer method in which the sense elements, lost during translation, the translated text is transmitted to some other means, and optionally at the same point in the text, as in the original.

Much greater economic tasks were seen to lie ahead. - Предстояли значительно более важные экономические задачи.

In September NRG Energy, an energy wholesaler in Princeton, N. J., applied to the Nuclear Regulatory Commission for a license to build and operate a two-reactor nuclear plant near Bay City, Tex. - В сентябре, компания NRG Energy, оптовый торговец энергии в Принстоне, штат Нью-Джерси, обратилась к Комиссии по ядерному урегулированию для получения лицензии, чтобы строить и использовать двухреакторную ядерную установку около Бей-Сити, штат Техас.

As mentioned above, the nomenclature - the list of leadership positions. Usually translation of vocabulary related to leadership positions does not give much effort as it relates to the international vocabulary. Typically, a term denoting the concept of a foreign reality, the same concepts of Russian reality, translated by the use of terms indicating the respective concepts of Russian foreign concepts to reality.

Here are examples of the translation of the nomenclature of names:

Manager - Manager

Head - Head

In the same way names are translated on the range of cases:

license - license

applications - requests

certificate - Help

It should be noted that the complex words and phrases often have equivalent match than simple words. Formation equivalents can be seen in translation of neologisms.

When translating texts on economics and management attention is paid to transfer economic terms, since the terms are one of the characteristics of scientific texts. Here are examples of translation:

money - money

wholesaler - wholesaler

investments - invesititsii

costs - costs

investors - investors

cost - the cost

The above terms are terms of operating in a terminological. All of these terms are translated by finding equivalents in Russian language.

In economic texts there is a large number of names of various firms and companies. There are several ways to provide the proper names - translation and transliteration directly. You can also send the name of the company and the company by maintaining its original language. When translating economic texts we used in this way. Examples include:

NRG Energy - a company NRG Energy

Also in the economic texts often met proper names - place names and personal names. We passed them by transliteration:

Princeton, N. J., - Princeton, New Jersey,

Bay City - Texas

Gilbert Metcalf - Gilbert Metcalf

As can be seen from this example, we have also made lexical added: we added the word "state." The reasons necessitating lexical additions herein may be different. One of them - perhaps the most common - is what can be called "formal unexpressed" semantic components of the phrase in the source language. So, translating into Russian language place names such as American California, Texas, Canada Alberta, Manitoba, British, Middlesex, Surrey, French Lorraine, Bretagne, etc., should, as a rule, do add as Russian readers in most cases is not known, what exactly do these names: California, Texas, Alberta, Manitoba, Middlseksb county of Surrey, in the Lorraine region, Brittany region,

But the well-known place names we passed by direct transfer:

Analysis of the translation of neologisms convinces us that the most common is a translation by selecting the corresponding analogue in another language. Unfortunately, dictionary of neologisms in Russian published extremely rare. Translator much could be learned from such dictionary.

The second way - it is a translation by transcription or transliteration. So, steel lobby as we pass the lobby steel companies. This is the most concise version. Translation-interpretation - a group of persons (who are former congressmen) that on the sidelines of the Congress of trying to put pressure on members of Congress on behalf of the owners steel companies - can hardly be considered successful.

The third way is a method of tracing. For example, street people can be translated as street people (the method of tracing) or as wanderers (analog method).

Conclusion

Based on the above, in this chapter we have come to the conclusion that the neologism (neo + Greek. Logos word) - a new word, linguistic innovation (figure of speech), the grammatical feature, which appears in the language.

A large number of new lexical units appeared in connection with the development of computer technology. New semantic group of neologisms are related to the alleged visits to earth by aliens from outer space.

Neologisms are usually formed under the laws of the relevant language, in his productive patterns of word formation. However, literary books are sometimes created neologisms and unproductive ways of word formation. In such cases, the effective power of word-formation means becomes more clear, vivid, tangible. Most funds formation of new words so often act as a stylistic device.

The most typical ways of formation of neologisms in the language of English writers are compounding, conversion and change the meanings of words.

Analysis of new words showed that the predominant host of new vocabulary units are, as expected, nouns, since the expansion of vocabulary is mainly due to the names of objects and events that fill the space of cultural studies.

Learning new words revealed some trends in linguistic and cultural features of the expansion of space in the period under review.

There are many ways to transfer economic topics neologisms from English into Russian. Translator can trace the "inner form" neologism with great caution and only in cases where there is full confidence in the adequacy of the translation. However, analysis motivated "inner form" is generally indispensable step in translating such neologisms.

To achieve adequacy in translating text from one language (s) to another (AEs) translator should use the equivalent of conformity in the language into which translation is done. Among the available linguistic resources need to find equivalents that will be adequate original.

In conclusion, it should again be emphasized that the main condition for the adequacy of the translation of neologisms English economic texts are:

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