Features of the use of non-literary language

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Contents

Introduction

Chapter I Theoretical basis of the study of non-standard English vocabulary

1.1 Definition and types of non-literary vocabulary of the English language

1.2 Definition of Colloquialism

1.3 Differences between Colloquialism, Slang, and Jargon

1.4 Examples of Colloquialism from Common Speech

1.5 Significance of Colloquialism in Literature

Chapter II Features of the use of non-literary language

2.1 Features of the use of the restricted vocabulary

2.2 Features of functioning of non-literary language, in some embodiments of the English language

2.2.1 Features of functioning of non-literary language in American English

2.2.2 The Canadian version of the non-literary English language

2.2.3 Features of functioning of non-literary language in Australian English

2.2.4 The Scottish and Irish versions of the non-literary English language

2.2.5 Features of functioning of non-literary language in English of New Zealand

Conclusion

A list of used literature

Introduction

One of the most attractive and mysterious areas of any foreign language is precisely the non-standard vocabulary. In English, as in any other modern non-standard vocabulary is not only new words and expressions, or the latest interpretation of the old, non-standard vocabulary - it is also a completely new and unusual methods of forming grammatical relations, which generate the phenomenon of “new grammar''. In her many words behave quite “unsuitable”, this can be quite surprising not only for foreigners but also for the older generation of English speakers around the world.

The goal of any language - is communication and when it cannot adequately perform this function, it comes to the aid it is non-standard vocabulary. In this case, incorrect to state that the rules of English (or any other language) should always remain the same, and their changes - a gross error.

The huge reservoir of non-standard (non-literary) language is the so-called vulgar language, which include the word taboo, forbidden words. Taboo is the prohibition arising in the sphere of public life at different stages of development of society. Based on various assumptions such a ban could extend to the facts of language. Different ways of human communication are dictated by cultural norms that prescribe how should communicate or access each other junior and senior age or rank, men and women, law-abiding citizens and criminals, natives and foreigners, etc. A less public role than rules and prohibitions established this official law plays largely spontaneously. All of the above determines the relevance of the course work. The object of the study is taboo. The subject performs the restricted use of the English language in the world.

We used the methods of theoretical analysis of the linguistic literature, descriptive and comparative methods generalizations and comparisons.

The theoretical significance of the course work is to enhance representation of a taboo in the use of the English language. The findings contribute to the further development of comparison of forbidden words in different variants of the English language that reveals the cultural identity of vocabulary data units and their role in the world of different people pictures. The practical significance of the study lies in the fact that it can be used in teaching linguistic disciplines, the theory of translation, geography.

My bachelor work consists of several necessary parts, which contains of non-literary colloquial words and its variants in all international English: American, Canadian, British, Australian and New Zealand English.

In the first topic I have pointed about theoretical basis of the study of non-standard and definition of non-literary vocabulary of the English. Here I mentioned about traditional implementations elements of linguistic structure, selected and assigned language practice.

And in my next topic, on the features and restricts of the use of non-literary language, which focuses the subject-logical meaning of taboo. It can be transferred to any medical or legal terms or expressions, partially preserving the character of the term, or literary-standard expression, which is a euphemism, stylistically neutral synonymous with taboo and Deputy professionally determinate term or word - taboo or dysphemism. Word taboo usually prepared speech synonyms, euphemisms, in a literary text - the author's neologisms, euphemisms. If the term expression, partially preserving the character of the term, and in the use of euphemism in speech and literature retain their direct subject-logical value, the word taboo - and this is especially important to emphasize - usually loses the direct subject-logical meaning and is used primarily, because of its negative connotations.

Actuality of the work: The work is based on learning the variation problems in English language. As linguistics developed in the 20^th century, the notion became prevalent that language is more than speech-specifically, that it is an abstract system of interrelationship shared by members of a speech community. The main basic idea of colloquial and non-literary words influenced to English and formed new colloquial expressions in American and Britain variants of English. During writing of this bachelor paper, we have done our best to deal with some difficult problems. The field of Native American languages is so vast, the historical research so demanding and the determination of vocabulary origins so complex that I more that once gave up in hopelessness. However, the fascination of the topic and the need for writing this bachelor paper drew us back. The following is an explanation of the principles that have finally formed our research. English is an international language, spoken in many countries both as a native and as a second or foreign language. It is taught in the schools in almost every country in the world. It is a living and vibrant language spoken by over 300 million people as their native language. More than Million speak it as a second language. First, let us define the problems, which students face nowadays. Generally the number of students comes across with the problems of colloquial and non-literary words, slangs, jargon and idioms. Why is it such a big problem? Let us speak of this problem. In order to get a full insight into language, one has to consider its organization, its mechanism, or as is accepted to term, its structure and system. Structure sometimes related to the elements forms constructions of language and their meanings. System is referred as one complex unity of interrelated and interconnected elements, while structure represents inner relations between the elements, or the inner organization of the complex unity.

Aim of the work: to study languages as a set of abstract rules that somehow account for speech, to take an interest in the field and to examine the variations of colloquial words in English. We analyzed the common names of English colloquial words, their types, features and structure. The purpose of the course work is to study the features of the use of the restricted vocabulary in the world. To achieve this goal it is necessary to solve the following research objectives:

1. To consider the concept and types of non-literary vocabulary of the English language.

2. Describe the concept of a culture of communication and postulates of verbal communication.

3.Examining the issue in society. 4. Find out the features of the use of the restricted vocabulary.

5. To investigate the features of the functioning of non-literary language, in some embodiments of the English language.

6. Highlight features of non-literary translation lexicon.

english colloquialism slang jargon

Chapter 1. Theoretical basis of the study of non-standard English vocabulary

1.1 Definition and types of non-literary vocabulary of the English language

Language norm - is a set of the most stable, traditional implementations elements of linguistic structure, selected and assigned language practice. It is with respect to the normal, in the traditional language collective realizations can be solved, `'you say as well.''

From the representation of the norm as a combination of traditional implementations in a particular language, community should heterogeneity rules associated with a variety of communication conditions. In different situations, the correct term is, of course, different, so consider the norm as a starting point in determining the correct can only be in the most general terms. Distinguishing between linguistic structure and linguistic usage that corresponds to the modern differentiation of structures and rules, `'what is called consumption the set of established in the community of language habits and norms, whereby from the available stock of the language means is made known selection. It is not the same for different conditions of language communication. This creates the concept of different styles of language - the language of right and wrong, and the solemn business, official and familiarity of everyday poetry etc. All such `'languages'' are nothing more than a different manner to use the language'' (Аксенова 1, 4).

The literary language is isolated and codified species. It codified varieties include literary standard in its book-written and oral-spoken forms to expressive vernacular.

Expressive vernacular - a component of the lexical system that meets the norm of the second level, which includes - ing, the well-known and commonly used stylistically reduced vocabulary and phraseology with the expression of varying quality - from the playful and ironic, mocking familiar to derogatory and vulgar.

In common, parlance expressive vocabularies are following layers:

a) low colloquialisms, b) general slang c) vulgar, d) professional jargon, etc.), corporate jargon, (Антрушина 2, 288).

By the stylistically marked (reduced) formations in the literary language, we include a fragment of the vocabulary that in the traditional Anglo-American terminology defined as total slang and `'low'' colloquialisms - two latched in the dictionaries of lexical formation with blurred boundary between them. These layers in theory, presented model of lexical components vernacular as the generic concept occupy, apparently an intermediate position between the literary standard vocabulary - the main component of the literary language and extra-literary forms of speech (Арбекова 3, 364).

Both the reservoirs different from the neutral language of the literary standard of ethical and stylistic qualities: from mock- ironic relaxed expression of everyday communication to the derogatory expression sharpness and negative emotional evaluation purely of familiar communication. It draws them to the vocabulary of the literary standard especially the fact that they are also accepted and commonly understood within a specific time within the boundaries of a particular communicative community. Confront them literary standard as special funds reduced speech characteristic of conversational and community style of the literary language and other forms of spoken national languages.

In various dictionaries with droppings `'slang'', the following words and phrases discharge (Арнольд 4, 295):

1. Words related to the thieves' jargon, for example:

barker - in the sense of a revolver.

to dance - to be hanged.

to crush - run;

idea pot - in the sense of head.

Other examples clearly slang words and expressions can serve:

dirt - in the value of money;

a sip of Coca-Cola, the famous drink in the United States;

dotty - crazy.

2. Words related to other jargon such as:

big-boy - in the sense of large-caliber gun.

knitting needle - in the value of the sword (from the military lexicon).

to eat the ginger - to act in the best roles.

smacking - in the sense of having a huge success.

dark (literally dark) within the meaning of closed (from the theatrical vocabulary).

dead Hooper- values in a bad dancer.

sleeper - in the sense of a series of lectures (of student vocabulary), and others.

3. Many of the spoken words and phrases - are neologisms, inherent only in living informal communication, also ranked as `'slang''. The main qualities of these words - the freshness of their use, novelty, surprise their use, i.e. the typical features of spoken neologism type. However, these traits and promote enrollment of words in the category of `'slang''. For example, words such as for good - forever, to have a hunch - a presentiment, show - in the sense of theater, are ranked as `'slang''; to get someone - in the sense of understanding, cut-throat - in the sense of the killer, and many other colloquialisms in several dictionaries also have litter `'slang''. The difference between the literary colloquial words and some words that are listed as `'slang'', so it is difficult to determine that the authoritative British and American dictionaries appear dual usage labels: (colloquial.) or (Slang). For example, the words: chink - money; fishy - suspicious; governor - the father; hum (from humbug) fraud and others.

4. Under the `'slang'' summarize well the occasional formation resulting from literary associations and the value of which is due to their semantic connections with original concept. For example, the `'Abridged Dictionary of slang'' word captures Scrooge within the meaning of evil and miserly man with droppings `'slang''. The word derived from the name of the hero works of Dickens `'A Christmas Carol''.

5. Imaginative words and expressions. Here we must distinguish between, on the one hand and the figurative professionalism. For example: by shark (literally - the shark) - in the sense of excellent students (student of language), suicide ditch (literally - the trench suicide) - in the sense of an advanced (from the military lexicon), black coat - (literally - black cassock) - priest. On the other hand, commonly used in figurative speech. For example, rabbit heart (literally - hare heart) in the value of a coward or a belly-archer (literally - suffering from stomach), a person who always complains about something...

6. Many British and American dictionaries referred to as `'slang'' words derived from the use of one of the most productive ways of word formation in Modern English - conversion. For example, a noun agent within the meaning of the agent does not have litters `'slang''; He also formed from the verb to agent - in the sense of being an agent has litter `'slang''. The word altar - stylistically neutral, no litters in the dictionary does not have; He also formed from the verb meaning to altar- to get married in one of the English dictionaries provided with droppings `'slang''.

7. In some dictionaries of abbreviations are also seen as `'slang''. Words such as rep (short for reputation) - reputation; cig (from cigarette) - Cigarette; lab (by laboratory) - training room, etc. are ranked as the student `'slang''. Word ad (abbreviation of advertisement) - classified and the flu (of influenza) - flu also comes with droppings `'slang''. Characteristically, these commonly used abbreviations, most often used colloquially as ma (abbreviation of mama) - the mother or the sis (from sister) - sister also have a litter `'slang''.

Even the most common words and phrases of the English literary language shall enter in the category of `'slang''. For example: to go halves - in the sense to chip; to cut off with a shilling - disinherit affair - a love affair; in a way - in general; how come - why, etc. (Ахманова 5, 367).

Fluctuations in the attribution of a word to a particular stylistic category of words - it is a natural phenomenon, because the language is in the process of constant development, and the words from one sphere of communication will inevitably fall into another sphere of communication and start to exist already as independent and full-fledged member. (Балли 6, 336)

However, the `'slang'' encompasses too many stylistic bits of words, the most diverse in nature and function. By `'slang'' are ranked even vernacular phonetic, morphological and syntactic forms, for example, the word is not, form gi'n (given), one of them slippers trafficking, misuse of unions such as, as, instead of whom or which, pronunciation sound ( n ) instead of ( з ) in the present participle, and so on.

It should emphasize that the non-standard elements of literary language have a certain linguistic and communicative status value primarily as a means of conventional expressive stylistically reduced speech, reflecting to some extent functional and stylistic variation in the vocabulary of the national language. However, they have all the basic features of conversational, yet marked C. Bally (Балли 6, 320) reflection mentality of the average native speaker and everyday life situations, spontaneous expression, emotion, concreteness, imagery, familiarity.

Jargon separated words, combinations of words, turns of speech. Different social groups and classes create them. They can also be created and individuals. (Беляева 7, 136)

The most characteristic feature is the jargon of their privacy. They are likened to a certain extent conditional code. Meaning jargon supposed to be known only to the group of people among whom the data are jargon.

Note that in the national language and jargon reflecting in some measure the variation of the vocabulary of the social, as well as `'low'' colloquialisms, vulgar, contrasted elements of the literary standard. Thus, all non-standard vocabulary resists standard. In turn, stylistically reduced vocabulary opposed socio-deterministic.

Each isolated group encompasses the potential for the development of their conditional language occurring in parallel, or, better said, to impose a layer on the spoken language, which unites the group with the rest of the mass. Therefore, along with the esoteric function is exist password function, which at first glance incompatible with the function of clandestine communications, if we approach the Kent as a social and communicative system, from the perspective of an outside observer. However, these functions can coexist and complement each other: the esoteric vocabulary and phraseology of any developed thieves' argot (in our case - Kent) with kinesics and features, whether this media slang want or do not want to - regardless of their desire, incomprehensible to the uninitiated and acts for them as a secret code. The elements of slang plus gestures for dealing with, and for the uninitiated, are special signals - Password bearing for the first printing language belonging to the underworld, for the second - a warning. This is the dual nature of slang, which linguists sometimes do not pay enough attention to (Блумфилд 8, 608).

It is no coincidence therefore the earliest dictionaries and glossaries (XVI century) were all sorts of `'warning'' and `'caution.'' Thus, the main function of slang - the password feature for your inextricably linked with the function of warning for others, and the function conspiratorial communication concealing access to this social group from the outside, depending on the presence / absence of the secret character of the password for you.

By vulgarism English (and often in jargon) include colloquial and is not, and the omission of the aspirate in such words as here ( 'ere); he ( 'e); herself ( 'erself); and replacement of the guttural nasal alveolar nasal (n) as, for example, raisin 'instead of raising, and distorted word missus instead of type and tautological use like, typical of London cockney. For example: it is not like as if I was a black fellow or a kanaka; or Bad luck your crock in 'up like this, I say, very affable like. (S. Maugham); and poor coordination of how I say: and form the possessive pronoun me instead of my, and many others. (Верещагин 9, 312)

Therefore, in the English slang term linguistic literature are united not only lexical but also morphological, syntactic and phonetic phenomena.

We think that it is more expedient to fix the term only for a certain group of words and phrase logical units united one leading, the most characteristic feature. This feature will be the degree of roughness, which borders on the obscene. These include above all abusive words, such as: damn, bloody, son of a bitch, hang it, to hell, sounds and others.

These words are very limited in their use. They can be found mainly in the spoken language. Their purpose is the same as the interjections. Expression of strong emotion is mainly irritation and anger.

1.2 Definition of Colloquialism

The word “colloquialism” comes from the Latin colloquium, which means a “conference” or “conversation.” As a literary device, colloquialism refers to the usage of informal or everyday language in literature. Colloquialisms are generally geographic in nature, in that a colloquial expression often belongs to a regional or local dialect. They can be words, phrases, or aphorisms (see below for examples). Native speakers of a language understand and use colloquialisms without realizing it, while non-native speakers may find colloquial expressions hard to translate. (Dresser 29, 86) This is because many colloquialisms are not literal usages of words, but instead idiomatic or metaphorical sayings. Colloquialism is similar to slang, but the definition of colloquialism has some key differences as described below. (Dresser 29, 45)

1.3 Differences between Colloquialism, Slang, and Jargon

Colloquialism can be confused with slang and jargon, since these are two other ways of conversing in informal ways. The difference is that slang words are used in specific social groups, like teenagers, whereas colloquialisms can generally be understood across age and socioeconomic barriers as long as the speakers are all from the same geographic region. Colloquialisms may use slang within them, but this is not always the case. (Dresser 29, 99)

Similar to slang, jargon is used only by certain groups, but it often refers to words used in a particular profession. For example, the way in which lawyers speak is so specific to their profession that it is often known as “legalese.” Other professions that rely on exchanging complex information also use jargon, such as scientists, doctors, and businesspeople.

1.4 Examples of Colloquialism from Common Speech

There are three different types of colloquialism that we can distinguish. words, phrases, and aphorisms. Words can be colloquialism examples if they demonstrate the regional dialect of the speaker, or it they are contractions or examples of profanity. Phrases and aphorisms are colloquialisms if they are not literal usages, yet are widely understand within a geographical boundary. (Dresser 29, 71)

Words: Regional differences: One famous colloquial difference in the United States is the way a person refers to a carbonated beverage. There are regional borders that separate the usage of the words “soda”, “pop”, “soft drink”, and “Coke” (used as a generic term and not just to refer to the brand). There are numerous differences between American English and British English, such as truck-lorry, soccer-football, and parakeet-budgie.

Contractions: Words such as “ain't” and “gonna” are examples of colloquialism, as they are not used widely throughout English-speaking populations.

Profanity: Some words are considered profane in some dialects of English where they are not at all bad in other dialects. A good example is the word “bloody” which is a simple adjective in American English, but is a curse word in British English.

Phrases:

Old as the hills

Penny-pincher

She'll be right (Australian English, meaning everything will be all right with her)

Pass the buck

Eat my dust

Aphorisms:

I wasn't born yesterday.

There's more than one way to skin a cat.

Put your money where your mouth is.

You're driving me up the wall.

1.5 Significance of Colloquialism in Literature

Authors will frequently use colloquialisms to make dialogue sound more authentic. For example, a writer of a contemporary American novel would probably choose the greeting “Hey, how's it going” rather than “How now.”

They may also employ this device to situate the writing more decisively in a specific time period and/or place. (Dresser 29, 120).

When used inappropriately, colloquialisms will often stand out as jarring to the reader. Indeed, writers are cautioned away from over-using dialect, such as dropping the “g” at the end of a continuous verb to create a Southern twang, such as goin', doin', bein', etc. However, when used well readers may feel the writing is very genuine. Authors may also use colloquialisms unconsciously if they are writing in a time and place they know from their own experience. (Dresser 29, 120)

Examples of Colloquialism in Literature

Example #1

When you're dead, they really fix you up. I hope to hell when I do die somebody has sense enough to just dump me in the river or something. Anything except sticking me in a god dam cemetery. People are coming and putting a bunch of flowers on your stomach on Sunday, and all that crap. Who wants flowers when you're dead? Nobody. (Jespersen 30, 68)

(The Catcher in the Rye by J. D. Salinger)

J. D. Salinger's most famous book is noted for the very informal way in which the narrator, Holden Caulfield, addresses the audience. The book has been banned in numerous places over the years for its use of profanity, which is a chief example of colloquialism. (Jespersen 30, 88) There are also colloquial phrases in this excerpt such as “fix you up” and “hope to hell.”

Example #2

Thing is, as ye git aulder, this character-deficiency gig becomes mair sapping. Thir wis a time ah used tae say tae aw the teachers, bosses, dole punters, poll-tax guys, magistrates, when they telt me ah was deficient:'Hi, cool it, gadge, ah'm jist me, jist intae a different sort ay gig fae youse but, ken?' Now though, ah've goat tae concede thit mibee they cats had it sussed. Ye take a healthier slapping the aulder ye git. The blows hit hame mair. It's like yon Mike Tyson boy at the boxing, ken? (Jespersen, 30, 100)

(Train spotting by Irvine Welsh)

In his 1993 book Train spotting, Irvine Welsh created a consistent writing style to mimic the lilt of the Scottish accent. For non-speakers of the Scottish dialect, it can take a bit of time before the logic of the book's language starts to make sense. The book even comes with a glossary of words and colloquialisms that he uses.

Example #3

Bardolph. Well met, Corporal Nym.

NYM. Good morrow, Lieutenant Bardolph. (Jespersen, 30, 110)

(Henry V by Shakespeare)

This is a simple example of colloquialism as used by Shakespeare. Although modern readers might think that Shakespeare's works sound extremely outdated, he was famed at the time for having a remarkable ear for the way people really talked. This example from the beginning of Act II in Shakespeare's play Henry V shows the way in which people greeted each other in ordinary language. (Jespersen 30, 116)

Example #4

What's the use you learning to do right, when it's troublesome to do right and it ain't no trouble to do wrong, and the wages is just the same?

(The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn by Mark Twain)

Mark Twain's book The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn is renowned for its use of colloquialisms. Twain used plenty of accents, slang, and vernacular to make his characters sound like real Americans of the time. This excerpt contains the double negative “ain't no trouble” and the colloquial usage of “just the same.” (Jespersen, 30, 119)

Test Your Knowledge of Colloquialism

1. Choose the correct colloquialism definition:

A. A set of words used by a certain social group.

B. Language that is used by people of a specific profession.

C. Informal language that is a part of a regional dialect.

2. Which of these is an example of colloquialism?

A. Her fleece was white as snow.

B. I'm gonna grab a soda.

C. It's five o'clock in the afternoon.

3. Which of these statements is true?

A. The colloquialisms that J. D. Salinger used in “Catcher in the Rye” help to illustrate the mindset of his narrator and make him understandable to the average American reader.

B. Shakespeare used colloquial language by creating many new words that we use today.

C. Not even speakers of the Scottish dialect would immediately understand the colloquial language that Irvine Welsh employs in “Trainspotting.” (Jespersen30, 124)

Chapter 2. Features of the use of non-literary language

2.1 Features of the use of the restricted vocabulary

In English, there is taboo for a number of linguistic forms, which value is related to the excretory function, as well as some forms of which are values of procreation - forms he calls obscene. In a society fluctuates severity of the ban on so-called rules of propriety to the unconditional and complete taboo, which are unlike anything indecent obscene form (Винокур10, 448).

Subject-logical meaning of taboo can be transferred to any medical or legal terms or expressions, partially preserving the character of the term, or literary-standard expression, which is a euphemism, stylistically neutral synonymous with taboo and Deputy professionally determinate term or word -taboo or dysphemism. If the term expression, partially preserving the character of the term, and in the use of euphemism in speech and literature retain their direct subject-logical value, the word taboo - and this is especially important to emphasize - usually loses the direct subject-logical meaning and is used primarily, because of its negative connotations. Profanity connotation does not disappear with the loss of subject-logical values, or with the use of the word taboo as intensifier with some of its semantic devastation, it is stored in the sound of the word, in its external form. This is a prime example of sound symbolism, of course, not only noted by linguists, but also writers.

Word taboo usually prepared speech synonyms, euphemisms, in a literary text - the author's neologisms, euphemisms.

It is well known that at the stage of primitive superstition and fear spells faith in the magical effect of words appear earliest euphemisms preserved to some extent today. From these traditional euphemisms with shimmering echoes the ancient belief in the magical power of the word to be distinguished modern euphemisms, which are generated by a false morality (brothel, brothel) or grimaces affectations (the dog lifted a leg, it is in an interesting position) or bourgeois hypocrisy (free world) (Влахов 11, 416).

If the basis for the classification of modern euphemisms to take their social nature, they can be divided into

a) commonly used euphemisms national literary language,

b) class and professional euphemisms

c) the family household.

All synonyms, euphemisms for taboo words, should probably be included in the category of household euphemisms, which in colloquial speech is characteristic of a limited range of representations of general physiology. Well-known household euphemisms should be distinguished from the copyright euphemisms usually in their broader USUS or occasional neologisms, only for a particular author, in the case of a single use.

Well-known household euphemisms as substitute's words taboo gradually get vulgar (obscene) connotation that is "degraded"..; In this case, there are euphemisms to former euphemisms, sometimes a kind of synonyms, if we consider the list of data words in the diachronic. So, the word taboo meaning `'buttocks'', the following euphemisms- that gradually `'degrade'' and replaced by: bum, rump; (XVII century.) bottom, buttocks (XVIII c.); backside, posterior (XIX c.); (XX century.) Fanny, behind. The last two euphemism still so far from the `'degradation'', which are used in the ladies magazine and in women of speech (Гальперин 12, 452):

1. Sup-hose Pants supports tummies and behinds as firmly as legs ...

2. Any time I want to have a bunch of chippies sitting on the edge of a desk ... (Gardner, p. 9).

In our opinion, among the household euphemisms substitute the word taboo, highlight expression, preserving vulgar connotation due to the ribald allusions and associations. Such expressions are characteristic of urban social dialects such as Cockney, as well as for social and ethnic dialect US blacks whose support is generally characterized by rough humor and love for jokes.

According to the semantic structure of the household and the pseudo-euphemisms euphemistic expressions are the use of words and expressions in a figurative sense on the basis of similarity, analogy, as a result of association by contiguity; but unlike true metaphorical and metonymic usages of words and phrases literary standard household euphemisms substitute the word taboo, it is intended not figurative representation of reality, and a cover immodest thoughts, intentions, and the phenomena of life. Pseudo-euphemistic expression, on the contrary, are used primarily when they want to speak allegorically obscenity (Грушевицкая 13, 352).

When the devastation of the semantic or `'semantic wear'' word-taboo function only in common parlance and are not connected with literary standard due to lack of stylistically neutral synonyms, euphemisms. However, semantically devastated acting as intensive which initial words taboo can be stylistically reduced synonyms, euphemisms, the external shape of which is `'disguised'' form of vulgarism taboo or starts with the same sound as the word taboo. So, instead of the well-known verb-taboo intensifiers function uses morphological forms of `'veiled'' verbs: good fogging guys; no fogging well; I am fogged up with it; Fug it, get it later, and so on.

Stylistically reduced synonyms, euphemisms get colloquially as the word taboo, is used as intensifiers. For example, in British parlance expressive range word taboo has the bloody begin with the same sound (sound) euphemisms as blasted, bleeding, blooming, blistering, bowed, bally; Wed .: bleeding 'drunk, blooming slow, a blistering idiot, you be bowed, no bally fear, bally well, all bally fine, and so on. d. and so on. n. There are many synonyms, euphemisms in the pages of American and British military prose 40's and early 50-ies of XX century, later gave way to these euphemisms-taboo words. A similar phenomenon occurs in a live conversation: a survey conducted among the students and teachers of some British universities (in the cities of Liverpool, Leeds, Manchester and Hull), among employees and workers of Liverpool, confirms our idea that the penetration of word taboo in art literature in a certain extent reflects the current trend of greater freedom in the use of the same vulgarism in everyday communication of speech spheres. (Жельвис 14, 194)

Lewd connotations have many blasphemies and curses with the mention of religious terms, a profanation of which from the point of view of church morality is a mortal sin. Bloomfield says that religious terms are used only in serious speech; violation of this rule threatens speaker ostracism. But in England the '60s and' 70s such blasphemy due to the weakening influence of the church lost their obscenity.

Blasphemous curses functionally similar interjections and act as a kind of stylistically reduced reinforcement form for expressing certain emotions, mostly negative, under the influence of some kind of incentive stimuli. Like interjections, some profanity is sometimes deviate from the original phonetic models are transformed into structurally marked by education, for example, God love me -blimey; God blind me; Christ kill me; for Christ sake - for Chris sake.

Bloody receives a `'veiled'' euphemism bleeding. A Sill toe uses it as a kind of amplifier infix of blasphemy, thus increasing the charge rate of the whole expression: in this case, functionally close interjections blasphemous curse - word taboo with infix bleeding: She squealed out: `'Christ All-bleeding' mighty! Somebody got me that one!'' Other `'veiled'' euphemisms of the same slang-enhancer in the two examples below serve as elements of expressive vernacular British area:

1. Bertie made a gesture of disgust. "What a bally idiot I am".

2. The bystander. He isn't a Tec. He's a blooming busybody: that what he is

Stand out intensifiers (mostly adjectives), which do not belong to the above groups and are not euphemisms. The assignment of a vulgar expressive vernacular - is quite a complex issue, since the determination of the degree of roughness (whether they are or obscene connotation only derogatory and evaluate sharpness) is beyond the scope of objective criteria. Limited to the examples (Заботкина, 15, 126):

"Get your lousy knees off my chest", I told him. I was almost bawling I really was. "Go on, get offa me, ya crumby bastard"

In English-speaking countries are now significant parts of the `'non-print'' of lexical formation, so to speak, `'came out in the press.'' Modern novels, short stories, poems dedicated to the present day, is literally awash with words, which only recently has carefully avoided or, at the very least, was designated the first and last letters. (Коровушкин, 16, 59)

This situation reflects the situation in the spoken language. The so-called `'four-letter word'' or `'f-words'' (`'damn'', `'prick'', `'cant'', `'tits'' and so on. D.) Left the bars and barracks, and is now used in a conversation over a restaurant table, written bumper cars and shouted chorus of fans in the stadiums, regularly pronounced in the programs on television and in movies. For special fee you can order a dubious combination of letters, even on the number of his car or shirt. There is evidence that every 14th word in modern spoken English is to some extent the character of a sharp decline in ... The English word «damn» is included in the first 15 most common words, and some others about the same sharpness or coarser - in the first 75 words. (Коровушкин 16, 27):

English-speaking countries there are special laws on obscenity, which is intended to protect the listener from obscene expressions, insulting his hearing and understanding of honor and dignity.

English-speaking countries now developed a whole system of penalties for a variety of verbal offenses, for insulting word. For example, telephone hooliganism, obscene insults on the phone now regarded as a crime punishable by imprisonment. For sexual harassment relies fine. Imposes restrictions on what can and cannot write, for example, T-shirts (more precisely, you can write anything you want, but not in T-shirts with obscene graffiti wander in a public place), bumper cars, on bulletin boards; indecency may not be transferred by e-mail. The penalties in this case can be very different: in some cases - public condemnation, ridicule, condemning the views, etc., in other cases, the case is referred to court. Words that offend national or racial affiliation outlawed and can lead to prosecution as a meddler in the inner sanctum of the American - his citizenship rights. Similarly, Americans have the right to prosecute for the anecdote told obscene, profane comments about someone's appearance or sexual behavior, as well as attacks against the opposite sex. Appropriate penalties can be very severe.

2.2 Features of functioning of non-literary language, in some embodiments of the English language

One of the peculiarities of the English language - is its use as a national, public and official literary language is not one but many nations.

Along with some other languages, the English language in the UK, USA, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, a number of developing Asian and African countries, former colonies of Great Britain, refers to the multinational and multiethnic language belongs to no one but to several nations, not one and several ethnic groups. This broad spread of English is due to an expansive policy of Great Britain in the middle Ages. (Костомаров 17, 139)

Naturally, the English language is used in different ways in the British Isles and in Australia, the US and New Zealand, Canada and India. English also has some features in Wales, Scotland, in other parts of the British Isles and America. Various features of the English language, we now consider.

Standard English - UK official language taught in schools and a university used in the press, on radio and television, and is recognized wherever English is spoken. His vocabulary is contrasted with the vocabulary of the dialects.

2.2.1 Features of functioning of non-literary language in American English

Variant of English is used in a speech in the United States, called the American English language.

American English originated in the 17th - 18th centuries, when the active colonization of the North American continent. It is known that the main role in this process is played by the British. Noteworthy is the fact that by the beginning of colonization in England was already a national literary language standard, the so-called Standard English (SE), carrying non-dialect communicative function. Naturally, he had an influence on the language spoken by immigrants (Крупнов 18, 192). Consider the most common slang words and phrases used in the United States.

For example, `'Schwa!'', A synonym for the word `'wow'' - this expression illustrates the rarest approach to the creation of slang - the invention of their own that did not exist before the words (Ощепкова, 19, 336)

The word `'destroy'' in the United States refers to do something very good.

I did not expect to destroy that exam. I got an A! - I did not expect that offered this exam. I received!

Or another similar example: the word `'SICK'' used to mean something `'incredibly tough''.

Jennifer lives in a sick part of the city. It is full of restaurants and clubs. - Jennifer lives in the city. There's a bunch of clubs and restaurants.

It has been used in the slang meaning `'to interrupt'', and `'epic fail'' turned into ''what a mistake!'' Noun in slang can also be an adverb, and the best example of the expression `'you are so Obama''. It has nothing to do with the current president of America, but only used to mean `'very cool and smart.''

She just got accepted to Harvard University. She's so Obama. - She just accepted to Harvard University. She's so cool!

It is also often used rhymed phrases in the United States - the best illustration of the fact: `'sisters from another mother'' and `'brothers from another mother'' (slang, which called friends, close to each other as brothers and sisters).

Today American English is also in the course of abbreviations and acronyms. To form a new word can be cut off by the already existing number of syllables, for example, `'preach'' - short for `'precious''. Entire sentences can be converted into catchy acronyms: I.D.K. - An abbreviation of `'I do not know''. These abbreviations can even be transformed into a completely full word as happened with `'FOMO'' (fear of missing out) - for those who are afraid to stop, `'be aware'' of what is happening. (Палажченко, 20, 210)

Many residents of Pennsylvania made a difference in the phrases `'you offen the light'' and `'yuns offen the light'', which means yuns singular and comes from `'you ones'' (in the same way and there were cuts `'young'ns'', `'big ' ns'',' `'little'ns'' in many dialects). Other residents of Pennsylvania (as well as New Yorkers and the people of New Jersey), form the plural of `'you'' as well as from other nouns by adding the sound (s): `'youse'' (or more politely `'youse guys `'). Again, by itself, `'youse'' is a completely separate word, like the rest of the personal pronouns in English.

These words speak not ignorance of the people using them, but rather quite legitimate language development - when missing a place in the grammar are replenished independently, by analogy with other, already existing. During this development, personal pronouns and other pointers grammatical functions formed from ordinary words through a process. This process has a traditional way of education: full word `'word, performs some grammatical function'' affix (suffix or prefix).

An example of how the word, performs a grammatical function is converted to affix may be the word `'young'n'', where the pronoun `'one'' reduced to suffix with which the adjective formed from the noun complete. The same thing can happen with other pronouns. In colloquial speech often use gimme, than give me, "hittem" instead of `'hit them'' or `'gitter'' `'instead of'' `'get her,'' etc.

Forms yall, youse, and yuns because of biased public relations still remain outside the formal grammatical rules. And while all native English will not constantly use them in his speech, the public will avoid these words, counting the grammatical errors. At the same time from a linguistic point of view, these forms - the result is quite normal and predictable development of the language and cannot say with certainty they are correct or not. (Мороховский 21, 247)

2.2.2 The Canadian version of non-literary English language

We cannot say that the English language, which is spoken in Canada (Canadian English), is very different from American English in the United States. On the question of English-speaking Canadians equally influenced both British and American English and a little French, which is the second official language of this country. Yet Canadians have their own vocabulary (about 20 thousand words), typical for them, and appeared for the first time in Canada. (Фалькова, 22, 77)

One of the most striking features of the speech, which is distinguished Canadians, both in America and around the world, is the exclamation `'Eh?''. Its main function is similar to the American `'huh?'' Or `'what?'', But, of course, all this is not limited. Interjection `'Eh'' according to the most people in Canada, is very useful and necessary thing in their everyday communication. Eh say always and everywhere. Eh can be inserted into a sentence or used by it, with an easy change of intonation in the pronunciation of interjections can significantly affect the interpretation of the things. In order to provide the full range of values of the all-powerful particle, let's look at this partial list:

Eh = what did you say? (What did you say?)

Eh? = What do you think (you think?)

EH? = Something to say just to end a sentence (just to say something at the end of sentences)

Eh!! = WOW!!

EH!? = What do you mean? (in terms of?)

Eh?? = you're joking!!! ?? (Kidding?!)

Eh! = Sure!! (of course!)

Eh! Eh! = Coffee double cream too please! (Coffee with a double portion of cream, please!)

Eh? = What you say when you realize you have no money to pay for it (what do you mean when you said that you have no money to pay for it?)

Eh ... cmon eh? = Asking them to let you pay for it next time (well, just ask them to be allowed to pay you the next time)

Eh ... uhuh = yes sure! (Yes, of course!)

EH????????? = How did that happen? (How could this happen?!!) (Харитончик 23, 229)

Among other expressions characteristic of Canadian English: hoser (buddy), take off! (Kidding?! Never in my life!), En you (Good day!), Allophone (for those whose native language is not English and not French), double-double (with a double portion of coffee cream and sugar, sometimes triple-triple and four-by-four), Joe job (low-paid jobs), ya goof (idiot), etc.

2.2.3 Features of functioning of non-literary language in Australian English

Australia - one of the countries in which the process of nation formation took place, not by scrapping all cultures except the dominant and, through the principle of the equality of cultures and languages of all the peoples inhabiting the continent. The Australian version of English (AuE) is a linguistic marker of identity in Australia and its liberation from British colonialism. These carriers Australian English is very diverse, which is not surprising, given the diversity of dialects, with which we have already met earlier surface. It is rich in idioms and slang. Australian Slang has four main sources: Aboriginal languages native languages of white settlers, the effect of mixing languages as a result of migration and slang, which was formed as a result of the actual Australian English. Often it is difficult to determine whether one, common word or slang. Many of them are lexical norm for the Australian version, although descended from slang or profanity social elements that have shaped the Australian society. (Швейцер,24 , 34)

Australian	British
alec slang.	A simple minded person, a dupe
artist n. slang.	Fanatical supporter. ('bullshit artist')
bob n. Slang	A shilling (today's 10 cent piece)
Lobster n. Slang	Twenty dollar note.
Feed n. Slang	Meal
Stormstick n. Slang	Umbrella
Neville n. Slang	someone of no note. Nobody.
Noong	Stupid

From Aboriginal language of Australian English includes such words: billabong (a waterhole) jumbuc / c (a sheep), corroboree (an assembly), boomerang (a curved throwing stick), and budgerigar (from budgeree, "good" and gar, "parrot "). But the number of these borrowings is insignificant: it is limited to plant names (bindieye, calombo, boree and malee), animals (currawong, kookaburra, wallaby, wombat) and fish (barramindi). (Шумагер 25, 124)

On the basis of the studied material, we can conclude that the vocabulary of the British and Australian languages is the same basically. Differences occur in those areas of life that are more important for Australian residents. Many of the words related to the field in RP jargon or slang, are the literary norm for Australian English.

2.2.4 The Scottish and Irish versions of the non-literary English language

As for the United Kingdom, the English language, which is spoken by its inhabitants, can be divided into three types: Standard English (England and Wales), Standard Irish English and Standard Scottish English.

Scottish (ScE) Irish and English languages have a special linguistic status compared with dialects due to them provided literature. However, compared with AmE they differ in that they are poorly represented in the research literature (Allan, 26, 314).

In general, the Scottish English is somewhere in between a dialect with specific borrowings from Old English and unique grammatical structures and more or less the usual English language, but spoken with a clear Scottish accent.

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