-
. . : .
11.10.2017 | |
68,2 K |
. ,
, , , , .
http://www.allbest.ru/
1.
1.1
1.2
1.3
2.
2.1
2.2
: , , . , . . .
, , , .
.
- .
- .
:
1. , .
2. .
3. .
. . , .., . . , . . , .. .
1.
1.1
, , , " ".
, . . .
"" , . . , , . "". , . , , , "" , , , ".
"" , .
, , , , , , . , . [ 1989 : 34].
:
1) , : , , , ;
2) , ;
3) ;
4) ( -- ) , ( , , , . .);
5) .
:
- ( -- ),
- ( , , ),
- ( , , ),
- ( ) . .
( ) http://tapemark.narod.ru/les/129a.html, . [ 1965: 3].
. , ( , ). , , .
1.2
. . , . , , 6 : ( + ), ( + ), ( V>N N> V), ( - -),( , ) . : ( feed food); (murmur), - (cuckoo,splash) , , , (tip-top ,hocus-pocus) . - , . [ 1956 : 87]
, . , , . , , (courageous, friendly, dictation, etc.), (anti-missile, postwar, disengage, etc.). , , , . , , (kingdom, earldom, freedom, officialdom, etc.). - (-fy, -er, -izer), - (-or, -ous), . , , + . - .
- , + , . (cowboy, blackboard, spaceship,etc.), (penholder, match-maker, baby-sitter). , (eye-brow, sunrise, schoolgirl), (handicraft, tradesman, mother- of- pearl). . , whitewash blackboard , .
, . , , to finger finger, to elbow elbow, etc. [ 1989 : 144]
, . , , [ 1959 : 14].
, . , : to host (a party) - to be a host (at a party); to elbow (one's way through the crowd) - to use one's elbow for the purpose; etc. N > V , : fish - to fish; skin - to skin; etc.
, , , , . , , , , .
- . , write - writer; work - worker; paint - painter burgle - burglar. , , : burglar , , burgle, . , flight-test flight-testing baby-sit baby-sitting. lose, laser (light amplification of stimulated emission of radiation). , , , , -- "-".
, , , - . , ( ). , , . , , - () () . (Euroshima < Europe + Hiroshima). (motel < motorist + hotel). , , -, ( blending; , , blends portmanteau words). , . , ( ) . , . . . , infobit: info- < information + bit (intentional pun on the computer acronym bit, meaning a binary digit.
1.3
, , :
1. (?`cdefh) - .
, , () (? fhc). ''. . , . - , . : yuliang - , ; Ɩgning - ; Vklaopo - ; l zhngrn - .
.
- , , .. . [ 2003 : 75].
(, ), .. , .
2. - , (Ӵjiczhu). , , . , - - - .
. , , : .
3. (Ӱjibnbnczhu) - . .
.. , - - , .
( O?bnqinzhu). , , (: nchoxngx - , Zchoduanqn - (/) -, wishngw - , ).
(@?bnhuzhu). , - . : , , , , (: ?haiyun - , Ԏdushou - ; , ).
4. - (). .. , , , , , : , (: ??fijchang - - > ?jchang ; kwBijng dxu - - - > kBid ).
5. - - . , , , , .
6. , - , . , , , .
: ? suo ? suo
?xfngf ?xfngf
7. - .
, , , .
2.
2.1
- , , , , , [. 2004 : 44].
, , , , . .., , , , , . .
. .., - , [ 1984 : 63]. .. [ 2005 : 77].
, . , . , .
, . . . . , , , [ 1977 : 24].
, , . , -, , , , -, . , , , , . . , [ 1986 : 189].
, , : .
. . :
1. , . , . :
- , , ;
- , , ;
- , , ;
- , , ;
2. , () :
- , , ;
- , , ;
- , , .
, . , [ 1966 : 43].
, , . , , .. :
) -ant, -er, -ee, -ess, -eer (assistant, employer, employee, actress, engineer);
) : -ian, -ese (Canadian, Chinese);
) : -age, -dom (luggage, freedom);
) : -ie, -let, -ling, -ette (birdie, booklet, duckling [ 1977 : 106].
, , .
, - , , . , , - .
, . :
) , (-er, -ee, -or, -ant, -ent), : writer (), employee (, ), saylor (), accountant ().
) , , (-ion, -tion, -ssion, -ment, -ure, -ance, -ence), : development (), modernization (), persistance (), absence ().
, , (-ness, -ity, -cy, -ure), : weakness (), identity (, ), democracy (). , , , (-ian, -ist), : christian (), marksist () [ 1975 : 19].
, , , , (-y, -ic, -al, -ar, -ous -ive, -ful) , , (-less), : meaningless (), counless (). , , (-ant, -ent, -able, -ible), : persistant (), amiable (), impossible (), content (, ).
, , , (-en, -fy, -ise/-ize) , (-en, -ise/-ize).
, , :
1) un- .
. , un- . un- , , un- , un-. , , : unadvisedly, unaware, uncommon, undisturbedly, unreservedly, unwillingly, unwittingly unadvised (); unaware (; ); uncommon ()( uncommon); undisturbed (); unreserved ().
un-, , , , , . un- , . : read () unread (); safe () unsafe (); pointed () unpointed (); sound () unsound (); selfish () unselfish (); thinking () unthinking ().
un- : abiding () unabiding (); parliamentary () unparliamentary ( ); workmanlike () unworkmanlike () [ 1989 : 77].
, un- , . : unfriended ( ); unmatched ( ); unparented ( ); unbacked ( ); unballasted ( ); uncritical ( ); unfriendly (); ungraceful (); unquiet (); unbelievable ().
2) in- ( ) il- l; im- b, , m; ir- r . .
, in- un-. , in- , , , un-. , , incautious () uncautious not cautious, uncautious (caution), a incautious (caution), . . (recklessness).
, in- , , . . un-. : inartistic tasteless (, ), unartistic not artistic ( , ); irreligious ungodly, neglecting the fear and worship of god (), wicked, sinful; unreligious not religious (, ).
3) well- , well- , , , . well- : , , . : well-aged (); well-born (); well-favoured (; ); well-done ( ); well-furnished ( ); well-knit ( , ); well-known (); well-seen (, ); well-timed (); well-read (); well-set ( ); well-tried (, ).
well- ( , , -ed) . : well-turned (, ); well-meaning ( ); well-liking (, ,).
4) self- . self- , . : self-eata (); self-cwalu (); self-sceaft (, ).
. , . self- . self- . : self-governing - ; self-diffusive - ; self-made - made by oneself [ 2003 : 75].
self-, . self- . : self-abhorrence - the act of abhorring oneself (); self-murder - the act of killing oneself (); self-reproach - the act of reproaching or condemning oneself (); self-control - the act of controlling oneself (, ); self-denial - the act of denying oneself ().
, self- . , self- , , , [ 1966 : 92].
auto-, self-. Auto- autos, .
auto- , . , , , , [ 1959 : 264]. , , auto- . auto- . : autobiographic (); autocratic (); autogamous (); automatic(al) (); automotive ().
, , , , , . -man (postman, spaceman, horseman, fisherman) -boy (cowboy, newsboy, playboy). man, boy, , , .
after- aftereffect ( ), aftermath (), afterthought ( ), afternoon ( ) .. , . , after , , , . . .
2.2
. , . . . , , - [ 2003 : 180].
, , , . , , , . - - .
- . , , , , , . , , . : bbzi - ; ñmo, ñmozi - [ 1984 : 64].
, , . : ch, chzi - ; ·l, ·lzi - .
, . .
. .
.. , . [ 1984 : 68].
zirͷtuji⣬zh죬b⡣
. , , , , , , .. , . [ 1962 : 49]. .. :
1. .
yo - > yozi -
Ʊpio - > Ʊpiozi - .
2. .
>
png - , pngzi - ; shu - , shuzi -
>
ˢshu - , ˢshuzi- ; jian - jianzi -
>
g - , gzi - ; du - , duzi - ,
3.
kou - > kouzi - ; gu - > guzi - .
. r [ 1984 : 70]. , , . .. , , :
1. - , Сxiao - .
Сxiaogour - , dor - , ָͷzhitour -
2. - .
chng - > chngr - lin - > lingr - [ 2005 : 81].
ͷ , [ 2003 :190].
1. ͷ, :
ͷshtou - , ͷmntou - , ʯͷshtou -, ľͷmtou - . , , .
2. ͷ, : ͷtintou , ͷkntou , ͷxiangtou , ͷnintou .
, , , , , . . , .
1. , :
-- : doji , ʷshiji
-- : zuji , huji
-- : רzhunji
2. , ;
-- : ʱzbnji , ּynyuji
-- : ֯zuzhji , ppngji
3. : ѧshngwxuji , ѧyuynxuji
4. : λzhngzhhudngji , ɽ˶dngshnyndngji [ 2005 : 86].
. , , , , - :
zuzh , jzh , dzh , xiofizh .
.. , , , , [ 2005 : 83].
, .
: °xiba , βwiba , zuib , nb , jiba [ 1984 : 76].
, .
, , .. : dozhod飬סzhjinhaochngwnliaodio
, - , : shngxi࣬jnchguqihuki , .
: Ȼrnd죬ͷtur
.. Ȼrn.
: Ȼhrn 㣬ͻȻtrn ȫȻqunrn .
d , Ȼrn.
: hd صtd .
ͷtu , .
: ͷshngtou - , ͷxitou - , ͷhutou - ..
r .
: zhr - , Ƕnr - , Ķnar - ? duhuir - ?
. , , , .
.. :
1. Աyun -- , . , , , , , , .
: Աdangyun - , Աjioyun - , Աyanyun - .
2. ʿsh. , .
: ѧʿxush - , ʿhshi - , ʿyongsh - .
3. jing -- . , .
: tijiang - , ľmjiang - , ߽wajing - .
4. d -- , . .
: ٶsd - , chngd - , ɼkjind - , ߶shnggod - .
5. ling. , , .
: rngling - , zhling - .
6. lu. , , , .
: chnglu - , shngchanlu - , shngbnglu - .
7. xn -- , . , , . .
: rxn - , ֪qizhxn - , nixn - .
8. hu. , .
...: , , . . . .
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