Ethnophaulism and their usege in the discourse media in the USA

If we turn to the second part of our research we will see a different side of using ethnophaulisms As it can be seen racial slur and other derogatory terms have become a great issue in the latest years when people are fighting for treating everyone with equal respect.

We will mostly concentrate on the word `n*****' (that will be further referred as `the n-word') that has become the one word a person not from the black community cannot pronounce, or they will have to deal with the consequences.

There have been a series of incidents when a popular media persona says this word: we will analyze the examples of YouTubers Pewdiepie, Jackspetceye, Nick28T, Jake Paul.

In the last two or three years, we have seen that culture in the USA has changed dramatically. Hip-hop and rap - two trends that were born in black suburbs in United States and until this were popular currents not only in music and dance, but alsoin fashion. However, now it is believed that this trend is being idealized or even fetishized. Moreover, they are promoted and popularized in all media.

It was the last decade that brought many changes in the lives of Americans.

More and more films by black directors, with black actors and about the black community and their struggles are being produced. The media tries to be not just tolerant and accepting but also empowering black creators step into the light and share their story.

One of the popular media is Vine, became an important and powerful platform for young people with a message. The word "vine" comes from the Vine, which is the name of the service for posting short videos, and it was purchased by "Twitter". Vine is a mobile application that allows people to create 6-second videos. Now it is owned by Twitter, which bought it in October 2012. The service was opened to the public on 24 January 2013. At one time, the number of its users reached 200 million people. Despite this, later the service could not stand the competition with Instagram, Snapchat and YouTube and began to lose audience, as a result from October 27, 2016, the service was closed to download new videos. In 2017, Twitter made an archive with all old recorded `vines'.

Simply put, vine is a kind of video tweet that people share. In fact, everything is simple. Like tweets, vines are limited in duration. The meaning of them lies in the fact that vine - a short video length initially from two to six seconds of a humorous nature, which is something funny or funny, and immediately understandable, unlike other long records. As in the case of Instagram, which is "hooked" a lot of people, the heroes of the vines are most often the authors themselves, and the actions of such videos are staged. Funny videos, which are full of the Internet, originate from the dawn of universal "computerization", when cheap mobile phones with video cameras became available.

One of the most important roles Vine played was sharing ideas and views. This was a large platform for people to share the problems they face everyday in a genre of comedy. For the most part, these were social problems; people shared their opinions about certain views and found support on this site.

It was here that began humorous sketches concerning different groups and categories of people, for example: the stereotypical perception of different nationalities, genders and even generatioins.

For many people Vine became an available niche for sharing views with the community. Creators tried to change the perception of different races, especially of black people. Numerous videos featured black people being stereotyped and breaking those stereotypes: not all of them wear pants low, not all of them use illegal substances, not all of them are members of gangs.

One of the important differences in these videos is an absence of finished speech. What we can take into consideration while studying the first level in critical discourse analysis is that the ethnophaulisms appear in the speech among other lexemes that are part of colloquial language - curse words. Since these videos feature YouTubers playing games what we are able to analyze is how language changes when a person is in a heightened emotional state.

The state of emotional tension arises in those situations when a person is forced to make a responsible decision in a time deficit. His psychological state is changing, and many characteristics of his speech are changing.

Studies by E. L. Nosenko have shown that speech in a state of emotional stress is characterized by the following features:

1) Changing the motor implementation of speech. When a person is worried, they either speak much louder or much quieter than usual. A possible fracture of the voice; speeding up or, conversely, slowing the rate of speech; the pronunciation may become clearer; speech interrupted by breaths, and phrase is not completed;

2) There is a significant increase in the number of pauses of indecision and search pauses (hesitation pauses). The pause is often accompanied by vocal formations (such as um, hmm, eehh), the number of which is increased in comparison with the speech of the same people in the normal state by 50%;

3) The grammatical structure of the speech changes: the number of nouns and verbs increases in comparison with adjectives and adverbs, speech becomes more dynamic;

4) Lexical structure of speech becomes more simplified -- shorter words with the highest frequency in the language are chosen. The number of expletives, neologisms and incorrect use of paronyms increases. Semantically irrelevant repetition of phrases, parts of sentences, single words, syllables (perseverative search type) appear in speech.

In a state of emotional tension for speech is also characterized by incompleteness (omission of the word, for example, its ending). This is accompanied by changes in the sentence structure or repetitions. Often sentences do not complete (either logically or syntactically) and this is not corrected by the speaker.

In semantic terms, speech in a state of emotional tension also changes. It is characterized, on the one hand, by greater sharpness in the estimates, on the other hand -- indecision. The speaker chooses words with a clearly positive or negative connotation, i.e. extreme polarity prevails in the estimates. There are so-called all-encompassing words (another name -- words with the meaning of semantic non-exclusiveness by Ch. Osgood (Osgood, 1960).

There is a decrease in vocabulary diversity compared to the speech of the same subjects in the normal state. In other words, the vocabulary of emotional speech is characterized by greater stereotyping. The speaker in a state of emotional tension selects those words that are most frequent in his lexicon which seem to "lie on the surface", i.e. he simplifies the strategy of searching for words to a certain extent. The growth of repeating of the words used reflects here the general tendency to revive spontaneous activity, characteristic of human behavior in a state of emotional tension in general. This stereotype of the dictionary is also increasing due to more frequent use in speech of various kinds of formulaic phrases, clichйs, etc. of a violation in the syntactic structure of the phrases brought together by a speech from the telegraphic style; available semantically irrelevant repetitions and ambiguity complicate its understanding.

So, if normally people give abstract nouns, then in a state of emotional tension they often give reactions with object relatedness and much less abstract nouns. This is due to the fact that abstract nouns appear in the speech experience of the individual later, and in a state of emotional tension actualized more entrenched, automated earlier connections.

Thus, we can see that while playing video games (especially those that require good reaction and high level of attention) it is possible that people will say words unintentionally. Here, the main reason is that those ethnophaulisms (the n-word) are still used (and used a lot) in other media and culture in general. Almost every other song that is created and released by the black artist contains this word.

At the second dimension of critical discourse analysis we ought to pay attention to text production and text consumption. The first thing we would notice about the videos is that most of them are live streams. In order to understand what differentiates live streaming from the normal video on the YouTube channel, we need to explore in more details the term live stream. So, we will start with a short definition:

Streaming is the delivery of multimedia streams of information (video, audio) to remote users in real time. Stream on YouTube is the conduct of the broadcast with the help of a webcam and video camera. In other words through this action blogger aims at communicating with peoplein real time, ин using the stream. Thus, we can say that the speech of people in live streams refers to one of the genres of spontaneous speech and is very close in its stylistic features to speech in live broadcasts on television.

Based on these definitions, we can conclude that live streams are very different from the rest of the videos on YouTube, which were previously recorded. Recorded video can be edited: that is, it is possible to cut out unsuccessful, embarrassing or unnecessary moments, which later the viewer will not see on the screen. Relying on the editing, the creator can have a few attempts to write a particular piece of broadcast: it can be recorded a few times and then the best one will be selected; for example, it is possible to record several takes of one fragment in different poses, and choose the most "appropriate" shot, etc.

However, the live broadcast is different: a person must remember that at the time of the broadcast, he canbe seen by the audience and every word spoken during the live broadcast will be heard by them. Based on this, it becomes obvious that on live streams people will try to behave more deliberately, carefully and attentively, as there will not be any opportunity to cut out what was said.

The main feature of the programs coming out in the live mode is the absolute simultaneity with the events or phenomena occurring in reality. This feature has a special effect on the audience: it creates the effect of presence (participation) in the audience. The viewer or listener is completely emotionally immersed in the described event.

The viewer (or listener) becomes a witness to the virtual reality in which he is immersed into and, directly, which he perceives as a real reality. Information "submitted" on the air increases the interest of the audience due to the fact that an event (broadcast) takes place on the principle of "here and now". In other words, the increased interest of the public to the live broadcast can be explained by the momentary, instantaneous and "live" presentation of information.

Unlike other media and art forms, live broadcasting is closer to the various characteristics of such a concept as communication, without losing the ability of artistic or journalistic content. And this is not limited to the effect of presence (direct communication) or trust (personal communication). Another characteristics that have vital importance are the immediacy (timeliness), dialogue (interactivity) for certain categories of projects.

The category of such expressive means includes those on which the creator can not affect. On television it is weather, light, background, on which to shoot video (if it's not a Studio), wind, etc. On the radio - it is music, random (natural, vital) or Studio noise, documentary recordings made outside the studio for air.

It is important to note that live broadcasts on YouTube are characterized by the opportunity to comment, to conduct a kind of dialogue, both with the rest of the audience and with the creator himself.

Most of the videos we took as an example for this work are live streams of YouTubers playing different gamesand another one - Jake Paul - is doing freestyle rap.

Since most of them are playing video games it would also be very helpful to analyze the impact of computer games on young people and adults. This will help us understand why they say ethnophaulisms, knowing that they are offensive and almost banned.In the course of the game there is a high concentration, increased awareness, distraction from the "I" and complete absorption in the solution of the problem.

PewDiePie is one of the biggest YouTubers in the world with 36 million subscribers on his channel.

PewDiePie (Felix Arvid Ulf Kjellberg and he is 29 years old, born in Sweden) -- Swedish video blogger and show business figure. He is a creator of the channel on YouTube (PewDiePie). From August 15, 2013 to March 26, 2019 and from April 1 to April 13, 2019 was the leading channel for the number of subscribers. As of May 2019, his channel had more than 95,3 million subscribers and more than 21,3 billion views. Earlier he has already been in situations where he either used ethnophaulisms or just have been racism. For example, in 2016 he released several videos that included Nazi messages and anti-Semitic commentary. After those videos Disney with whom PewDiePie ran business at that time cut all ties with him and said that the videos were inappropriate.

When we start to analyze the video we see that Mr. Kjellberg says the ethnophaulism while playing the video game. What is interesting here is how his facial expression changes when he realizes what he just said. He understands what he did and the consequences that would follow after using such language. He also apologizes immediately during the video realizing that what he did was wrong and offensive to some people.

What is interesting to take into account here is how the videos was accepted by the audience. Average reaction in the comments section was negative. People were furious that he could use such language. Some of them mentioned the problem of white supremacy. Subscribers thought that it was wrong to use such language.Following such negative reaction from his fans Mr. Kjillberg then released an apology video where he explained his words and his own position. He states that these words he said in the heat of the moment. He personally does not approve of other gamers using this type of language and now is disgusted and ashamed that he fell into that group. He also states that this was the worst word he could possibly said and he had no excuses.

We then started analyzing the video where the next YouTuber says the n-word. Jacksepticeye (his real name is Sean William McLoughlin and he is 29 years old); Athlone, Ireland) -- Irish video blogger, producer, gamer, Creator of the homonymous channel on YouTube. As of May 2019, his channel had more than 22 million subscribers and more than 10.9 billion views.

Popular YouTubers nowadays are very careful with their language and the image that they create on social media. Unlike previous YouTuber, after pronouncing the derogatory term Jacksepticeye did not have an immediate change in his facial expressions that we could notice. He tried to distract viewers from that word by saying another unclear word which does not help him. We were very surprised to later find out that he did not record any apology videos Thus, we decided to scroll down the comments to get the reaction of the people. This is where we understood that he did not actually said the n-word, he said knickers - the British variant for the word `pants'. This situation and this error shows how careful people need to be with their language and how fast subscribers are to judge another person. It truly reflects how nervous and anxious people get when they approach such touchy subjects as race and racism. Here we can also mention another interesting incident. In 2018 a popular Korean boy bang omitted the word `naega' from their popular song “Fake Love” because pronounced in speech it sounds a lot like the n-word.

Nick28T - is a YouTuber and a gamer. As of May 2019, he has 612 thousand subscribers and 141 million views. It is interesting that his videos on average get about 30 thousand views while the live stream where he uses the derogatory term got more than 179 thousand views.

Nick28T was playing in FIFA 17 in 2017. When the player he played for, suddenly started to lose, Nick28T said the n-word. He immediately understood what he had just did. It is clear that he realizes the situation he has got himself into. He tries to conceal the word by saying other words close in sound to the ethnophaulism.

Where he apologizes for the word that he said. He told the audience about the heat of the moment. He assures his audience that he has no idea how the word slipped out, as he never uses it. He believes that one of the possible reasons why he said this word was the song that played as a background - Drake - Back to Back, which contains a large amount of the n-word.This is where the debate whether non-black fans can use the n-word or not starts.

After the accident, he got a lot of hate and one of the reasons maybe that he did it several times. People were sending him threats on all of his social media. We were not able to find any video reactions from people, but in the comments section he was called racist and uneducated person for allowing himself to say it.

Jake Paul - Jake Joseph Paul, 22 years old, born in Cleveland, Ohio, USA - is an American actor and video blogger. He first became famous on the now inactive video platform Vine. Before the closure of the service had 5.3 million subscribers and 2 billion views. He was a big star on Disney channel and now he is also a popular YouTuber. As of May 2019, he has 18,7 million subscribers and 5,7 billion views.

Unlike all other situations we have already looked at, the incident with Jake Paul can be called unique. The main reason is that he does not seem to be ashamed of using the racial slur. He said the n-word twice during freestyle rap. The main issue with this incident is the fact that Jake Paul did not seem to be ashamed of using the ethnophaulism. He used the word intentionally while he was rapping. The song by Rae Sremmurd's he is rapping to contain the lines: “I whip it like my n---a Richie Vetter”. Jake Paul does not omit the derogatory term even though he has that opportunity. What he actually does is he uses it once more. This made people frustrated because he realizes he is being filmed and still decides to say the word.

The third level that we need to examine the background or the situational context of the communicative acts that we study - YouTube videos. They were released in September 2017 and January 2018. In 201723% of all people killed by police were black and in 2018 20% were black people. In 2017 and 2018 there were no high-profile cases of police injustice towards black people that are known to the public. However, small altercations continue to happen to this day. For example, in 2018 in Starbucks coffee shop in Philadelphia police was arrested two black business men who were waiting for their colleague. This incident sparked outrage and small peaceful protests. Another issue that was widely discussed was “White Oscar”. In 2016, the Academy Awards were slammed for the lack of diversity. That is all actors nominated and most of the directors were Caucasian. These events show that despite all attempts improve the situation there is still tension, stereotypical thinking and misunderstanding between different groups of people.

Conclusion