The problems of translating international words

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The ministry of higher and secondary

Specialized education

the uzbekistan state university of

world languages

The Faculty of Translation

The specialty of simultaneous translation at Master's degree

Department of translation theory and practice on

English language

Course work

The problems of translating international words

L.U. Xaitova, student of Master's

Degree, group 120

Tashkent - 2020



Introduction

The given course work devoted to the study of the task and lexical problems of translation caused by the presence in every language of translation of international and pseudo-international words.

As our president SH.M.Mirziyoyev pays a great attention to the development of foreign languages in order young generation who continue the economic and education reforms taking place in our country where Uzbekistan will be an eligible member of world globalization and integration process.

The research consists of Introduction, two chapters and summary, followed by the list of used literature.

The first chapter regards the International and Pseudo-International Lexis in English . It is divided into three parts;

The actualityis determinate by the theoretical insoluble of the problems concerned with the translation of international words .

The aim of the course work is to give the proper translation of international words

The object of research is the problems of translation of international words

The subject matter of the course work is different types of translation the international words and their analysis.

According to the purpose of the course work its determined tasks are solved.

1. To examine the peculiarities of translation of international words.

2. To investigate the function of international words in the text.

The methods of research are analytical dealing of printed material, textual analysis.

The scientific novelty of the work is predetermined by the necessity of close and comprehensive analysis of the problems of translation.

The theoretical importance of the work is defiant by the investigation of

the international words, especially studying of the important characteristics of lexical translation.

The practical importance of the work is that the received data in the investigation maybe used in theoretical and practical courses on the theory of translation.

translation international word



1. International and Pseudo-International Lexis in English

In this chapter it would be appropriate to present theory, that concerns international and pseudo-international lexis. First of all, we are going to speak about the process of borrowing and its consequences in a language. We shall mention too how many types of borrowings exist in the language. Then we shall continue our chapter by giving the general information about international and pseudo-international lexis, that is a result of borrowing. Speaking about international and pseudo-international words, I shall introduce certain definitions, which will help us to understand what these words mean. My intention is to speak more exactly about the origin of international words and their translation. I shall also name the fields what these words belong to and shall prove that they are less or more similar in pronunciation, orthography, lexical meaning in several languages. After that we shall speak about devision of false friends in groups. And here I am going to cite as an example different opinions of different scholars, concerning of types of false friends. Writing the first chapter we used the material taken from books of such scholars as: I. Arnold, Ch. Ogden, V. Akulenko,V. Kuznetsova, L. Leviюchi, I. Condrea, L. Homulo and some others. We consider that all this material helped us to present this chapter.

1.1 The process of Borrowing in a Language

Nowadays people travel a lot and the causes why they travel are always different. Some are tired and want to have a rest somewhere in a warm and exotic country. Some want to find a good job, while the others have dealings with their partners from neighbor countries or hope to open their own business in a certain domain which will bring a profit. All such contacts between people of different countries and cultures leave a noticeable trace upon their languages, because when people communicate they are in an interaction. The languages also interact and this leads to the fact that a certain number of words from one language enters the other one and vice versa. This process is called borrowing, when one language borrows the words from the second one.

Modern English language is a unique mixture of Germanic and Romanic elements. This mixing has resulted in the international character of the vocabulary. If we compare English to other languages , English has a rather rich vocabulary. All languages are mixtures to a greater or lesser extent, but the present day English vocabulary is unique in this respect. Through cultural contacts with Romans on the continent and through the influence of Christianity a very early layer of Latin-Greek words entered the language. Their origin is no longer noticed by the ordinary speaker nowadays in such words: pound, mustard, school, dish, chin, cleric, cheese, devil, street, and bishop. A more radical change and profound influence upon the English vocabulary took place during the Norman Conquest. Until the XV century a great number of French words entered the language. They belong to different areas as: court, church, law and state. For example: virtue, religion, parliament, justice, noble, beauty, preach, honour. Many French borrowings retained their original pronunciation and stress. For example: champagne, ballet, machine, garage, separate, attitude, constitute, introduce

XVII - XVIII centuries, due to the establishing of cultural, trade relations many words were borrowed from Italian (libretto, violin, opera), Spanish (hurricane, tomato, tobacco), Dutch (yacht, dog, landscape).

Nowadays many Americanisms become familiar due to the increase of transatlantic travel and the influence of media.

When speakers imitate a word from a foreign language, they are said to borrow it, and their imitation is called a borrowing or loanword. The history of a loanword may be quite complex because such words have often passed through a series of languages before reaching English. For example, chess was borrowed in the fourteenth century from Middle French esches. The French word had been, in turn, borrowed from Medieval Latin, which got it from Arabic, which had borrowed it from Persian shвh `king.' The direct or immediate source of chess is Middle French, but its ultimate source (as far back as we can trace its history) is Persian. Similarly, the etymon of chess, that is, the word from which it has been derived, is immediately esches but ultimately shвh. Loanwords have, as it were, a life of their own that cuts across the boundaries between languages.

In linguistics, borrowing (also known as lexical borrowing) - (1) is the process by which a word from one language is adapted for use in another. (2) (result) a loan word, borrowed word - a word taken over from another language and modified in phonemic shape, spelling, paradigm or meaning according to the standards of the English language. The following types of borrowings can be distinguished:

* loan words proper - words borrowed from another language and assimilated to this or that extent;

* loan translation - 1) (process) borrowing by means of literally translating words (usually one part after another) or word combinations, by modelling words after foreign patterns; 2) (result) translation loans (calques) - words and expressions formed from the material already existing in the English language but according to patterns taken from another language by way of literal word-for-word or morpheme-for-morpheme translation. For example, English goes without saying and French va sans dire;

* semantic borrowings/loans - the term is used to denote the development in an English word of a new meaning due to the influence of a related word in another language (e.g. policy)

There are 4 main groups of borrowings: phonetic borrowings, translation loans, semantic borrowing, and morphemic borrowings.

Phonetic borrowings are typical in all languages; they are called loan words proper. Words are borrowed with their spelling, pronunciation and meaning. Then they suffer assimilation, each sound in the borrowed word is replaced by the corresponding sound of the borrowing language. Very often the spelling changes. The structure of the word can also be changed. The position of the stress is very often influenced by the phonetic system of the borrowing language. The paradigm of the word, and sometimes the meaning of the borrowed word are also changed. Such words as: labour, travel, table, chair, people are phonetic borrowings from French; apparatchik, nomenklatura, sputnik are phonetic borrowings from Russian; bank, soprano, duet are phonetic borrowings from Italian.

Translation loans are word-for-word translations of some foreign words or expressions. In such cases the notion is borrowed from a foreign language but it is expressed by native lexical units, “to take the bull by the horns” (Latin), “living space” (German). Some translation loans enterred the English language from Latin already in the Old English period, for example: Sunday (solis dies). There are translation loans from the languages of Indians, such as: “pipe of peace”, “pale-faced”, from German “masterpiece”, “homesickness”, “superman”.

Semantic borrowings are such units when a new meaning of the unit existing in the language is borrowed. It can happen when two relative languages have common words with different meanings, for example: there are semantic borrowings between Scandinavian and English, such as the meaning “to live” for the word “to dwell” which in Old English had the meaning “to wander”. Or the meaning “дар”, “подарок” for the word “gift” which in Old English had the meaning “выкуп за жену”. Semantic borrowing appears when an English word enters some other language, developes there a new meaning and this new meaning enters back into English. For example, the word “brigade” was borrowed into Russian and formed the meaning “a working collective”, “бригада”. Then this meaning was borrowed back into English as a Russian borrowing.

Morphemic borrowings are borrowings of affixes that appear in the language when many words with identical affixes are borrowed from one language into another, so that the morphemic structure of borrowed words becomes familiar to the people speaking the borrowing language. We can find a lot of Romanic affixes in the English word-building system, that is why there are a lot of words - hybrids in English where different morphemes have different origin. For example, “goddess”, “beautiful”.

Classsification of borrowing words according to the degree of assimilation

The degree of assimilation of borrowings depends on the following factors:

1) from what group of languages the word was borrowed, if the word belongs to the same group of languages to which the borrowing language belongs it is assimilated easier,

2) in what way the word is borrowed: orally or in the written form, words borrowed orally are assimilated quicker,

3) how often the borrowing is used in the language, the greater the frequency of its usage, the quicker it is assimilated,

4) how long the word lives in the language, the longer it lives, the more assimilated it is.

Borrowings are subdivided into: completely assimilated, partly assimilated and non-assimilated (barbarisms).

Completely assimilated borrowings are not felt as foreign words in the language, if the French word “sport” and the native word “start”. Completely assimilated verbs belong to regular verbs, for example correct - corrected. Completely assimilated nouns form their plural by means of s-inflexion, for example gate - gates.

Partly assimilated borrowings are subdivided into the following groups:

a) borrowings non-assimilated semantically, because they denote objects and notions peculiar to the country from the language of which they were borrowed, for example. sari, sombrero, taiga, kvass.

b) borrowings non-assimilated grammatically, for example nouns borrowed from Latin and Greek retain their plural forms (bacillus - bacilli, phenomenon - phenomena, datum - data).

c) borrowings non-assimilated phonetically. Here belong words with the initial sounds /v/ and /z/, for example voice, zero. In native words these voiced consonants are used only in the intervocal position as allophones of sounds /f/ and /s/ (loss - lose, life - live). Some Scandinavian borrowings have consonants and combinations of consonants which were not palatalized, for example the sound /sk/ in the words: sky, skate, ski. Sounds /k/ and /g/ before front vowels are not palatalized for example girl, get, give, kid, kill, kettle.

d) borrowings can be partly assimilated graphically, for example in Greak borrowings “y” can be spelled in the middle of the word (symbol, synonym), “ph” denotes the sound /f/ (phoneme, morpheme), “ch” denotes the sound /k/ (chemistry, chaos),”ps” denotes the sound /s/ (psychology).

Non-assimilated borrowings (barbarisms) are borrowings which are used by Englishmen rather seldom and are non-assimilated, for example addio (Italian), tete-a-tete (French), dolce vita (Italian)

The process of borrowing is not so plain, as we can think. It is permanent and takes much time. Borrowing like other processes in the language has its own consequences. It leads to the appearance of the International and Pseudo-International lexis in the language, that have their specific features.

1.2 General Idea of International Words and Pseudo-International Words

We know that the majority of the European languages have many words, which are common.

1. English: telephone, French: tйlйphone, Romanian : telefon, Russian: телефон, Uzbek: telefon.

2. English: jazz, French: jazz, Romanian: jaz, Russian: джаз, Uzbek: jazz.

3. English: algebra, French: algиbre, Romanian: algebrг, Russian: алгебра, Uzbek: algebra.

4. English: guitar, French: guitare, Romanian: chitarг, Russian: гитара, Uzbek: gitara.

The words mentioned above and the others which are common, form the international vocabulary of the language. This international vocabulary was not formed in a day, but it has been formed during thousands of years. For example, the word “sport“ before becoming an international one had been borrowed from Latin “desportus” into Old French, where it became “desport” and then it entered the Middle English language. In both Latin and Old French this word meant “deviation, deflection”, then in Middle English the word changed its meaning and was defined as: “distraction, animation, merriment”. Some time after the sounds of this word were changed into the English ones, the last “t” was pronounced and the first syllable “de” disappeared. After that the word “sport” acquired a new meaning and now it means “activity that you do for pleasure and that needs physical effort or skill, usually done in a special area and according to fixed rules”.

The international words can be of Latin, French, Italian, Spanish, Greek, Germanic, Dutch and Russian origin.

I) Words of Latin Origin Are: * the words, which are connected to trade (English: port; French: port; Romanian: port; Russian: порт).

* the words, which are connected to religion (English: angel, French : ange, Romania : оnger, Russian : ангел).

II) Words of French Origin Are:

* the words, which are related to the government (English : empire, French : empire, Romanian : imperiu, Russian : империя).

* the words, which are related to military affairs (English : army, French : armйe, Romanian : armatг, Russian : армия).

* the words, which are related to jurisprudence (English : petition, French : pйtition, Romanian : petiюie, Russian : петиция).

* the words, which are related to jewerly (English : topaz, French : topaze, Romanian : topaz, Russian : топаз).

* the words, which are related to food and cooking (English : menu, French : menu, Romanian : meniu, Russian : меню).

* words, which are related to literature and music (English : pirouette, French : pirouette, Romanian : piruetг, Russian : пируэт).

III) Words of Italian Origine Are:

* musical terms (English : solo, French : solo, Romanian : solo, Russian: соло).

* geological terms (English : lava, French : lave, Romanian : lavг, Russian : лава).

IV) Words of Spanish Origin Are:

* trade terms (English : embargo, French : embargo, Romanian : embargo, Russian : эмбарго).

* name of dances (English : rumba, French : rumba, Romanian : rumbг, Russian : румба).

* names of musical instruments (English : guitar, French : guitare, Romania: chitarг, Russian :гитара).

* names of fruits (English : banana, French : banane, Romanian : bananг, Russian : банан).

V) Words of Greek Origine Are:

English : atom, French : atome, Romania : atom, Russian : атом.

VI) Words of Germanic Origin Are:

* the words connected to the period after the the Second World War (English : cobalt, French : cobalt, Romanian : cobalt, Russian : кобальт).

VII) Words of Dutch Origin Are

* nautical terms (English : dock, French : dock, Romanian : dock, Russian : док).

VIII) Words of Russian Origin

* the words related to nature (English : taiga, French : taiga, Romanian : taiga, Russian : тайга).

At the present time one more type of international vocabulary is discussed. And these are the words of the English origin. It might be proved by the fact that nowadays English has a global status and this explains its leading role in the world. Thus, for example in the “Dictionary of European Anglicisms” by M.Gorlach it has been determined that different lexical units of the English origin exist in 16 european languages. The domains of usage of the English vocabulary are diverse: politics, economy, science, technology and sport. A large number of English words applied to the vocabulary which pertains to clothes: jersey - джерси, jerseu, pullover - пуловер, pulover, nylon - нейлон, nailon. Cinema and different forms of entertainment are also source of many international words of English origin: film - фильм, film, club - клуб, club, cocktail - коктейль, cocteil, jazz - джаз, jaz. The frequence of the usage of the English vocabulary is different in various situations and texts.

Examining the origin of the international words, we may conclude that they come to a considerable degree from the European languages. Of course, they can also descend from the Eastern languages, but their quantaty is not so big. For example the names of some stars and constellations are of Arabic origin (Altair, Betelgeuse, Deneb, Fomalhaut, Rigel, Vega), Turkish words related to the names of food items (yoghurt, baklava, kebab), Indian words (bungalow, jute, khaki, mango, pyjamas). We can also state that there is no exact time period, when the international words appear, because their appearance is connected to certain events in man`s life. It can be a development in medecine, economy, changes in politics, some inventions or achievements.

We meet the international lexis very seldom in fiction and official documents. The main domains, where these words can be met are publicity and scientific texts. Publications, TV programmes and radioprogrammes, Internet serve not only as a field where the international lexis is used, but also as its guide into the other fields. Such words as parliament, mayor, speaker, impeachement, killer, consulting, PR and the others appeared in the Russian and Uzbek languages due to the mass media.

The international lexis of scientific texts includes both terminological units (affixation, illocution, cognition) and nonterminological ones (analyze, criticize). The international words can help and mislead a translator. The lexical units help in that case, when they are similar not only in spelling and sounding, but also have a similar meaning (detective - детектив, detectiv, detektiv; display - дисплей, display, displey; classical music - классическая музыка, muzica clasicг) In such cases the international words are the base for building the meaning of the Source Text and help to formulate the idea in the Target Language. But the number of international words with similar meanings is rather small. The words can borrow another lexical and stylistical meaning after their appearance in the other language. The cases bringing problems in translation are presented by the fact when the number of meanings of international words in the Source Language differs from the number of meanings in the Target Language or when a borrowed word suffers changes in its meaning. Such type of words is called “pseudo-international”. There are different terms that are used to name pseudo-international lexis. Thus V. V. Akulenko and I. Condrea name it “translator`s false friends”, while L. Leveюchi in addition to “false friends” names it “false cognates”. Liubovi Homulo, a senior lecturer at ULIM, names false friends “interlingual paronyms” and underlines that they have no semantic proximaty. She also asserts that the formal similarity of English, Romanian and Russian words does not always mean the semantic proximity. For example, the English complexion and Russian комплекция, the English aspirant and Russian аспирант are formaly similar, but do not mean the semantic proximity.

The term “international word” is sometimes indiscriminately applied to cases of similarity in the general outlook of certain words expressing different concepts, like the English decoration (a thing that makes something look more attractive on special occasions) and the Russian декорация (устанавливаемое на сцене, съемочной площадке живописное, объемное или архитектурное изображение места и обстановки сценического действия) and the Romanian decoraюie (distincюie, ordin, medalie ce se acordг cuiva pentru merite deosebite оntr-un anumit domeniu de activitate, pentru o faptг eroicг sau pentru servicii excepюionale aduse statului); the English complexion (the natural colour and condition of the skin on a person`s face) and the Russian комплекция (то же, что телосложение) and the Romanian complexiune (totalitatea trгsгturilor psihofоzice care caracterizeazг o persoanг). And here we deal with Pseudo-International words, which are called “translator`s false friends” or “faux amis” which are an obstacle on the way to correct translation. In some cases these deviations that are produced as a result of interfering influence of “translator`s false friends” are insignificant. In others they can seriously affect the meaning of the utterance.

The appearance of misleading words is conditioned by differences in lexical systems of English, Russian and Romanian.These differences depend on different ways, in which the development of words` semantics goes. Historically misleading words are the result of interinfluence of languages. Words, borrowed from common source into different languages undergo various semantic changes and are assimilated by the lexical system of the language. The assimilation of the borrowings is a unique and peculiar process for every language. That is why the semantics of words of two languages, which were derived from one common stock, is different. The differences in lexical systems of both languages cause interference to appear. Students are liable to transfer the rules and phenomena of the mother tongue to the language studied.

In English, Russian and Romanian “translator`s false friends” can be met within the limits of four parts of speech: nouns, adjectives, adverbs and verbs. False identifications take place within the limits of one and the same part of speech. From the point of view of semantics, misleading are the words belonging to analogous or closely related semantic spheres, or at least occuring in similar contexts.

Divergences in pairs of false friends may appear in content, realia, stylistic characteristics and lexical combinality; in reality all these types of deviations are very often interwoven. These divergences multiply in the sphere of figurative meanings. The degree of semantic divergences turn to be different with different parts of speech: adjectives and moreover adverbs have the most specific meanings.

The definition of the term “false friend” can vary to a rather significant extent depending on the type of source material. In Oxford Advanced Learner`s Dictionary “false friend” is defined as “a word in a foreign language that looks similar to a word in your own language, but has a different meaning” [Oxford Learner`s Dictionary, 551]. And here are some examples of the English word sensible, which has the meaning of “able to make good judgements based on reason and experience rather than emotion” and the French word sensible, which has the meaning of “qui est, qui peut кtre perзu par les sens”. Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English views it as “a word in a foreign language, that is similar to one in your own, so that you wrongly think they both mean the same thing”. While British English Dictionary defines it as “a word which is often confused with a word in another language because the two words look or sound similar, but wich has a different meaning”. So from this we can understand that false friends are considered to be the words similar in spelling or pronunciation in two languages, but which mislead students, making them to think that they are of the same meaning.

1.3 Features and problems of translation of International words

An important feature of internationalisms is their vector character, i.e. a particular word can be considered as international only in terms of the particular language. The topicality of this topic is that translator faces with the problem of false identification of individual system elements of the foreign and native languages in translation. This is due to similarities in pronunciation or writing of these elements. The novelty of this topic is stipulated by the fact that investigation is done on the material of technical discourse. The analysis is carried out using the English-Russian lexicographic sources.

According to the "Dictionary of linguistic terms” edited by O. Akhmanova, internationalism or international word is a word or phrase, belonging to the fund of many languages, or similar to its historical development. International word is a word borrowed by the majority of world languages and began to be used by other languages. Internationalization of public life has received accelerated development under the influence of scientific and technological revolution, the evolution of society in economic, social and cultural terms, reinforces the need for the study of international vocabulary. The question of internationalism in linguistics never lost its relevance, especially in a view of the increasing role of international words in various areas of language activity associated with the processes of contact and comparison of languages. Within the huge number of borrowed words in any language, we can select a group of words, called internationalisms. Internationalization is a special phenomenon among various forms of cross-language communities on the planet. Such signs significantly bring together languages and play an important role in information exchange processes. In addition, the international lexicon is the most visible and recognized manifestation of international commonness in language dictionaries. The particular importance of internationalism in the development of modern languages is due to the fact that they are generally recognized forms of lexical-semantic expression of the most important concepts of modern culture. Undoubtedly, their importance is in overcoming the language barrier, either in language training or in translation, and the creation of international auxiliary language. Strengthening the interaction of languages at the growing role of cultural and economic ties between nations leads to the formation of a special fund of international words available in related and unrelated languages. Words that coincide by its outward form, subject to the regular correspondence of sounds and graphical units in certain languages, with fully or partially coinciding sense, expressing the concept of the international nature from the field of science and technology, politics and culture, art, and functioning in different, first of all, in unrelated languages are united in the concept of internationalism. Merriam-Webster's Learner's Dictionary gives the following definition to international words, i.e. they are the words that involve two or more countries, made up of people or groups from different countries, active or known in many countries

Nowadays, the problem of translation of international words is one of the most important, but unfortunately, it has not been much studied. Translator has to fear not only the numerous pseudo-internationalisms that can confuse even a qualified professional, and completely distort the meaning of the utterance, but also the difficulties can arise when choosing between maintaining of international form and the selection of not single-rooted equivalent in the native or foreign language. The problem arises when international words have synonyms. In this case, international word has more scientific terminological nature and the choice between two synonyms will depend on the nature of the text and its addressee. There can be some common mistakes that await an interpreter when dealing with this kind of vocabulary, their causes and ways to avoid them. The research is aimed at the selection of the optimal translation of the international vocabulary. The problem of translator's “false friends” can be applied to the translation of scientific and technical texts; it has its characteristic peculiarities. It is possible to note that the translator's "false friends" in the scientific and technical texts are characterized by certain specific properties. This specificity is manifested both in the quantitative composition of "false friends" and their quality characteristics. Since a large percentage of words related to the translator's "false friends" category are considered to be international words. Speaking about quantitative specificity of the translator's "false friends" in the scientific and technical texts, we can see a "classic" example of the translator's "false friend" - the word “accurate”; it has another meaning - «точный». There are other examples in S.M. Barinov's dictionary : “director” - “голова, режиссер ( rahbar, rejissor,boshliq)”, not only “директор. As it is shown in the example that literal translation turns out to be inaccurate and causes to semantic distortions. Many international general scientific words, for example, analysis, candidate, scenario, critical, originally, history, pioneer, revolutionary, practical, signal, traditionally, etc., are regularly found in scientific and technical texts and they act as "false translators' friends." These English words coincide with Russian and Uzbek parallels in their international significance and therefore they are easily identified in the translation. As a result of these identifications either the meaning of the utterance or stylistic norms of the target language are broken. With regard to international terminology, the meaning volume of international terms in different languages is often the same as, for example, the words: reactor, proton, electron, resonance, they sound the same in many other languages.

The difference is in the volume of meaning. In case of general scientific parallel internationalisms there is a significant descripensy of semantic content. Almost all English common scientific internationalisms are ambiguous. In comparison with Uzbek or Russian languages internationalism have a wider scope of values.

There are three main conversions in translation of international words which are of natural character. They are the specialization of English common scientific international words and de-specialization in their translation. Specialization of lexis the substitution of the common English word by the appropriate word in the native language which has more specific general meaning. The result of specialization in translation is a common equivalent. Such equivalents reflect the content of the appropriate English words in the form of expression in scientific vocabulary in the native language. For example, “the power of the approach” - «достоинство подхода, yondashuvning afzalligi », contributor of unreliability - «источник ненадежности, ishinchsizlik manbasi», the entire world of biological structures - «вся совокупность биологических структур”. These examples illustrate the specialization of the meaning of the common words in scientific translation. De-specialization is manifested in substitution of English common scientific international words into Russian non-international word. This process does not concern scientific terms. For example, “era” -“период”, “phase - “фаза»; апаlitiса1- «расчетный», «теоретический»). It can result to information distortion of the original.

Chapter 2. The analysis the of book “Rich dad , poor dad” by R.Kiyosaki and “Explanatory dictionary of terms” (pages 140-152)

In this chapter it would be appropriate to deal with the analysis of a book “Rich dad , poor dad” by R.Kiyosaki, that is written in English and translated into Uzbek language. and translating into Uzbek the book “Explanatory dictionary of terms” (pages 140-152) First of all, it would be recommended to read the book book “Rich dad , poor dad” and after that analyze it. The analysis will consist of:

* comparison of the source and target texts;

* search for international and pseudo-international lexis;

* classification of international lexis according to their origin;

* comparison of international words according to place of their stresses and sound forms;

* devision of pseudo-international words in groups and including them in a chart.

It would be better to deduce how Mirfayziyev Mirafzal translated international and pseudo-international words and which of them he omitted. It would be recommended to try to understant too, why he admitted omission in his translation.

Таблица 1

1. I had two fathers, a rich one and a poor one. One was highly educated and intelligent; he had a Ph.D. and completed four years of undergraduate work in less than two years. He then went on to Stanford University, the University of Chicago, and Northwestern University to do his advanced studies, all on full financial scholarships. The other father never finished the eighth grade. Both men were successful in their careers, working hard all their lives. Both earned substantial incomes. Yet one struggled financially all his life. The other would become one of the richest men in Hawaii. One died leaving tens of millions of dollars to his family, charities and his church. The other left bills to be paid. Both men were strong, charismatic and influential. Both men offered me advice, but they did not advise the same things. Both men believed strongly in education but did not recommend the same course of study.	Менинг икки отам б?лган, бири бой иккинчиси камба?ал. Биринчи отам ю?ори маълумотли, зиёли фалсафа фанлари доктори унвонига эга 2 йилда 4 йиллик коллежни тугатган. Кейин Стенфорд университети, Чикаго университети ва Шимолий ?арбий университетларда билимини оширган. Хар доим стипендия олган. Иккинчи отамни билими анча саёз эди. Икала отам хам мансаб по?оналаридан ю?орилаб керакли юту?ларга эришган уларни охиригача мехнат ?илишган. Икковининг хам даромадлари етарли эди. Лекин биринчиси Гавайядаги энг бой одамлардан бщлди иккинчиси кщпинча молиявий тангликка дучор бщларди. Биринчиси вафотидан с?нг оиласига бир неча ?н миллион доллар хайрия муассалараи ва ?зининг черковини ?олдирди. Иккинчиси эса т?лаш керак б?лган ?арздорлик чекларини ?олдирди. Икала отам ?ам кучли иродали бош?аларга таъсирини ?тказадиганлардан эди. Иккови ?ам масла?ат берарди, лекин ?ар-хил. Иккови билимга таянарди. Лекин ??ишнинг ?ар хил й?налишини тавсия ?иларди.
2. One of the reasons the rich get richer, the poor get poorer, and the middle class struggles in debt is because the subject of money is taught at home, not in school. Most of us learn about money from our parents. So what can a poor parent tell their child about money? They simply say “Stay in school and study hard.” The child may graduate with excellent grades but with a poor person's financial programming and mind-set. It was learned while the child was young. Money is not taught in schools. Schools focus on scholastic and professional skills, but not on financial skills. This explains how smart bankers, doctors and accountants who earned excellent grades in school may still struggle financially all of their lives. Our staggering national debt is due in large part to highly educated politicians and government officials making financial decisions with little or no training on the subject of money. I often look ahead to the new millennium and wonder what will happen when we have millions of people who will need financial and medical assistance. They will be dependent on their families or the government for financial support. What will happen when Medicare and Social Security run out of money? How will a nation survive if teaching children about money continues to be left to parents-most of whom will be, or already are, poor?	Бойларнинг борган сари бойиши камба?алларнинг ?ашшолашиши ?рта классий ?арзларга ботишининг сабабларидан бири пул предметини фанини мактабда эмас уйда ??итишади. К?пчилик одамлар пул т??рисида ота-оналаридан эшитишади. Камба?ал ота-оналар фарзандларига пул ?а?ида нимани ?ргата олиши мумкин. У бундай дейди мактабга бор яхши ??и бола мактабни аъло ба?оларга битириши мумкин лекин молия т??рисида унинг а?ли к?п нарсага етишмайди. Ва?т эса ?тиб б?лди. Пул мавзуси мактабда к?тарилмайди. Мактаблар ?з режалари асосида щыитади ва ыандайдир касбга йщналтирилган билим бериши мумкин. Шунинг учун а?лли банкирлар, бухгалтерлар, шифокорлар мактабда олган ю?ори билимлари билан молия фронтида бир умр жанг олиб боришади Давлатимизнинг ?айратга солувчи ?арзга ботишининг асосий сабабларидан бири шуки ю?ори маълумотли сиёсатчилар давлат муассаса бошли?лари пул т??рисидаги маълумотлари саёз б?латуриб молия масалалари б?йича давлат а?амиятига эга б?лган ?арорлар ?абул ?илишади. Янги минг йилликда миллионлаб инсонлар моддий ёрдамга со?ли?ни са?лашда ёрдамга мухтож б?лса ?андай танглик юзага келишини к?з олдингизга келтираоласизми? Улар ?з оилаларига ёки давлатга ?арам б?либ доимий молиявий ёрдамга муътож бщлишарди. Сотсиал таъминот со?ли?ни са?лаш муассасаларининг пул захираси тугаса нима б?лади Мамлакатимиз ?андай кун к?ради. Агар болаларни пул мавзусига камба?ал ёки камба?ал б?лишга я?инлашаётган ота-оналар ?ргатса нима б?лади.
3. Because I had two influential fathers, I learned from both of them. I had to think about each dad's advice, and in doing so, I gained valuable insight into the power and effect of one's thoughts on one's life. For example, one dad had a habit of saying, “I can't afford it.” The other dad forbade those words to be used. He insisted I say, “How can I afford it?” One is a statement, and the other is a question. One lets you off the hook, and the other forces you to think. My soon-to-be-rich dad would explain that by automatically saying the words “I can't afford it,” your brain stops working. By asking the question “How can I afford it?” your brain is put to work. He did not mean buy everything you wanted. He was fanatical about exercising your mind, the most powerful computer in the world. “My brain gets stronger every day because I exercise it. The stronger it gets, the more money I can make.” He believed that automatically saying “I can't afford it” was a sign of mental laziness. Although both dads worked hard, I noticed that one dad had a habit of putting his brain to sleep when it came to money matters, and the other had a habit of exercising his brain. The long- term result was that one dad grew stronger financially and the other grew weaker. It is not much different from a person who goes to the gym to exercise on a regular basis versus someone who sits on the couch watching television. Proper physical exercise increases your chances for health, and proper mental exercise increases your chances for wealth. Laziness decreases both health and wealth.	Менга таъсир к?рсатувчи иккита отам б?лгани учун иккаласидан ?ргандим. Оталаримнинг икки хил фикрларидан бирини танлаганимда кимнингдир фикри бош?а бировнинг ?аётига кучли ва самарали таъсир этаётганини яхши тасаввур ?илардим. Масалан бир отам бундай дейиш одати бор эди. Мен бундай ?илолмайман. Иккинчи отам эса бундай фикр юритишни менга та?и?лаб шу фикрни ?уйидагича айтарди. ?андай ?илиб мен буни ?илишим мумкин. Бу ифодада ма?ъуллаш ва савол бор. Я?ин орада бой б?либ кетадиган отам бу ифодаларни ?уйидагича тушунтирди. Мен бундай ?илолмайман деганда инсон ?з мияси ишини т?хтатади. ?андай ?илиб мен буни ?илишим мумкин деб савол бериб ?з миянгни ишлатишга созлайсан. Келажакда бой б?ладиган отам ?амма нарсага эга б?лиш т??рисида ?йламасди. Дунёда энг ?удратли компютер яъни мияни маш? ?илдириб турарди. У менинг миям кундан-кунга яхши ишламо?да чунки мен уни доимо маш? ?илишга ?ргатганман, Мия ?анча кучли б?лса мен шунча к?п пул ишлайман дерди у. унинг фикрича ким мен бундай ?илолмайман деса ?з миясини дангасалигини намойиш ?илган б?лади. Иккала отам ?ам к?п ишлашига ?арамасдан пул масаласига келганда бир отамнинг мияси ухларди. Иккинчисиники эса доимо маш? ?иларди. Натижада эса бир отамнинг молиявий а?воли ба?увватлашди иккинчисиники эса кучсизлана борди бу бир киши доимо гимнастика залига бориб маш? ?илса иккинчиси эса диванда ?тириб телевизор к?радиган вазиятга ?хшарди. Бaдан маш?и со?лигингизни яхшиласа мия машки купрок бойликка эга булишга замин яратади. Дангасалик со?лигингиз ва бойлигингиз имкониятларини ёмонлаштиради.
4. The next morning, I told my best friend, Mike, what my dad had said. As best I could tell, Mike and I were the only poor kids in this school. Mike was like me in that he was in this school by a twist of fate. Someone had drawn a jog in the line for the school district, and we wound up in school with the rich kids. We weren't really poor, but we felt as if we were because all the other boys had new baseball gloves, new bicycles, new everything. My dad used to say, “If you want something, work for it.” We wanted things, but there was not much work available for 9- , year-old boys. “So what do we do to make money?” Mike asked. “I don't know,” I said. “But do you want to be my partner?” He agreed and so on that Saturday morning, Mike became my first business partner. We spent all morning coming up with ideas on how to make money. Occasionally we talked about all the “cool guys” at Jimmy's beach house having fun. It hurt a little, but that hurt was good, for it inspired us to keep thinking of a way to make money. Finally, that afternoon, a bolt of lightning came through our heads. It was an idea Mike had gotten from a science book he had read. Excitedly, we shook hands, and the partnership now had a business.	Эртасига мен ?рто?им Майкка отанинг гапларини айтиб бердим. Мен ва Майк шу мактабда укийдиган камбагал болалардан эдик. Биз жуда камбагал булмасак-да узимизни шундай сезардик чунки бошка болаларда янги велосипед янги бейсбол кулкоплари, хуллас хамма нарсалари янги буларди. Отам Ниманидир хохласанг ишлаш керак дерди. Куп нарсани хохлардик. Лекин 9 ёшли болалар учун иш йук эди. Пул ишлаш учун нима килишимиз керак суради Майк билмайман дедим. Сен менинг хамкорим булишни истайсанми? У кунди ва уша куни Майк менинг биринчи хамкоримга айланди. Кандай иш килсак экан деб куп уйладик. Баъзан Жимми ва унинг уртокларига хавасимиз келиб пул ишлаш йулини янада купрок излашга тушардик. Нихоят Майк качондир китобда укиган бир гояни айтди. Икковимиз ишга киришдик. Кейинги хафталарда Майк билан тиш пастасидан бушаган тюбикларни йигдик.



2.About the author, his creations and linguistic analysis of the part of the book “Rich dad, poor dad”

It would be appropriate to analyze the text mentioned above taking into account the presence of pseudo-international lexis. This text represents a book which was taken from internet and written by economist Robert Kiyosaki. Robert Kiyosaki is a citizen of the U.S.A, businessman, author, founder of Rich Global LLС and Rich Dad Company. Kiyosaki is the author of more than 26 books, including the international self-published personal finance “Rich Dad Poor Dad” series of books which has been translated into 51 languages and sold over 41 million copies worldwide. However, it presents some difficulties for translation, because of a large number of pseudo-international words, which are used here. It demands much attention from translator`s part, because a wrong translation may lead to misinterpretation of the text and disability of its transmission into target language.

The book advocates the importance of financial literacy (financial education), financial independence and building wealth through investing in assets, real estate investing, starting and owning businesses, as well as increasing one's financial intelligence (financial IQ) to improve one's business and financial aptitude. Robert Kiyosaki is best known for his book Rich Dad, Poor Dad, the #1 New York Times bestseller. Robert Kiyosaki followed the book with “Rich Dad's Cash flow Quadrant” and “Rich Dad's Guide to Investing”. He had at least a dozen books published.

“Rich Dad Poor Dad” is written in the style of a set of parables, ostensibly based on Kiyosaki's life. The titular "rich dad" is his friend's father who accumulated wealth due to entrepreneurship and savvy investing, while the "poor dad" is claimed to be Kiyosaki's own father who he says worked hard all his life but never obtained financial security. No one has ever proven that Rich Dad, the man who supposedly gave Kiyosaki all his advice for wealthy living, ever existed. Nor has anyone ever documented any vast reserves of wealth earned by Kiyosaki prior to the publication of Rich Dad, Poor Dad in 1997.

From the etymological point of view, the book is characterized by a wide usage of the international and pseudointernational lexis. Translating the international words, we can compare the place of their stresses and their sound forms. Here we mention some English, Russian, Romanian words, that can be examples of similarity in sound form: fact - факт - fact, Comparing, some English words with their Russian, Romanian equivalents, we notice that they differ from each other, according to stresses. In the other cases Russian, Romanian words are similar with English ones in spelling, but different in sound form. Russian, Romanian and Uzbek are read in the way as they are written. For example, university - университет - universitate - universitet, International words, which are connected with monetary unit (dollar), religion (Catholic), society (racial) and economy (economic) are often translated without any difficulty. Note should be taken upon the origin of the international lexis too. In the given book it had been noticed the international words of the following origins:

1) words of Greek origin: gym

2) words of Latin origin: University, social, computer

3) words of French origin: banker

4) words of Italian origin: million

5) words of German origin: dollar

6) words of English origin: television, baseball (American word)

2.1 The translation of book “Explanatory dictionary of terms” (pages 140-152)

A good example of rank-bound translation is provided by the French sentence J'ai laissй mes lunettes sur la table and the English sentence I've left my glasses on the table (Catford 1965:76), which exhibit almost total correspondence on all linguistic ranks; however, such examples are uncommon, even when SL and TL have such relatively similar grammatical categories as French and English. In most contexts the TTs produced by this process “are not acceptable texts of the goal language at all” (de Beaugrande 1978:11). However, word-rank-bound translation is used in interlinear translation to produce a specialized text designed to fulfl a specifc purpose. Another practical application for the technique has been proposed by Ure, Rodger & Ellis, who recommend providing a poet-translator unfamiliar with SL with a “crib” in the form of a rank-bound translation; such a procedure, they claim, is superior in “algorithmic rigour” (1969:14 n. 14) to such alternatives as a rough draft or word-for-word version.

Tartibga solishtirilgan tarjimaning yaxshi namunasi fransuzcha “J'ai laissй mes lunettes sur la table” va inglizcha “men ko'zoynagimni stolga qo'yganman” (Catford 1965: 76), gaplarida, ular barcha til darajalarida deyarli to'liq moslikni namoyish qiladi; ammo,bunday misollar, Manba tili va maqsadli til deyarli bir xil grammatik kategoriyaga ega bo'lgan Fransuz va Ingliz tillarida ham kam uchraydi. Ko'pgina vaziyatlarda ushbu jarayon tomonidan ishlab chiqilgan maqsadli matnlar "umuman maqsad tilining matnlari qabul qilinmaydi" (de Beaugrande 1978: 11). Biroq, so'z darajasiga bog'liq tarjima muayyan maqsadni amalga oshirish uchun mo'ljallangan maxsus matnni ishlab chiqarish uchun chiziqlararo tarjimada qo'llaniladi. Ushbu uslub uchun yana bir amaliy qo'llanma Ure, Rojjer va Ellis tomonidan taklif qilingan, ular manba tili bilan tanish bo'lmagan shoir-tarjimonga "beshik" ni tartibga solishtirilgan tarjima shaklida taqdim etishni tavsiya qiladi; Ularning ta'kidlashicha, bunday protsedura "algoritmik qat'iylik" da (1969: 14, 14) qo'pol qoralama yoki so'zma-so'z versiya kabi alternativalardan ustundir.

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