However, observing the analysis of domestic violence prevalence in Nigeria from the NDHS data with a tremendous increase of physical, sexual and emotional violence one begins to wonder the reasons as to why there is this continuous upsurge. Another view by Respondent 3 on the prevalence is that “violence experienced during childhood and tolerating violent relationships influences the increased of DV” and the expert further intensifies other factors that contribute are “patriarchal views and gender inequality” these factors contributed so much to discrimination against women and also leads to domestic violence globally. Respondent 1 believes the main reasons for the increase of DV is that “there is no legal responsibility to DV against women and that if specific laws of DV are adopted 50% of perpetrators will have no option than to change their behaviours” however, if there is zero tolerance of VAW by the State and specific laws on women's human rights are adopted then the issue of increase of domestic violence will be restrained to some extent. This will further enable the issue of discrimination and gender stereotype a thing of the past. Respondent 2 is of a different view entirely about this prevalence of DV, the experts believes that “because of public awareness on issues of gender violence or violence against women thus it has metamorphosed the rise in the number of women seeking aid” and further explain that there are more women seeking aid which is why there are these significant figures of prevalence. In addition, the experts also said the prevalence of violence against women is because the State lacks specific legislation.

Initially, the study emphasizes that ethnic tribes in Nigeria affect the decision of policy on domestic violence. However, Respondent 2, believe that there is “no specific legal framework that are responding to cases of violation of women's human rights, discrimination and violence against women” It is on this note, Respondent 3 explains that culture of different ethnic tribes affect the non-compliance of domestic violence policy, observing that “ethnic traditions like harmful cultural practices contribute to domestic violence” but the expert still believe that there are other instigating factors like alcohol consumptions and drugs addictions also contribute to domestic violence prevalence.

Respondent 1 observed that the reason for non-compliance of DV policy is not about cultural constraints but that “State negligence of the legal framework” the expert believes that other countries of Europe and America domesticated these policies on the prevention of DV. Respondent 3 states that the issue clearly, why culture influences on the non-compliance of DV policies tend to intensify the prevalence of violence among spouse and intimate partners, the expert observed that “culture in a particular ethnic group might be different from the culture we have today”. Furthermore, most culture has to do with ethnic traditions, but these ethnic traditions are interpreted in a patriarchal system. The respondent 3, further explained that today's culture is a “social construct that makes women uneven or unequal” it refers to such social construct as the `modern State discrimination'. To justify the assertion, Respondent 3, said that “cultural tribe are less discriminative than the modern state culture”. Finally, Respondent 1, also compliment the views of Respondent 3, explaining that State and key state actors act basically upon the modern culture of influencing gender roles, this modern culture paves way for some of the myths influencing non-compliance on policy of DV thus the social construct influence the gender roles of why “men should be strong and aggressive and that women should be submissive and tolerant”

4.5 Results of the Experts Analysis

This unstructured in-depth interview was conducted to test each of the hypothesis of the study with the aim of revealing the factors responsible for the prevalence rate of DV and to understand why implementation policy has not been that effective. The results of these hypotheses will be used to explain certain reasons why women human rights issues have not been given the opportunity to strive.

Hypothesis 1: Women who have a high awareness of women's rights and DV policy, the occurrence of DV will be low.

Respondent 3 is of the opinion that women's movement will of course addresses violence against women as a human rights violation. The expert said, “speaking about violence against women should be in a language that explains the violation of women's human rights”. Respondent 2 explain that there should be several working groups or representatives of non-governmental organizations in respects to women human rights in dealing with the issues of women's human rights and violence against women. The expert believed that “these groups should focus their efforts on promoting these draft laws on DV”. Respondent 3 explained that training of everyone who works with issues of DV is very pertinent. The expert said “training on DV theory and teaching women” will help them to understand and differentiate DV from family conflicts or arguments. Respondent 1 said that “initiating public discussion on legislation is necessary for effective protection of women from domestic violence” The expert further explained that public discussion, public hearings and public awareness activities will promote and trigger the adoption of specific DV laws. This goes to show that public enlightenment on issues of women's rights and domestic violence policy, if well adopted will foster change and this will drastically reduce DV in Nigeria.

Hypothesis 2: There is a relationship between culture and religious factors in the implementation of DV policy, DV will be high.

Respondent 1 connivingly said that culture and religious background influences specific domestic violence policy. The expert said that “culture and religion intervene on social policies and social attitudes”. The interviewee referred to Russian Orthodox church saying that “religion doesn't really provide any support for domestic violence”. The expert further said that cultural values are the foundation of the current challenges facing the policy of DV, in addition, this act has further intensified the State and political actors to speak more about the patriarchal family values, citing the Russian decriminalization law which poses a threat to issues of domestic violence because of the patriarchal values. Respondent 3 also referred to the patriarchal views, gender inequalities and discrimination against women are part of the modern culture imposed by the State. The expert said that “the status of women in the culture itself is always quite high but when we come to a society with laws and things like that when we see discrimination and then it backlashes on the traditional culture” it means that State culture influences the policy of domestic violence.

Hypothesis 3: The higher the failure of policy implementation of DV, the tendency of higher revulsive attacks by women.

Respondent 2 sees reprisal attacks carried out by women as a result of “when women do not see any other way out of the situation of DV” and further implies that “seeking aid in various services or perhaps filing their complaints to the police and didn't get any support whatsoever”. Respondent 3 explains that State doesn't have policies for `intervention to prevent Battered Women Syndrome', the expert said that “women are deep in the cycle of violence, they don't seek help, because they don't believe anybody will help them”, most women are deeply sinking in the cycle of violence is one of the reason why they don't get to seek help from State agencies. Respondent 1 explained that police is one of the State's structure, that their activities and action are based on the State laws and that if the State considered DV to be a problem, the police will act on the ways State dictates. The expert said, “the police, law enforcement agencies who are into the intervention, in terms of protection of women from domestic violence, they don't really see the dynamics of violence or cycle of violence”. These views of different experts justified the notion of why the persisting failure of policy implementation has further intensified the revulsive attack by women in our present society.

Hypothesis 4: There is a relationship between judiciary and the law enforcement system in the implementation of DV policy, the occurrence of DV be low.

Respondent 2: said that “significant number of Judges are men and even if the Judge is a woman, she has to stick to rules dictated by men” The expert further express that judges can be very strict even to women who have been suffering from domestic violence for years. The Respondent further claims that “it bore down to the patriarchal views and attitudes”. Respondent 1 explain that police should register the numbers of crimes as well as the numbers of perpetrators and the numbers of perpetrators charge to court. But the expert expresses that “it is unfortunate” this has not been the situation. No legal records of domestic violence issues or perpetrators. However, this vividly shows if there is a cordial relationship between the judiciary and law enforcement domestic violence will reduce but looking at the current challenges of DV in Nigeria some of this process are not address. The expert said, in a country where there is zero tolerance to DV, perpetrators are judged and punished. It is explicitly clear that in a country where the policy of DV is implemented there is a low turnout of domestic violence issues.



5.1 Conclusion & Recommendations

Summary & Discussion of the Findings

From the feminism perspective which concern itself with the plight of women's unfair position in every society, to the empirical feminist policy analysis which is combined with the non-feminist policy will promote feminism ideology into policy implementation that will create the effort for new policies initiative to the plight of women's rights.

The four-hypothesis drawn from the beginning of the research explains the phenomenon of upholding women's rights further instils new policies implementation that will foster the desirable change. Women who have a high awareness of women's rights and DV policy, the occurrence of DV will be low. This have explain the reoccurrence of history, where women's movement in 1848 in the US about the `declaration of sentiments', the `Seneca fall Convention' of 1840 and also the women's suffrage in Britain have proved that awareness of rights and international policies like the CEDAW policies will instigate a change of policy through civil societies efforts. So, it is imperative that women's movement against domestic violence should champion the course of zero-tolerance to DV, through proper outreach, public awareness activities about gender equality, equal rights and to promote gender roles through different policy programs.

The second hypothesis explains that there is a relationship between culture and religion factors in the implementation of DV policy, DV will be high, well in Nigeria the role of modern culture impose by the state through the penal code and criminal code has shown the dimension of cultural prejudice due to the patriarch views. However, there is a need for amendment of these codes in the south and north region by introducing the CEDAW policies or ensuring the domestication of VAPP 2015 Act, which instil the best measure to the issue of DV in Nigeria.

The third hypothesis explains the revulsive attacks by women on their male counterparts as a result of States failed laws like the penal and criminal codes, which has not given women the basic support they need rather the status-quo of patriarch still holds back the domestication of new policies. The judges have not given fair hearing and judgement to the plight of women who have been found guilty of manslaughter or culpable homicide without considerable efforts to the battered women syndrome challenges they faced for years that can also lead to post-traumatic stress disorder and eventual death. However, despite the harsh verdict of a death sentence, the threats of revulsive attacks are still rising on an alarming rate in Nigeria today. Therefore, the needs for urgent measure to cushion the effects is now.



Recommendations

Based on the finding from the research, the study proposes the following recommendations.

The reintroduction of women's rights laws, gender mainstreaming, and gender sensitivity in the school's educational curriculum to promote gender equality and to eradicate cultural patriarchal views.

There should be training public discussions, public hearings and awareness activities to encourage effective adoption of VAPP 2015 Act within States and Local government.

Training and retraining for past and prospective perpetrators, victims their relatives & friends, relevant professionals like the police, doctors, psychologists, teachers, nurses, social workers, judges etc. on the dangers of battered women syndromes and PTSD as an instrument for revulsive attacks.

The implementation of CEDAW policy ratified by State, in order to improve on existing policies on women's rights should be adhered to as a national policy framework for strategic social development programmes towards women self-realization and empowerment.

The government should establish more shelters for the safety of victims of DV and their children and employ more social workers, psychologists and counsellors that will help to reduce inter-generation violence witness by children.

The civil societies should provide fundraising campaigns & public awareness service for victims or survivals of DV through the mass media and social media platforms.

There is need for police, medical and social officers to keep computerized bio-data of domestic violence cases this will enable victims the opportunities to reports cases for proper documentation, however, these officers can provide referrals system through free-toll lines establish in all the shelter houses.

There is a need for Non-governmental organizations to championing the course of women's rights and to enhance the mobilization of women participation in political positions for effective decision process on domestic violence policy.

There is a need for to re-examining the penal and criminal code to eradicate traces of patriarchal manipulation and create equity and fairness to the rights of women.

The judiciary arm should investigate the level of consciousness of victims with regards to gender sensitivity.



Limitation of the Study

The paper used the secondary datasets from NDHS 2015 to examine the quantitative methods, which limits the analysis of domestic violence issues as a result of the timeframe tallying with the recent prevalence rate. Hence, the study needed its own empirical data to close in the gap of 2015 datasets. Unfortunately, distance barriers and financial constraints limited the scope of the study. The five experts semi-structure interview conducted only three where reached and information was given, however, the two other experts were not reached at the time of filling the report due to time constrictions. Notwithstanding, the paper provided pertinent information with the available datasets to support semi-structured interview on policy implementation failure of the study. Nevertheless, there is a need carried out more research on the prevalence of domestic violence in the north and south with the new NDHS 2018 survey yet to be published and to make a comparison of the prevalence of domestic violence and additionally, make a comparative analysis of the prevalence from 2015 and 2018 NDHS dataset.



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Appendix I



Appendix II

Semi-Structure Interview

Introduction

My name is Morris Anyebe Obe, a master's Student of the National Research University, Higher School of Economics, Moscow. It will be an honour and privilege to discuss further on your experience on issues of Domestic Violence in general

Objective

The purpose of this study is to understand the reasons behind the rising trend on Domestic violence issues in Nigeria and the world in general. Furthermore, a clarification of the reason why women's rights are not adhered by countries, government agencies and states in order to protect women against this endemic.

Time frame

This interview is stipulate to take 30 - 45 minutes of your time.

Confidentiality

This interview will be kept strictly confidential however, your views and opinions will be extracted and used for the purpose of academic research whereas your profile will be anonymous, and nothing will reflect your identity or personality.

Guidelines

One important point to note, as a matter of fact, is getting accurate understanding and quality of your words verbatim and not to jeopardize your opinions and views. It will please you to know that I will like to record this conversation for the purpose of accurate validation of your points 'word for words', in order not to contravene or miss out any useful points during the interview.

Please, I will like you to know that during the interview process any question(s) you don't feel comfortable answering at any point in the interview you can skip to the next question and if you wish at any point in time to end the interview please, feel free to beckon on me and I will completely put an end to the interview as you please.

Lastly, do you have any opinion against these explanations I have put forward to you? Are you still willing to continue?

Questions

1. Please, tell me a little about yourself and what you do now?

2. Domestic Violence is a serious problem, what is your opinion?

3. What has been the reason behind the prevalence rate of Domestic Violence in general?

4. How do you see the issues of cultural influence on the non-compliance of Domestic Violence policies?

5. What is the necessary measure used to uphold women's rights awareness in order to strengthen the policy of Domestic violence?

6. What is the necessary measure used to uphold women's rights awareness in order to strengthen the policy of Domestic violence?

7. In your own opinion, what do you think are the right steps to put government agencies like the police or law enforcement into action with respect to domestic violence?

(This is because most women see that government lukewarm attitude is one of the causes of domestic violence do you agree with that, if you do please explain?

8. what are the policies recommendations in your own opinion that will ameliorate the issue of domestic violence in our society?

9. What do you think influences reprisal attacks by women this day on their male counterpart, spouses, intimate partners?

10. Do you see cultural and religious interplay on the non-compliance of domestic violence policies by the government? If yes/ no, please explain?

11. what is your opinion on the way forward on domestic violence issues?

12. what are the best measures for perpetrators of these horrendous act?

(Thank you so much, do have any other thing to add)

Please, be rest assured once again that your information will be analysed judiciously for the overall benefit of the research work and if you don't mind, I could send a copy of the review to you if you are truly interested.

Thank you once more for your efforts as well, I do really appreciate your painstaking to honour this interview you are highly welcome.



Appendix III



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