As the fourth focus of the new migration policy in the seventh phase, the foreseeable introduction of the "EU Blue Card" for high-qualified persons has to be taken into account. At the beginning of November 2011, the CDU / CSU / FDP government coalition had agreed to facilitate the immigration of highly qualified persons in Germany with the European Blue Card and thus also a corresponding EU directive on the "EU Blue Card" (2009/50 / EC) to implement. The European Union introduced the Blue Card as early as May 2009 to enable highly qualified workers from non-EU countries to gain employment in the EU. The coalition government has now also decided to reduce the controversial minimum income as a prerequisite for its immigration from the current € 66,000 to € 48,000 per year, and also to issue an indefinite lease for highly qualified persons. However, the opposition criticized the government's plans as too economic and inadequate. On the other hand, the President of the German Chambers of Industry and Commerce (DIHK) Hans Heinrich Driftmann said that facilitated immigration for highly qualified persons was positive, with a clear reduction in the income limit as a "good signal for business" in the efforts to attract more skilled workers in Germany Targeted immigration to the labor market. On 10 February 2012, the Federal Council returned the bill to the Bundestag for the implementation of the "EU Blue Card", the so-called "High-Qualified Directive", and called for corresponding additional provisions to be decided. As a result, it is at least questionable to what extent the plans of the coalition government are being drafted into an appropriate bill draft and discussed in the Bundestag.

Overall, with respect to the German migration policy in the seventh phase (2005-2016) the main focus was on the expanded commitment to active integration policy: the revaluation of the integration policy area within the framework of the coalition agreement as well as the willingness to dialogue with migrant groups and also migrant associations within the framework of the integration peaks, In addition, the foreseeable introduction of the "EU Blue Card" for high-qualified persons is an important reason for facilitating the immigration of third-country nationals in terms of controlled immigration to their needs of the German labor market. However, it is difficult to assess whether the new migration policy has made substantial progress or is merely a symbolic policy rather than laying the foundations for equality. At the same time, the seventh phase of German migration policy can be even more strongly represented as a systematic restriction or isolation policy, as the amendment to the Immigration Act 2007 (the so-called "Directive on the Law of the European Union") showed. In this context, the German immigration policy had already agreed in the Immigration Act (ZuWG) in 2005 that migration and integration remain under the primacy of German national interests and internal security. Since then, the question is still open as to whether Germany is now a de facto immigration country with its new nationality or its obligation to opt for the double-passport and the second restrictive immigration law. Whether the CDU / CSU / SPD's efforts by the CDU / CSU / FDP since 2005 and the German Chancellor Angela Merkel since 2009 have put the problems of the immigration problems into a more globalized world or even through the criticized legal regulations Direction, but is on another star.

Finally, since the new immigration and integration policy in the seventh phase of the migration history of Germany, since 2005 a partial policy change with the change of priorities to the active integration of the immigrants and also a partial paradigm and policy change towards the promotion of labor migration and controlled immigration, As the foreseeable introduction of the "EU Blue Card" in the area of ??the highly qualified. SP Elitok - Istanbul Policy Center, Istanbul, 2013 Remittance flows between Germany and Turkey: a reverse trend

However, starting in 2012, the situation in the Middle East deteriorated sharply, and a huge number of refugees went to Europe. Germany, as well as France, because of their soft migration policy towards refugees, have become one of the main destinations. Since 2012, every year, Germany has received an increasing number of refugees, and by 2014 their annual increase was 1.5 million.

It's no secret that Germany is getting older in the upper European countries, and demographic trends show no sign of slowing down. However, there is a viable alternative to maintaining the balance of our social security system: integration into the refugee labor market. Not everyone is justly considering the possibilities of immigration and integration in the labor market when discussing future demographic problems. In Germany, the second oldest population of the world lives. According to Eurostat, Germany also has the lowest percentage of youth (0-14 years) among EU member states. In other words, the number of payers of income tax shrinks as the number of pensioners increases with consequences for both.

But because of Germany's strong economy and low unemployment, "big problems" are connected with "the drop in the working-age population," according to German Finance Minister Wolfgang Schaeuble. Therefore, it is fully justifiable to understand that migrants act as a positive factor and an economic solution for the population in need of youth. In this regard, the United Nations published "encouraging" data: "Despite the wave of immigrants, this year 800,000 asylum-seekers are expected in Germany - the population will decline from the peak of 2002 from 82 to 74.5 mln. by 2050".

In view of the continuing flow of refugees from the war-torn regions in Syria, Iraq and Afghanistan, more refugees entered the country during the year than citizens from EU countries. In 2015, almost 2 million foreigners who entered the country were registered, and about 860,000 people left. The migration balance was 1.14 million people, which was the highest in the history of Germany. For comparison: in 2014 this balance was about 580 thousand people. In 2004, about 50 thousand applications for asylum received, in 2014 their number has grown to 200 thousand, of which 173 thousand were primary. In 2015, Germany registered about 478 thousand applications (about 35% of all applications in the EU countries). D Webber - 2014 - New Europe, new Germany, old foreign policy?: German foreign policy since unification

As early as October 2015, the German parliament passed a package of laws toughening the regulation of asylum regulations. Albania, Kosovo and Montenegro have entered the list of so-called "safe" countries. This means that their citizens can not count on granting them asylum in Germany under the usual procedure, and the decision on deportation of these persons will be taken on an expedited procedure. S Babones - 2015 - Europe's Migrant Crisis: Ideals vs. Realities For example, in the first 8 months of 2015, 38% of applications were from Albania, Kosovo, Serbia and Macedonia, but the percentage of those who received protection was less than 1%. From November to December, the number of initial appeals from Albania decreased by 40.5%, Kosovo by 37.7%, Serbia by 53%. Kosjakov S. Polls: In Germany, Angela Merkel's popularity has fallen

The migration wave that swept Europe in 2015 and provoked a "solidarity crisis" within the EU had a significant impact on the economic and political processes in Germany. A country with a migration share of 20.5% (16.5 million people) was forced to receive 1.1 million refugees during the year, of which 476,649 persons applied for asylum (this is twofold More than in 2014). By the end of the year, 282726 cases had been considered. According to opinion polls conducted by the research group Forschungswahlen on February 19, 2016, 50% of the citizens of Germany are dissatisfied with the policy of the head of the government A. Merkel concerning refugees, and 47% support the course chosen by her. 41% of respondents share the confidence that Germany will cope with the challenges of integration. Doubts about the success and ability of refugees to assimilate 54%. T.Bauer, KF Zimmermann (1999) Assessment of possible migration pressure and its labour market impact following EU enlargement to Central and Eastern Europe The greatest number of skeptics among supporters of parties that have not been included since September 2013 in the Bundestag - the Free Democratic Party (62%) and the party "Alternative for Germany." Increasing popularity (primarily in the eastern federal lands) is gaining a radical movement "PEGIDA", whose members actively support "AdG" and are sharply critical of the policy of the federal government and land authorities in the field of migration. Pegidameldet zahlreiche Kundgebungen in Mьnchenan // Zeit online. - 10.01.2016. It is not excluded that this party, using the anti-migrant sentiments of some of the electorate, will be able in 2016-2017 to get mandates not only in the parliaments of the land (both in the west and in the east of the country), but also go to the Bundestag. Dolphins A. Merkel: It is necessary to tighten immigration laws // Deutsche Welle. - 01.08.2016.

The most severe criticism of the CDU policy and the Chancellor personally is her traditional partner in the coalition Christian Social Union. The Chairman of the CSU and the Prime Minister of Bavaria, H. Seehofer, demanded that the number of refugees be legislatively limited. This measure requires a change in the Basic Law of Germany, which guarantees to all those who are persecuted for political reasons the right to asylum (Article 16a, paragraph 1). However, Merkel opposes the introduction of any quotas. Her opinion is shared not by all party members; Some deputies of the CDU supported the demands of the Bavarian prime minister on tightening the course. The relations between the parties in the coalition were heated by December 2015. It did not help to remove the contradictions and the compromise document "Karlsruhe Commentary on Terrorism and Security, Refugees and Integration" adopted at the CDU congress on December 13-16, 2015. It points out the need to "noticeably lower the influx of migrants and refugees through effective measures "

In this regard, the government has taken a number of emergency measures to regulate migration. The first package of documents providing for amendments to the laws regulating the procedure for obtaining refugee status was adopted on October 15, 2015 (called "Azil I"). In April 2016, the Bundesrat was to vote on the second package ("Azil II"), which was agreed by the partners in the government coalition in late January. Migration crisis - the EU has no solution // TASS. - 09.19.2015.

On January 28, 2016, the federal government adopted the National Integration Plan. Prior to this, there were separate plans at the land level, but there was no single state concept. The plan was assigned to a special group, which was supposed to provide the first draft by the end of March 2016. Before that, the ruling parties recognized at their congresses in late 2015 the need to introduce "integration obligations". The analysis of the adopted and planned legislative acts makes it possible to single out two main goals of the modern migration policy of Germany:

· significantly reduce the number of arriving refugees;

· effectively integrate into the German society those who will be entitled to stay in Germany by creating special programs for different categories of refugees and forcing them to implement these programs (the principle of "develop and demand"). It is planned to create a strict mechanism to control the results of efforts of those refugees who will get the prospect of staying, the imposition of sanctions in case of non-observance of the stipulated conditions (reduction of social benefits, length of stay, expulsion) and the elimination of "imaginary incentives" for those who seek to enter the FRG. The following steps are proposed: Immigration, regional conditions, and crime: evidence from an allocation policy in Germany. M Piopiunik, J Ruhose - European Economic Review, 2016 - Elsevier

· Take migration under control;, strengthen the protection of the external borders of the EU and put an end to the actions of smugglers;

· Combat the causes of its emergence by providing assistance to transit countries and countries - "sources" of refugees;

· better manage flows of migrants and quickly send back those who do not receive refugee status;

· To achieve an equitable distribution of refugees at the European level.

Accordingly, at the federal level, the following measures are envisaged: A Steigemann, F Eckardt, F Werner - Forced Migration Review, 2016 - A welcoming policy in post-socialist East Germany

· Expansion of the list of "safe countries of origin". Prohibition of work for refugees from these countries. In 2014, Serbia, Bosnia and Macedonia were recognized as "safe countries of origin"; In 2015, Albania, Kosovo and Montenegro were added to this list. According to official data, this measure has reduced the number of migrants from the Balkan countries by 90%. In April 2016 in the Bundesrat, a vote was to be held to recognize the safe countries of Morocco, Algeria and Tunisia. Despite the agreement reached between the CDU / CSU coalition partners and the SPD, some lands managed by the Social Democrats planned to abstain in the voting. The representatives of the "green" ones also did not agree to support this initiative. The final alignment of forces in the Bundesrat will be affected by the results of the March 13, 2016 elections in the federal states - Baden-Wьrttemberg, Rhineland-Palatinate and Saxony-Anhalt. It seems that the parties will come to a compromise on this issue and the list of safe countries will be expanded. H Day - 2016 - Refugee and migrant crisis: the deficient global response

· More deportations. Simplification of the procedure for expulsion of foreigners who committed a punishable act. Abolition of restrictions on deportations, incl. In winter, the introduction of a ban on notification of the date of expulsion, facilitating the deportation of persons citing medical indications, etc. Establishment of special institutions for the reception of refugees who do not have the prospect of remaining.

· Reduction of "imaginary incentives". According to the adopted legislation, an average of € 670 per month is allocated for the maintenance of each refugee ("Azil I"). However, only registered refugees who are in the primary reception camp can receive cash in the first month of arrival. Social assistance is provided only at the destination. For violations by refugees of the obligation to reside in a specially designated place, sanctions ("Azil II") are introduced in the framework of the law on persons applying for asylum. Those who do not receive refugee status can count on assistance only in the amount of the subsistence minimum. Razin, A., E. Sadka, and B. Suwankiri (2011). Migration and the Welfare State. Cambridge, US: MIT Press.

· Introduction of a secure document on arrival. The document will be issued immediately after the refugees arrive at the designated point of first reception. In the future, it will be considered a prerequisite for receiving benefits ("Azil II").

· Restriction of reunification with the family. With the entry into force of the "Azil II" law, refugees under subsidiary protection will be able to reunite with their family after 2 years. This measure, which caused criticism from the opposition and disputes within the coalition, suggests that minors who have arrived in Germany without parents can not quickly reunite with them. Migration 10 years after: EU enlargement, closed borders, and migration to Germany, B Elsner, KF Zim`mermann Labor Migration, EU Enlargement, 2016 - Springer

· Acceleration of data processing procedures and full control at borders. Provides extensive control of arrivals and consideration of materials for identification and entry of a person in the files of criminals on first contact; Shortening the length of the period for consideration of applications for asylum by simplifying the procedure, defining clear criteria; Allocation of additional funds and increase in the number of staff. So, in 2015 the staff of the German Federal Office for Migration and Refugees was increased by 40%. When discussing the budget for 2016, it was decided to create prerequisites for a further staff increase of another 4,000 people. In total, the Ministry plans to create 7 thousand jobs. In the federal police service, 3,000 additional seats were created. When registering refugees, assistance can be provided by the Bundeswehr and the Customs Office. On average, the time for consideration of documents by the end of 2015 was reduced to 5.1 months (in 2014 - 7.3 months). Klaus F. Zimmermann (2009) Migration pressure in Germany

· Increased subsidies for the construction of social housing.

· Numerous benefits in construction legislation for the planning of construction work for quick and profitable accommodation of refugees.

In fact, the concept of integration fixes the division of asylum seekers in Germany into three categories: 1) without the prospect of remaining; 2) those who seek temporary protection (it is planned that they will return in the near future back); 3) with the prospect of staying. For the last two categories, special offers are being developed. P Aurich-Beerheide, SL Catalano… - … Social Policy, 2015 - Stakeholder participation and policy integration in local social and employment policies

For refugees with a "temporary perspective", it is planned to create separate programs that are considered as investments in the future development and stabilization of those countries from which they arrived. It is assumed that this category of people will return back and will carry out important functions for the peaceful restoration of destroyed infrastructure, etc. In this regard, the Bundeswehr has a special role - it is planned to develop a special program for the appropriate training of its personnel. J Barker - Women Leading Change - 2017 -Is Multikulti Dead? Angela Merkel and Immigration Politics in Germany

The main principle is that refugees with the prospect of remaining in Germany are obliged to integrate into German society and recognize the German culture as the leading one. For this purpose, it is planned to create numerous integration programs and a strict mechanism for monitoring the results, on which the continued residence of this category of refugees in Germany will depend. This implies respect for the legal order, values, traditions of German society and the recognition of the "Christian picture of man". From the very beginning, foreigners must clearly understand that refugee status implies not only rights, but also duties that will be enshrined in special "integration agreements". Getting to know how a pluralistic democratic society functions will begin at the primary reception points (the "starter package"). Knowledge of the "foundations of society values" will be strengthened and tested at all stages of integration. For this purpose, special "integration" courses are organized, which are mandatory for attendance. They should consist of a combination of "orientation" courses and German language courses (with emphasis on the study of vocabulary aimed at professional orientation). After passing the exams, a certificate is issued. A Geddes, P Scholten - 2016 -The politics of migration and immigration in Europe

The key to the success of integration is the mastery of the German language. For this purpose it is planned to organize language courses of different levels: in the reception camps, if necessary in kindergartens, schools, including preparatory classes, special programs for students at universities and universities. Refusal to attend the courses prescribed in the plan is the basis for reducing social benefits and the length of stay in the country. It is also planned to develop a system of fines for refugees who have committed crimes or violated the legal order: from house arrest to the revision of the rule of law. The concept is aimed at supporting those who are ready to learn and will be successful in the profession. In order to integrate refugees into the school system, it is planned to develop over time a uniform standard for primary education throughout the country. E Hepburn, R Zapata-Barrero - 2014 - The politics of immigration in multi-level states: Governance and political parties

Helping to integrate immigrants into German society should those migrants who have been in Germany for a long time. The great hope lies with the Muslim communities, because 70% of newcomers are Muslims. They have a special responsibility, they are expected to actively participate in the development of proposals for integration and outreach on the prevention of extremism. In the integration plan, as in the draft law "Azil II", the time limit for reuniting families up to 2 years is stipulated. In the future, it is planned to link the reunification with the family with a number of conditions: self-sufficiency, lack of punishment for crimes, successful participation in integration courses. Greive M., Sturm D. Lдnderzahlen 17 Milliarden Euro fьrFlьchtlinge // Die Welt. - 29.12.2015.

The main result of the new integration plan should be the development of a clear system of the dependence of issuing a residence permit on successful integration and knowledge of the German language. Until now, Germany has had a rule according to which persons who have been granted refugee status after 3 years of residence in the country receive a permanent residence permit, regardless of their degree of integration into German society.

In 2017 representatives of the federal states of the Federal Republic of Germany approved the plans of the government of the country to improve the system of expulsion of refugees whose applications for asylum were rejected. This became known after a meeting of regional authorities with the Chancellor of Germany Angela Merkel and her ministers on Thursday, February 9, 2017, in Berlin. In accordance with the proposals of the government, a new law should be developed.

On the eve of the meeting, the government prepared a plan of 16 points, through which the process of deportation should be simplified and speeded up. It was this plan that was discussed with the regional authorities. The key point of the plan is the creation of a single center for supporting the expulsion of refugees. It should be formed in the coming months under the leadership of the Ministry of Internal Affairs. The center will be located in Berlin, and its employees will have to coordinate mass deportations and collect missing documents. The second important step is the creation of federal deportation centers, where refugees who have been denied will be in the last days or weeks before being deported. However, as Merkel said at a press conference after consultations with the federal states, this is a medium-term goal. migration crisis policy germany

At the same time, the government intends to increase financial assistance to those migrants who came to Germany to file a petition for asylum, but changed their mind and are ready to return voluntarily to their homeland. And the earlier this decision is made, the more support they will receive from the German authorities.In response to the Berlin attack, the authorities propose to facilitate the procedure for expulsion of foreigners, which, in the opinion of law enforcement agencies, pose a significant threat to society.

In addition, the Federal Office for Migration and Refugees (BAMF) will receive the right to study mobile phones and information from sim-cards of refugees in order to make sure of their personal data. The Prime Minister of the federal state of Hesse, Volker Bouffier, who participated in the final press conference with Merkel said that this possibility should be used if there is a suspicion of unreliable information. Merkel, in turn, noted that such a right for additional verification is already in the foreign affairs department, and now will appear at BAMF.

3.1 Labour migration in Germany

Soon after the end of the Cold War, Germany once again entered the temporary labor market. Germany's partners in bilateral intergovernmental agreements on hiring workers during this period were mainly the states of Central and Eastern Europe, whose choice was determined, in particular, by Germany's geopolitical and economic interests in developing relations with the countries of the region. The agreements provided for the invitation of the following categories of temporary workers: trainees who are able to improve their qualifications and improve their language skills; Seasonal and contract workers, a temporary residence permit and work that was issued for a period of three months - for seasonal workers and up to two years - for contract workers. As a rule, after agreeing with the employment service, the German company invites a foreign company that attracts and uses its labor as a subcontractor to conclude a contract for a special type of work. Foreign workers are paid a collective wage. Terms of the contract do not allow the entry of family members of workers into the country.

A new stage in the development of the policy of temporary labor immigration in Germany was the introduction in 2000 of the "green card" program, the purpose of which was to attract qualified specialists in the field of information technology. Due to the simplified administrative procedure, the entry visa for work on the "green card" is issued very quickly (within a week after the application is filed). Unlike the American program with the same name, the "green card" in Germany gives the right to stay and work in the country for five years. The condition of participation in the program is higher education (university or polytechnic diploma) or readiness of the employer to pay at least 100 thousand DM. The entry and employment (after one year) in Germany of family members of a specialist is allowed. The quota for the "green card" program is set at 10 thousand people per year, but in the near future it is planned to increase it to 20 thousand. Since the introduction of the "green card" in August 2000 to June 2001, about 8 thousand. Qualified specialists were granted a work permit in Germany. They were selected in accordance with the requirements of a specially developed scoring system for assessing the characteristics of migrants. The largest proportion among them are immigrants from India and the former USSR.

Another channel for temporary immigration for specialists is the system of issuing work permits for up to three years at the invitation of German employers. In 2000, 333,381 such permits were issued. After five years of work, qualified specialists are entitled to apply for a permanent residence permit.

On August 1, 2012, the Blue Card Law (Blaue Karte) was introduced in Germany. The blue EU card is a temporary residence permit for highly qualified specialists from outside the European Union, giving the right to work in a particular EU country - in this case Germany. The main criterion is the availability of a higher education applicant for a demanded profession and a real job offer in the EU. Germany is the country of the European Union, the most active issuer of Blue cards to foreign specialists. Block, A., & Klingert, I. (2012). Zuwanderung von selbstдndigenund freiberuflichen Migranten aus Drittstaaten nach Deutschland. - Immigration of self-employed migrants from third countries to Germany.

Pic 6: Blue Card issued

Requirements for applicants for the Blue Card of the EU in Germany:

- The presence of a complete university education (German or recognized foreign equivalent). Without a completed higher education, it is impossible to get a blue card at the moment *;

- The existence of a signed employment contract or binding job offer from the employer in Germany, confirming that the annual gross salary is at least 49,600 euros (data for 2016, this figure is revised annually). Contracts concluded with temporary employment agencies are not accepted;

- For scientists, mathematicians, engineers, IT specialists and doctors (the so-called MINT profession), the minimum annual gross salary is 38,688 euros (data for 2015). In this case, a formal approval of the Federal Employment Agency is necessary. For those who graduated in Germany, the approval of the employment agency is not required. B Elsner, KF Zimmermann - Labor Migration, EU Enlargement, 2016 Migration 10 years after: EU enlargement, closed borders, and migration to Germany

The list of documents may vary slightly, but the main papers will be as follows: Klaus F. Zimmermann (2012) EU Labor Markets After Post-Enlargement Migration

- completed application form

- passport

- an actual photo for a biometric passport (it is better to check in advance with the requirements for such photos in the German embassy - non-compliant photos are not accepted)

- a document on the completion of a university in Germany or recognition of higher education received outside Germany

- binding job offer or employment contract

- for regulated professions (for example, a doctor) - a license or permission to engage in professional activities

- medical insurance in Germany

- a contract for the rental of housing in Germany (filed already on the spot).

If you are outside Germany, you need to apply to the German embassy in your place of residence. Before submitting an application, you should register for a consultation and find out the full list of necessary documents or check the list on the embassy's website. Carefully study the requirements of the embassy regarding apostils and translation of documents. AW Schmidt-Catran, DC Spies - American Sociological …, 2016 - Immigration and welfare support in Germany

If you already live in Germany and have a residence permit or are eligible for business visa to Germany, the documents are submitted to the local office of the Office for Foreigners.

There are no compulsory language requirements for obtaining the Blue Card. Obviously, you will need to have a good command of either English or German in order to get a job offer. However, there are no compulsory conditions for knowledge of the German language. A Constant, DS Massey - How Labor Migrants Fare, 2004 - Self-selection, earnings, and out-migration: A longitudinal study of immigrants to Germany

In principle, the list of professions, whose representatives can get the Blue Card in Germany, is unlimited. But education must correspond to the proposed position.

If employment contract is concluded for several years, and during this time the minimum necessary gross salary has increased, this will not affect the right to own the Blue Card already received. But if the holder wants to change the employer or to extend Blue card, he will have to get a job offer with a salary that meets the new rules.

If the holder wants to change the employer, then, in addition to the fact that your new salary must comply with the current rules for obtaining the Blue Card, he will need to notify the department about the affairs of foreigners. Also, if the profession is not scarce, approval by the Federal Employment Agency will be required. G. Menz "Useful" migrant workers, refugees and onerous the second wave of cuts in social spending: the relationship between migration and the welfare state The blue card gives the right to visa-free tourist trips within the European Union. The sum should be no more than 90 days per half year.

The holder of the Blue Card may take his or her spouse with him and obtain permission for him / her to reside in Germany, provided that they have already been married at the time of moving. The husband or wife of the holder of the Blue Card will also receive the right to work in Germany. And, of course, the movement of minor children is possible. The application for family reunification is filed at the German embassy by the member of the family who immigrates second.

If the employee applies for the first time to the Blue Card in Germany, it can be issued for up to four years. The validity period of the card is linked to the employment contract. Accordingly, if your employment contract is concluded, for example, for two years, the Blue Card will be valid for two years + 3 months. The blue card, provided that the employment relationship is maintained and the remaining requirements are met, can be extended.

The vast majority of applicants in first half-year of 2016 came from India (22.1 %), China (8.7 %), the Russian Federation (7.9 %), Ukraine (5.3 %) and Syria (4.7 %). B Galgуczi, J Leschke, MA Watt - 2013 EU labour migration since enlargement: Trends, impacts and policies

Pic 7: Blue Card nationalities

In addition, holders of the Blue Card may subsequently obtain a permit for permanent residence in Germany. Permission can be obtained, for example, if the holder worked as a highly-qualified specialist for 33 months and paid mandatory insurance premiums for you. Even faster - after 21 months - you can get a residence permit if you speak German at B1 and above.

Blue Card entitles the holder to obtain a residence permit (temporary residence permit) in Germany for a maximum of 4 years, but with the possibility of extension. After 3 years the holder can get permanent residence (permanent residence permit), and if he has mastered the German language, permanent residence can give after 2 years in Germany. A Ellermann - Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 2015 - Do policy legacies matter? Past and present guest worker recruitment in Germany

To obtain German citizenship it is needed to live in Germany for 8 years. Although it is possible to reduce the period to 6 years, in case of successfully adaption in German society, learned the language, work, etc.

3.2 Acquisition of citizenship in Germany

Conclusions on the chapter

The historical dimension of German migration policy in the seven phases developed a perspective that emphasizes change processes. In addition to the concept of "policy paradigm", the study also looked at the question as to which migration policy can be described as a policy change or a paradigm shift in Germany's migration history, and which prerequisites exist and which influencing factors influence the political process . As a result of the transformation processes it has been shown that the German migration policy since 1945 has undergone extensive reorientations with or without paradigm and policy change. In this context, Schцnwдlder (2006) is able to recognize precisely three or four "comprehensive reorientations" of German migration policy: 1. The enforcement of human rights norms after 1945. 2. The policy change introduced by the recruitment stop in 1973 on the controllability of migration processes with regard to the so- "Guest workers". 3. The paradigm shift to the (incomplete) recognition of dynamic migration processes since German reunification since the 1990s. 4. The change of priorities to the active integration of migrants since the 21st century. J Richardson, S Mazey - 2015 - European Union: power and policy-making

The aim of the German migration policy was and has been the controlled immigration and integration of immigrants already resident in Germany, but also, in some cases, the promotion of return, particularly since the 1990s. Subsequently, the question was asked whether Germany could be called an immigration country. The tendency to immigration control in Germany was actually viewed with the 1973 arrest stop. With regard to the seven phases of German migration policy, the following transformation processes can now be recorded in the migration history:

1. After the end of the Second World War, the first phase (1945-1954) of Germany's migration history began, But there were no effective standards, no comprehensive or systematic migration policy, and no comprehensive policy change, although the "German economic miracle" existed at that time.

2. In the second phase (1955-1973), recruitment policies and guest workers' policy on the one hand led to a comprehensive change in the "policy paradigm", but on the other hand, no long-term policy change regarding immigration processes, as was illustrated above all by the 1973 arrest stop. However, shifts in the political priorities of German migration policy emerged from the 1973 arrest strike, which called for a twenty-year so-called "guest worker" phase.

3. Subsequently, in the third phase (1974-1980), only a partial policy change took place, as important paradigms or hegemonic patterns of interpretation changed in relation to institutionalization, but ultimately they were not implemented in a comprehensive policy change of the bold memorandum.

4. In the fourth phase (1981-1990), only a control and defense paradigm (such as the Return Promotion Act, the introduction of the visa and the "new" Alien Law in 1990) were put into focus, but this ultimately did not lead to a comprehensive policy change , But only led to a partial change.

5. The fifth phase (1991-1997) of the German migration policy showed that it focused particularly on the restrictive asylum policy and, in addition, many restrictive laws (eg the "Kriegsfolgebereineinigungsgesetz (KfbG)" of 1992 and the so-called "Asylkompromiss "Of 1993 as well as amendments to the Aliens Act of 1997), but no consistent, adapted migration policy took place. These laws, which were established in the 1990s, continue to serve as the basis for asylum law in Germany, after they have been extended with further improvements, later by the Immigration Act (ZuWG) 2005 and the amendment of the Immigration Act 2007 (the so-called "EU Directive Implementation Act"). Against this background, however, the fifth phase of German migration policy has been considered as a limited policy change without paradigm shift.

6. In the sixth phase of the German migration policy (1998-2004), a paradigm shift took place to the factual recognition of the immigration country of Germany, as in particular the new nationality law of 2000, i.e. the Ius soli (birthplace principle) and the draft law for the immigration law (ZuWG) In 2005. However, there was a "second-order" policy change in the sense of Peter Halls, in the course of which new interventions were made. There was, however, no major change in political priorities and intervention targets, where the defense of immigration processes is at the top. Therefore, in the sixth phase of German migration policy, despite the paradigm shift, no comprehensive, but only limited, policy change took place.

7. Finally, the seventh phase (2005-2016) of German migration policy can be characterized as an extended commitment to active integration policy, as shown by the National Action Plan for Integration (NAPI). In the course of this seventh phase, and in the context of a partial paradigm shift and policy change, there has been and will be a stimulus for labor migration and controlled immigration, as, for example, the foreseeable introduction of the "EU Blue Card" in the area of ??the highly qualified to a comprehensive policy change, but to a partial policy change with the change of priorities to the active integration of migrant groups. However, the migration crisis that occurred in 2012, which entailed increasing migratory flows from the Middle East, forced the German government to radically reconsider the migration and integration policies.

4. Integration policy and monitoring in Germany

Due to the geographical location of Germany in the heart of Europe throughout history, its culture has always been influenced by immigration and emigration. One of the last powerful waves of immigration was caused either by the voluntary or forced resettlement of the German population from the former eastern territories of Germany, and by the inflow of ethnic Germans from Eastern European countries after World War II. In the 1950's. In the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG) and the German Democratic Republic (GDR), there were 11.5 million refugees from the eastern regions. The local population did not always express a benevolent attitude towards the newly arrived, but, ultimately, it was possible to ensure the successful integration of the latter.

Rapid economic growth in the post-war West Germany caused an ever-growing deficit of unskilled labor in the extractive and manufacturing industries. In this regard, it was decided to use the labor of low-skilled workers from the Mediterranean countries (the so-called "invited workers" (Gastarbeiter)). Initially, the program of recruiting invited employees implied the return of migrants to their homeland after one year of work, which would ensure a continuous rotation of the workforce. However, contrary to the expectations of German politicians, many of the invited workers managed to stay longer than the deadline. The government issued a ban on the recruitment of foreign workers in 1973, according to which foreign workers who left Germany could no longer accept work invitations, provoked a surge in the influx of family members of those migrant workers who were only about to return to their homeland.

According to the OECD classification, West Germany can be considered as one of the "European countries where the postwar influx of labor" was observed. Labor migration also took place in the GDR, where mostly contracted Vietnamese workers came. Given the difference in the historical path of development of Germany and the GDR, to this day there are differences in the ethnic composition of immigrants in Western and Eastern Germany.

In the 1980s. In Western Germany, the share of foreign workers among immigrants declined, while the percentage of so-called ethnic German immigrants, their families and asylum seekers, on the contrary, increased. Early 1990's. First of all, it was marked by so-called immigration on humanitarian grounds. After the liquidation of the Warsaw Treaty Organization, the number of settlers (and their families) increased as the number of asylum seekers increased as a result of military conflicts in the territory of the former Yugoslavia. And only at the turn of the millennium the influx of immigrants slowed.

Since 2009 there has been a significant immigration increase mainly due to visitors from countries that recently joined the EU, for example, Poland, Romania and Bulgaria. In general, they had higher qualifications than representatives of previous waves of migration. Among the most common reasons for this immigration are employment, marriage or family reunification.