At the moment, more and more people are immigrating to Germany in connection with the humanitarian situation. According to the Federal Office for Migration and Refugees, in 2015 about 441,900 people applied for asylum (out of a total of 1.1 million refugees). The main donor countries are Syria, Iraq, Afghanistan, Iran, Albania, Eritrea and Pakistan (primary appeals have been taken into account).

Today almost 9% of Germany's population have foreign citizenship. Of these, 45% are EU citizens. Foreign citizens are representatives of 185 countries. In 2014, foreigners were mostly led by immigrants from Turkey, Poland, Italy, Romania and Greece. Despite the relatively small share of foreigners, the so-called migration past has about 20% of the population. As already noted, different groups of migrants are very different in terms of cultural characteristics, professional qualifications, length of stay, openness to the culture of Germany, the level of German language proficiency, etc. In this regard, there is a big diversity in the levels of integration they need.

Thus, for the most effective integration of migrants into society, it is necessary to develop and apply the most suitable system of integration monitoring. Two main systems will be considered below: the first is applied worldwide, and the second is the result of the development of the German integration policy

4.1 Index of integration MIPEX

4.2 Integration Monitoring System in Germany

The system of social indicators for the implementation of integration monitoring allows you to monitor the progress of integration processes. The chapter considers the basic principles of work and the necessary conditions for constructing an integration monitoring system, as well as the methodological foundations for constructing an indicator system. In addition, references are made to the sources of the data used, available in Germany. Particular attention is paid to the concept of "migratory background ", which allows more clearly define the concept of "migrant". Next, the work describes a German system for monitoring integration at various levels in a federative form of government, in particular in the land of Lower Saxony. Using the example of monitoring in Lower Saxony in 2015, the theoretical conclusions of the study are presented. In conclusion, the author proves that there is a need for further continuous improvement of the monitoring system in Germany.

For many years, Germany was de facto an immigration country, but at the official level this fact was not taken into account properly in the formation of state policy. At the beginning of the XXI century, officially recognized that immigrants constitute a significant part of the population of the country, and the fact that their integration into German society was not always successful. Many migrants, especially invited workers and their children, possessed only basic professional skills that did not meet the needs of the service sector in a developed modern economy. Unlike traditional immigration countries, such as Australia or Canada, which attracted migrants with the necessary professional qualifications, work experience, proven entrepreneurial skills and considerable investment resources, the immigration policy of West Germany stimulated the rapid growth of the share of low-skilled immigrant workers in the total population of the country.

It was against this background that German officials recognized the need for a well-thought-out policy of integration of migrants. Created by the Expert Council of the German Funds for Integration and Migration criticized the existing policy for lack of systematic archive data on integration, and for the lack of regular research in this field. In 2006, the first National Integration Summit was held, designed to develop a bilateral dialogue with migrants (as opposed to a dialogue on migrants). During the summit, the central theme was the discussion of improving the integration policy mechanisms in Germany.

In 2007, at the second Integration Summit, a draft of the National Integration Plan was presented to the general public. The finalization of this document was carried out at all levels of state power - federal, land (regional) and municipal, as well as at the level of civil society and with the participation of the migrant communities themselves. As a result, the model of sustainable development of the integration policy was agreed upon. With regard to the implementation of the approved Plan, it was planned to hold the annual Conference of Ministers of Integration. Separately, the need to accompany the implementation of the concept of integration with appropriate monitoring was noted, as well as the creation of a permanent information accounting system throughout the country. A Geddes, P Scholten - Journal of Comparative Policy Analysis: …, 2015 - Policy analysis and Europeanization: An analysis of EU migrant integration policymaking

The Plan established that the necessary condition for the coherence of the strategy of integration measures is the analysis of the current situation in the historical perspective. Monitoring is carried out with the help of the key statistical indicators obtained in the complex, informing about the current state of affairs in the field of integration of immigrants into the receiving society. In addition, monitoring can be used to assess the achievement of the goals of the integration strategy with a view to improving the effectiveness of integration measures, as well as ensuring the rational use of resources. It is necessary to collect data in a detailed form about groups of people with a migration past in the whole country. It is also necessary to define indicators that determine the rational use of organizational resources, which will allow the creation of an appropriate database with the least cost. In order for the integration monitoring system to be effective, it must be based on the following components presented below.

1. Logic

Monitoring is used to monitor the progress of the integration process using social indicators. Despite the fact that sociological research has been conducted in Germany since the 1970s, the use of their results for the purpose of policy formation has started relatively recently. One of the primary tasks is to understand the context of integration processes, namely, a clear representation of the situation of migrants in the host society.

2. Principles of integration monitoring

When constructing a monitoring system, the following ten principles and recommendations should be observed:

· The number of indicators should be limited in order to achieve a certain degree of simplicity and clarity.

· A high validity of quantitative data is required for monitoring. At the same time, these data should be easily accessible in order to save costs.

· It is necessary to ensure that the indicators are applicable to the target group (s) of immigrants.

· In order to obtain reference values, indicators for groups of migrants and the host society should be different.

· Since integration is a process, it is necessary to build a time series chart to track trends.

· To ensure the possibility of comparing time series, the indicators need to be fixed continuously and consistently. Changes in the wording of questions or options for answers complicate the comparison process.

· Preference should be given to the longitudinal method (the method of "longitudinal slices") as opposed to methods for determining states or levels of development (methods of "cross sections").

· While the emphasis is on the principles of continuity and consistency, the monitoring system should be flexible enough to include new indicators or subject areas in accordance with public administration objectives.

· The results of the research should be provided in the simplest, understandable form, in order to be accessible to a wide range of users who do not know the scientific methodology.

· The process of integration may not be the same in different subgroups, so monitoring results will be more significant if additional research is conducted, taking into account, for example, characteristics such as age, gender, ethnicity.

3. Choice of indicators M Kontos - Contesting Integration, Engendering Migration, 2014 - Restrictive integration policies and the construction of the migrant as 'Unwilling to Integrate': The case of Germany

According to the definition of the European Commission, integration means "a dynamic bilateral process of mutual adaptation of immigrants and the population of EU member states". This means that integration should be sought not only by immigrants themselves, but also by the population, institutions and bodies of state power in the host country. In general, integration is a highly complex multi-component process. For the most part, the theoretical foundations of integration monitoring are still insufficiently developed. In the federal state adheres to the concept that the tasks of this monitoring include the decomposition of a complex integration process into a number of constituent elements and tracing the links of these elements with measurable indicators.

Table 7: components of integration

In Lower Saxony, the structural component of integration is highlighted (i.e. access to the basic benefits of the host society, for example, to the education system, the labor market and health services), the social component (social status, intermarriage and social ties, membership in associations), cultural component (Level of language proficiency in the host country, attitude to religion, moral views) and, finally, an identification component (i.e. a sense of belonging to a place of residence, region, one or two nations). Inside immigration law. Migration management and policy application in Germany, by Tobias G. Eule - 2015 - Taylor & Francis

Each component refers to its subject area, where decisions are made on a certain range of issues (for example, access to education, learning outcomes, health care, language proficiency, or sense of belonging). The indicators are chosen on the basis that the subject areas can only be described, but not measured. In order to describe the situation of immigrants, several indicators are identified in the subject area, which are determined by one or more statistical parameters. In this context, the coefficients of interdependence within the quota sample play an important role, which allows determining the proportions (proportions) of these individuals in the total population of the country. It must also be taken into account that the quality of individual indicators may vary. This is primarily due to the fact that some indicators are based on more reliable data than others. For example, indicators of the structural component of integration have, as a rule, high reliability in Germany. In most cases, the parameters are clear and the data is easy to get, since they are often contained in the database of official statistics. On the contrary, self-assessment indicators are often built on point (single) surveys and always contain some error and inaccuracy. Kцln: Welche Straftaten wurden von wembegangen? // ZDF Heute. - 01.05.2016.

4. Data sources

The main database of the National Integration Monitoring is the population micro-census. Which is carried out by the Federal Bureau of Statistics of Germany and the Departments of Statistics of Federal Lands since 1957. The micro-census is an annual representative, multi-purpose sample study: the sample size is one percent of Germany's population (about 800,000 respondents). The census contains statistical information on the population structure, social and economic situation, educational level, families and households, employment and housing conditions of households. Since 2005, it has become possible to sort these data by such criteria as ethnicity or migratory past of respondents. The micro-census allows you to obtain quality statistical data. It is mandatory, which ensures a high level of participation of the population. When monitoring is carried out, the following sources are additionally used as sources of information: PH O'Neil, K Fields - 2015 - Cases in Comparative Politics

* migration statistics;

* Central Register of Foreigners;

* statistical data on naturalization;

* statistics on the social situation of children and youth;

* Statistics on school students;

* statistics of students in universities;

* statistics on students of vocational schools and technical schools;

* unemployment statistics;

* Police records of crimes;

* Justice records.

In the land of Lower Saxony, the German socio-economic panel survey of the population (SOEP) is also used. It is an annual survey, developed in 1984 by the German Institute of Economic Research in Berlin. In 2013, about 15,000 households were interviewed (a total sample of approximately 30,000 people). Along with a set of standard questions in relevant subject areas such as household composition, career, family biography, labor force participation, occupational mobility, income structure, health status and life satisfaction, the questionnaires also include specific blocks of questions in the subject areas of research that can Change from year to year. Unlike all the above sources of data, SOEP provides information not only on cultural, social and identity integration, but also on ethno-cultural diversity. However, in view of the sample size in the federal states, SOEP data can only rarely be used for analysis at the federal level. Friedrich Heckmann Understanding the Creation of Public Consensus: Migration and Integration in Germany, 2005 to 2015

5. The concept of "migration background" KJ Bade, M Weiner - 2001 - Migration past, migration future: Germany and the United States

The main problem of statistical analysis of integration is the difficulty of obtaining data on migrants. In most studies, the division of population groups is based on citizenship. This approach was worthwhile at the stage of the first sociological research, but for a number of reasons the accuracy of the data obtained is increasingly decreasing. Let's give some examples. Many Germans went through immigration, but on the basis that they have German roots, they are not classified as immigrants. Or children born in Germany to foreign families and having German citizenship may not speak German well, and therefore they need additional support for inclusion in the integration process. In addition, the definition of citizenship ceases to be informative in a situation where data on ethno-cultural diversity in society are increasingly in demand. In order to take into account the above factors, the population micro-census and other studies today use a more extensive concept of "migration background ", interpreting it as broadly as possible. In this case, there are various definitions of the "migration background ". As a rule, it is considered that a person has a "migration background ", if through immigration himself, his parents or their parents passed after 1949.

However, when collecting statistical data on pre-school institutions and schools, a different approach is used. The statistics of the social situation of children and young people primarily take into account the status of parents (their citizenship); This shows whether the child has a migration past. Then comes the question of "the main language of communication in the family" (German / another language). Within the framework of statistics on school institutions, the migration past is characterized by three characteristics: the main language of communication in the family, the country of birth and the presence of citizenship. This does not take into account the experience of immigration with parents. Aybek, C. M., von Gostomski, C. B., Rьhl, S., & StraЯburger, G. (2013). Heiratsmigration

The difference in definitions of the concept of "migratory background" should be taken into account when interpreting the results of monitoring in Germany, as these variations disrupt the homogeneity of the data obtained within the framework of ongoing research. Therefore, in the future, the development of the system of state statistics will require the approval of a single generally accepted definition.

4.2.1 Organization of the monitoring system

Following the National Integration Plan, the Federal Government published in 2008 the first report on integration monitoring. Its purpose was to check the quality and reliability of information on the order of 100 indicators describing the migrants' life situation. The report consists of three sections. The first section is devoted to the description of indicators, the second contains in-depth analysis of the situation in the field of education, vocational training, employment, poverty, social activity and health through multiple regression methods. The final section outlines recommendations for further improvement of integration indicators.

In 2012, the second report was released. This time the number of indicators decreased to almost 60. Statistical analysis showed that a significant part of the differences in living conditions due to the presence of the migration past or the absence of the latter can be explained by inequality in social origin or with different skill levels. The Conference of Ministers of Integration organized a working group on improving indicators and monitoring, to which all federal states could join. The group was called upon to find a consensus on the indicators used, to evaluate available data sources and to prepare reports on integration monitoring. The first report on the National Integration Monitoring was presented during the Ministerial Conference in 2011 and contained comparative data for 2005 and 2008. Reports with updated data were released in 2013 and 2015. These reports use about 40 indicators tested during the pilot study. Indicators are aimed at describing the following subject areas: characteristics of migrants, legal integration, German language proficiency, pre-school attendance by children, education, labor market, livelihoods, health, housing conditions, offenses and openness to other cultures. Particular attention is paid to informative indicators, empirical validity and methodology.

The indicators are calculated on the basis of data from the above sources and cover a period of several years. If possible, the data is structured by sex, age and country of origin, then tables are created based on the data that are available for viewing on the Internet.

The issue of holding a federal government rating on the implementation of the integration policy has been intentionally excluded from the purposes of the National Integration Monitoring. There are serious differences between groups of migrants depending on their social origin and urbanization and Rural areas - especially between West and East Germany. National integration monitoring provides a model on the basis of which each federal state can organize its own monitoring. However, only a few federal states (Hesse, North Rhine-Westphalia, Lower Saxony, Baden-Wьrttemberg) have used this opportunity so far. S Erlanger - The New York Times, 2015 - Migrant Crisis Gives Germany Familiar Role in Another European Drama

Cities and municipalities also play an important role in the implementation of the integration policy (the slogan " Integration takes place at the local level ") is widely distributed. Therefore, the National Integration Plan assumes a broad introduction of the system of integration monitoring. To date, the monitoring system operates in many major cities (for example, in Frankfurt, Stuttgart, Munich, Hanover). Cities and municipalities are forced to rely on data sources other than those obtained at the federal and regional levels. Although they cannot use the micro-census data because of the sample size, local civil registration offices have useful data on the local population. At the city level, it is necessary to develop their methods of data collection, not being able to use micro-censuses to establish the proportion of the population with a migration past. During the past few years, special software MigraPro has been used to analyze the registration data (place of birth, type of citizenship). It is important to note here that this analysis requires strict information protection rules. R Brubaker - Ethnic and racial studies, 2001 - The return of assimilation? Changing perspectives on immigration and its sequels in France, Germany, and the United States

Taking into account the fact that the development of the basic, so-called "Zaragoza" indicators of integration of migrants was also carried out at the EU level, this concept can be considered as a framework for the monitoring system in Germany. The "Zaragoza indicators" relate to several related political spheres, namely, employment, education, social inclusion and active citizenship, and are also included in the monitoring system in Germany. These indicators are expected to increase the level of comparative studies of national practices and promote mutual exchange of experience between EU member states. SM Holmes, H Castaneda - American Ethnologist, 2016 - Representing the “European refugee crisis” in Germany and beyond: Deservingness and difference, life and death

The integrated monitoring of the land of Lower Saxony was updated in 2015, and currently contains 50 indicators. Here presented the basic indicators used in the study of the main subject areas in Germany - demography, education and employment.

· Education

In Germany, the results of schooling have a significant impact on all subsequent education and, consequently, on the ability to compete in the labor market. Indicator B4 (completion rate of the educational institution) shows the proportion of students who received the documents on school education at the end of educational institutions, and indicates the presence of serious differences between students with MB and without MB. L Basilio, TK Bauer, A Kramer - 2014 - Transferability of human capital and immigrant assimilation: An analysis for Germany

Pic 12: Completion rate of the educational institution

According to data for 2014, a higher percentage of students with MBs compared with those without a MB finish schooling without a diploma (4.5 and 1.7% respectively), or with a general education diploma (26 and 14% respectively). Less students with MP than students without MP (22.7 and 44.8%, respectively) receive diplomas for full school education, which gives them the right to study in higher education.

In the period from 2005 to 2014 there was a tendency to improve the educational outcomes of students with MB. However, significant differences between the two groups persist to this day, which is directly related to the unfavorable socio-economic situation of many migrants. It is remarkable that in both groups women demonstrate better educational results than men.

· Employment and unemployment rates

The most important role in the process of integration of migrants is attached to the provision of productive employment. Work is a source of income, and it also provides opportunities for interaction with the host society. Indicator shows the proportion of the productive working population of working age (15-65 years).

Pic 13: productive working population

Among the representatives of this group, the proportion of people with MB is lower than without MB (66% vs. 76.4%, respectively). Since 2005, due to the positive dynamics of Germany's economic development, there has been an increase in the size of both groups. Of particular concern is the very low percentage of employment of women with MB. We also know that this indicator varies depending on the country of origin. The level of unemployment among foreign citizens is kept at a higher level than the national average (this is typical for the whole of Germany). The main reason lies in the lower education indicators in the representatives of this group. However, in the period from 2006 to 2014 both groups had a positive trend. Unemployment among foreign citizens decreased from 22 to 14.9%, among Germans - from 8.5 to 5.5%. In the last two years, this indicator has remained stable. T Bauer, B Dietz, KF Zimmermann (2010) German migration: Development, assimilation, and labour market effects

· Indicators of poverty

Poverty affects various spheres of life. This indicator reflects the percentage of people below the poverty threshold. This group includes all those whose income is less than 60% of the average income level of the population. Thus, the indicator allows to determine the inequality in the incomes of certain population groups; The measurement includes a comparison of the total income of the population.

Pic 14: Poverty threshold

Persons with MB are much more exposed to high risks of poverty, unlike those who do not have MB (28.9 and 11.4% respectively). Women are more likely than men to face the threat of poverty (this is not shown in the diagram). The poverty risk indicator reflects the employment situation and correlates with the level of income. M Koenig - After Integration, 2015 - Incorporating Muslim migrants in Western nation states--a comparison of the United Kingdom, France, and Germany

· The level of subjective well-being

The feeling of inner comfort (subjective well-being) is considered as one of the indicators used in describing the identification component. Data for indicator (degree of internal comfort) were obtained from two representative studies conducted by independent institutions.

Pic 15: level of subjective well-being

In the course of the survey, the respondents were asked: "How comfortable are you feeling?" 96% of respondents with MB and 95% without MB chose the answer "very comfortable" or "generally comfortable".

Conclusions on the chapter

In this chapter, emphasis was placed on the integration policy of Germany. Two systems of indexing the integration of migrants were analyzed. MIPEX is an established international system of indexes, which includes more than 50 indexes and 38 countries. On the basis of the indices for each country is a diagram-heptagon, based on which the recommendations for the integration policy are derived, as well as the rating of countries for a favorable level of integration. Does the MIPEX index give a full assessment of the migration policy in the field of integration? The developers do not pretend to this, stipulating that the legislative base is not all politics, but its inalienable and extremely important component. In other words, the legislation rather creates a platform, sets the conditions for integration, so MIPEX cannot assess the effectiveness of migration policy in the field of integration, and in this sense the issue remains largely open. Nevertheless, the MIPEX index does not give a complete and clear picture of how the integration policy of Germany has changed after the migration crisis due to a rare update of the database, therefore, this indexing system cannot be called perfect.

Another presented system is the German integration system. This system consists of indixes, the value and number of which varies depending on the region. The research region of Germany is Lower Saxony. The introduction of the system of integration monitoring is an important step towards the development of sociological research in Germany, on the basis of which significant recommendations are being drawn up for the implementation of political activity and public administration. This system can be viewed as one of the stages of the "catch-up modernization" that is gaining momentum in the field of integration policy of Germany. The results of the monitoring indicate tangible progress in this area.

However, a number of issues remain unresolved. Some experts believe that the interpretation of the concept of "integration", approved by the European Commission, does not meet modern realities, since it does not take into account ethno-cultural diversity. In addition, there is no single right way to achieve integration; In German society, many different integration models can be observed. The definition and use of the term "migration background" is also criticized, since it points to the need to implement integration measures that are not foreseen for certain groups of the population. Other experts disagree about the possibility to sufficiently take into account social factors, such as the social class or the environment, and take into account the subjective opinion of the migrants themselves. Finally, it should be remembered that one of the strongest aspects of the monitoring system is its continuity and consistency. Therefore, any changes should always be made only after careful analysis and in accordance with these principles.

Conclusion

Since second world war Germany was considered as a country for migrants, where more than 15 percent of the 80 million people living are foreigners. Millions of so-called guest workers arrived during the economic boom between 1955 and the beginning of the 1970s. In the 1980s, Germany began to pay great attention to humanitarian migrants who came from Bulgaria, Romania and Yugoslavia. Germany had to introduce stricter policies and strengthen the selection of migrants. It can be seen how this tightening, as well as the end of the Balkan conflict, led to a sharp decrease in the number of migrants.

Since 2012, more than one million refugees from the Middle East have come to Germany every year. The reason for this was 2 factors - liberalized laws on the granting of a citizen and because of the escalation of conflicts in the area of the Midle East. In 2015, a record half of the million requests for asylum was sent to Germany, which is 10 times more than in 2010.

According to Eurostat, in 2016 the most requests for asylum came from the citizens of Syria, Iraq and Afghanistan. In 2015 residents from Albania and Kosovo were also one of the major contributors to the number of asylum seekers. However currently, in 2016 Germany included these countries in the list of safe ones, meaning that residents of these countries cannot apply for asylum in Germany. Thus, getting a huge number of workers from third world countries, Germany also loses its nationality in the labor market. The Germans, in view of the increased competition due to the low labor costs of visitors, are forced to emigrate to other countries in search of work. This leads to an increasing wave of mass emigration from Germany.

So, Germany now has two main tasks - to significantly reduce the number of arriving migrants, as well as to create a full-fledged integration monitoring system in order to maintain the assimilation of migrants at the proper level. So, there are two independent systems of integration monitoring. The Mipex platform has wide accessibility and clarity even to those who do not understand all aspects of integration policy. It has a wide range of indicators, and also on their basis displays a general score on integration policy, which allows to make a comparative analysis for a number of countries. Also, after the recommendations for the countries are given taking into account their specificity. But however it is very hard to collect information for the whole country and the data may not reflect the reality.

As for national integration monitoring system is can be said that all the data presented in the report is much truthworth cause of using micro-census for the each region separately. Also it is important to note that The definition and use of the term "migration background" is also criticized, since it points to the need to implement integration measures that are not foreseen for certain groups of the population. Other experts disagree about the possibility to sufficiently take into account social factors, such as the social class or the environment, and take into account the subjective opinion of the migrants themselves. Some experts believe that the interpretation of the concept of "integration", does not meet modern realities, since it does not take into account ethno-cultural diversity. Nevertheless, the index system as well as mipex does not give a complete and clear picture of how the integration policy of Germany has changed after the migration crisis due to a rare update of the database, therefore, this indexing system cannot be called perfect. The introduction of the system of integration monitoring is an important step towards the development of sociological research in Germany, on the basis of which significant recommendations are being drawn up for the implementation of political activity and public administration.

It can be concluded that the vision of the entire world community is directed at Germany. The fate of the whole country depends on the decisions of the government, because Germany needs to retain the status of a country that is happy to accept the one who is in trouble, and on the other hand, it is necessary to preserve the nationality, culture and positive attitude in society. To do this, a huge part of attention is directed to the policy of integration of future Germans. Germany needs to create a system that allows to assimilate visitors in all aspects, as well as assess the effectiveness of their integration. Only then will it be possible to link dozens of nationalities in one country without compromising the views of all the participants.

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