Comparative analysis of companies’ usage of the "green brands" strategy in the markets of Brazil, Russia, India, and China
Theoretical basis of "green" marketing. Marketing evolution into "green" marketing. Difference between definitions. Cross-cultural comparison. Empirical research on BRIC countries: Brazil, Russia, India, China. Statistics. "Green brands" strategy review.
| Ðóáðèêà | Ìåíåäæìåíò è òðóäîâûå îòíîøåíèÿ |
| Âèä | äèïëîìíàÿ ðàáîòà |
| ßçûê | àíãëèéñêèé |
| Äàòà äîáàâëåíèÿ | 02.09.2018 |
| Ðàçìåð ôàéëà | 2,4 M |
Îòïðàâèòü ñâîþ õîðîøóþ ðàáîòó â áàçó çíàíèé ïðîñòî. Èñïîëüçóéòå ôîðìó, ðàñïîëîæåííóþ íèæå
Ñòóäåíòû, àñïèðàíòû, ìîëîäûå ó÷åíûå, èñïîëüçóþùèå áàçó çíàíèé â ñâîåé ó÷åáå è ðàáîòå, áóäóò âàì î÷åíü áëàãîäàðíû.
1
Food processing
9
“Ultrapar Participacoes”
1
2016
1
Conglomerate
10
“Cielo”
1
2014
0
Financial services
11
“Braskem”
1
2017
1
Chemical
12
“BRF”
1
2016
1
Food processing
13
“Sabesp”
1
2017
1
Waste management
14
“Oi”
1
2016
1
Telecommunications
15
“Metalurgica Gerdau”
1
2016
1
Iron & Steel
16
“Companhia Brasileira de Distribuicao”
1
2016
1
Retail
17
“CCR”
1
2016
1
Transportation
18
“B3”
1
2016
1
Stock Exchange
19
“CPFL Energia”
1
2016
1
Electricity
20
“Kroton Educacional”
1
2016
1
Higher education
21
“AES Electropaulo”
1
2016
1
Electricity & Power generation
22
“AmBev”
1
2016
1
Food processing
23
“America Latina Logisctica”
1
2016
1
Logistics
24
“Andrade Gutierrez”
1
2016
1
Construction
25
“B2W”
1
2017
0
E-commerce
26
“Banco Nossa Caixa”
1
2017
0
Banking
27
“Klabin”
1
2016
1
Pulp production
28
“Banrisul”
1
2016
1
Banking
29
“BM&F Bovespa”
1
2017
0
Stock exchange
30
“Bradespar”
1
2017
0
Investment
31
“Gol Transportes Aereos”
1
2016
1
Aviation
32
“Brazil Hospitality Group”
1
2016
1
Tourism
33
“Camargo Correa”
1
2016
1
Conglomerate
34
“Lojas Americanas”
1
2016
1
Clothing retail
35
“Cedae”
1
2016
1
Waterworks
36
“Light S.A.”
1
2016
1
Electricity
37
“Cia. Hering”
1
2016
0
Clothing retail
38
“IGB Electronica”
1
2016
1
E-commerce
39
“Estrela”
1
2016
1
Toys manufacturing
40
“Natura”
1
2017
1
Cosmetics
41
“Gafisa”
1
2016
1
Construction
42
“Banestes”
1
2017
0
Banking
43
“Redecard”
1
2016
0
E-payment
44
“Itau Unibanco”
1
2016
1
Banking
45
“Taurus”
1
2016
0
Arms production
46
“Fibria”
1
2016
1
Pulp production
47
“Rio de Janeiro Metro”
1
2016
1
Metropolitan
48
“Brasil Telecom”
1
2017
1
Telecommunications
49
“Duratex”
1
2016
1
Wood manufacturing
50
“CEMIG”
1
2016
1
Electricity & Power generation
50 biggest companies disclosed their Annual Reports. 13 of them published the results of 2017 financial year (FY), 36 - the results of 2016 FY, and one - the results of 2014 FY. 41 companies communicated on CSR. Out of 9 companies without a CSR report, 6 are related to financial industry (banking, investment, stock exchange, e-payment), 2 - to retail (retail, e-commerce), 1 - to arms production.
Pie chart 1 - Brazilian companies without a CSR report
50% of Brazilian firms on the list are working in industries, which bring the most harm to the environment: oil & gas, chemical, iron & steel, electricity & power generation, mining, construction etc. They are obliged to follow a series of eco-legislations, but, moreover, try to do extra for nature and the community. However, it can also be classed this as “greenwashing”.
B1 Companies are numerated for convenience - “Vale” In more detail: http://www.vale.com
“Vale” publishes a separate sustainability report, which showcases company's commitment to compensate its impact on the environment.
In 2017 “Vale” went through environmental licensing procedure and developed an Environmental Manual. Company's environmental compensation included:
· Spending approximately US$ 130 million on the program;
· Creating 19 Private Reserves of Natural Patrimony;
· Planting more that 140 thousand seeding;
· Preserving 5 km2 of Archaeological Heritage;
· Restoring 13 km2 of Atlantic Forest areas;
· Creating a 200 km2 National Park.
B2 - “Petrobras” In more detail: http://www.petrobras.com.br/en/
The company decreases its impact on eco-system through reducing hazardous solid waste, wastewater and GHG emissions. It also implements certain technological procedures, which help with cutting the number of leaks and saving some fauna and flora.
B3 - “Electrobras” In more detail: http://eletrobras.com/Paginas/default.aspx
The company applies an environmental management system (based on Environmental Policy and supervised by Environmental committee) to keep track of how their business affects the environment. They reduce water, energy, power consumption, and GHG emissions.
Picture 3 - “Electrobras” Sox and Nox emissions Source: “Electrobras” Annual Report 2016
Moreover, in 2012 “Electrobras” made a public commitment to transition to low-carbon, “green” economy. The company identifies the risks concerning climate change and adopts measures to minimize them.
B4 - “Ultrapar Participacoes” In more detail: http://www.ultra.com.br
All brands of the conglomerate implement similar practices of eco-efficiency: they reduce water, energy, and power consumption.
Company's eco-efficient Service Stations use LED illumination, natural light, window film and harvest rainwater. They are also transitioning to only working with sustainable firms and provide advisory services for their partners on how to become eco-efficient.
B5 - “Braskem” In more detail: https://www.braskem.com.br
The company released a Manifesto on Climate Change. They are committed to reducing GHG emissions by applying modern technologies, using renewable raw materials, and promoting the development of “green” brands. “Braskem” also stresses that the government should prioritize sustainable business initiatives and tighten environmental legislations.
B6 - “JBS” In more detail: https://jbs.com.br/en/
A quarter of company's Annual Report is dedicated to its impact on nature. “JBS” implements best practices in animal welfare and makes them the key of its business strategy. The company also focuses on using renewable or biodegradable packaging materials. It promotes reforestation, optimizes logistics to reduce travel distances, and improves its energy and water efficiency.
Every year “JBS” expands its transparency policy and participates in global environmental initiatives.
B7 - “BRF” In more detail: https://www.brf-global.com
The company has an entire section on corporate responsibility on its website, the majority of which is dedicated to nature preservation. They implemented an Environmental Policy, which is aimed to carry out a consistent evaluation of ecological footprint and prioritize eco-efficiency; and a “BRF Volunteer program” for employees, so they can promote the importance of recycling and thoughtful consumption to the community.
“BRF” is concerned about climate change and adopted biomass-driven boilers to reduce GHG emissions. On top of that, the company decreases the consumption of water and energy. 93,2% of electricity was renewable in 2016.
The banking system plays one of the main roles in social and economical development of the nation. It can create jobs, encourage entrepreneurs, support businesses, but it can also have a negative footprint on the environment, such as waste generation and CO2 emissions. This is which mitigation commitment some Brazilian banks are taking.
B8 - “Banco do Brasil” In more detail: http://www.bb.com.br/pbb/
The bank has an Environmental Management System (EMS), which organizes and controls environmental footprint of the organization. It coordinates Eco-efficiency program (rational water, energy, and paper consumption, selective waste management, cartridge and toner reconditioning) and sets of “green” IT initiatives.
The bank stresses that it operates under Environmental Guidelines (forest and biodiversity, water, climate change, electric power, mining, transportation etc.) It also supports “ABC program” on GHG emission reduction and combating deforestation.
B9 - “Itau Unibanco Holding” In more detail: https://www.itau.com.br
Brazil's largest bank is deeply concerned about nature preservation and heavily promotes its eco-activities to the public. 10% of their Annual Report is dedicated to the ways the bank reduces its bad impact on the environment through cutting energy, water, paper, and electricity consumption, as well as setting even more ambitious eco-goals for the future.
Picture 4 - “Itau Unibanco Holding” eco-performance Source: “Itau Unibanco Holding” Annual Report 2017
The bank also donates 30% of their management fees to support 9 projects developing initiatives, related to forest restoration, waste management, sustainable agriculture, and climate change.
Another indicator of bank's “green” branding is their special “Environmental & Social Form”, which both private and corporate clients have to fill out in order to be approved to get a loan from “Itau Unibanco Holding”. However, few sectors are restricted from credit granting: extraction of woods from native forests, fishing, slaughterhouses, and manufacturing of firearms.
B10 - “Banco Bradesco” In more detail: https://banco.bradesco
The bank has a separate website dedicated to its sustainability policy, which includes contribution to society's ecological and social needs. “Bradesco” is making its transition to “green”, low-carbon economy. They created an eco-efficiency plan on water, electricity, paper usage, and greenhouse gas emissions reduction. The bank has been participating in “Carbon Disclosure Project” about climate change since 2008. They also launched a number of environmental products to decrease their indirect impact on nature.
Picture 5 - “Banco Bradesco” environmental products Source: “Banco Bradesko” Annual Report 2017
Reviewed companies implement “green brands” strategy in their business agendas, which creates real additional value to their customers. It is more noticeable in food processing and banking industries, even though the latter is not obliged to commit to specific environmental legislations. Harmful industries, however, give back to nature far less, than they take.
Overall, Brazilian companies set very high standards in communicating on CSR. The majority of firms are trying to make a positive impact on the environment, as well as invest in their future through being “green”. Jay Levinson and Shel Horowitz stressed in their study that being eco-friendly is very profitable for a company in a long run. In more detail: J. Levinson, S. Horowitz “Guerrilla marketing goes “green”: winning strategies to improve your profits and your planet”
2.2 Russia
The following table is formed based on “Expert RA” rating of 600 largest Russian companies. Source: https://raexpert.ru/ratings/expert400/2017 27 of these made the “Forbes 2017 Global 2000” list.
Table 9 - Russia
|
Company |
Annual Report |
The year of last published AR |
CSR |
Industry |
||
|
1 |
“Gazprom” |
1 |
2016 |
1 |
Oil & Gas |
|
|
2 |
“Lukoil” |
1 |
2016 |
1 |
Oil & Gas |
|
|
3 |
“Rosneft” |
1 |
2016 |
1 |
Oil & Gas |
|
|
4 |
“Sberbank” |
1 |
2017 |
1 |
Banking |
|
|
5 |
“RZD” |
1 |
2016 |
0 |
Transport & Logistics |
|
|
6 |
“Rostec” |
1 |
2016 |
0 |
Engineering |
|
|
7 |
“Bank VTB” |
1 |
2016 |
1 |
Banking |
|
|
8 |
“Magnit” |
1 |
2016 |
1 |
Retail |
|
|
9 |
“X5 Retail Group” |
1 |
2017 |
1 |
Retail |
|
|
10 |
“Surgutneftegas” |
1 |
2016 |
1 |
Oil & Gas |
|
|
11 |
“Rosseti” |
1 |
2016 |
1 |
Electricity & Power generation |
|
|
12 |
“Inter RAO” |
1 |
2016 |
1 |
Power generation |
|
|
13 |
“Rosatom” |
1 |
2016 |
1 |
Conglomerate |
|
|
14 |
Transneft |
1 |
2016 |
1 |
Oil & Gas |
|
|
15 |
“Sistema” |
1 |
2016 |
1 |
Telecommunications |
|
|
16 |
“Megapolis” |
1 |
2016 |
1 |
Retail |
|
|
17 |
“Tatneft” |
1 |
2016 |
1 |
Oil & Gas |
|
|
18 |
“Nornikel” |
1 |
2016 |
1 |
Non-ferrous metals |
|
|
19 |
“NOVATEC” |
1 |
2016 |
1 |
Oil & Gas |
|
|
20 |
“Rusal” |
1 |
2016 |
1 |
Non-ferrous metals |
|
|
21 |
“EVRAZ” |
1 |
2016 |
1 |
Iron & Steel |
|
|
22 |
“NLMK” |
1 |
2016 |
1 |
Iron & Steel |
|
|
23 |
“Aeroflot” |
1 |
2016 |
1 |
Transportation & Logistics |
|
|
24 |
“UAC” |
1 |
2016 |
1 |
Engineering |
|
|
25 |
“SIBUR Holding” |
1 |
2016 |
1 |
Chemical & Petrochemical |
|
|
26 |
“Gazprombank” |
1 |
2016 |
1 |
Banking |
|
|
27 |
“Severstal” |
1 |
2016 |
1 |
Iron & Steel |
|
|
28 |
“RusHydro” |
1 |
2016 |
1 |
Electricity & Power generation |
|
|
29 |
“MMK” |
1 |
2016 |
1 |
Iron & Steel |
|
|
30 |
“UGMK” |
1 |
2016 |
1 |
Non-ferrous metals |
|
|
31 |
“Vimpelcom” |
1 |
2016 |
1 |
Telecommunications |
|
|
32 |
“Auñhan” |
1 |
2016 |
0 |
Retail |
|
|
33 |
“T Plus” |
1 |
2016 |
1 |
Electricity & Power generation |
|
|
34 |
“ALROSA” |
1 |
2016 |
1 |
Precious metals |
|
|
35 |
“MegaFon” |
1 |
2016 |
1 |
Telecommunications |
|
|
36 |
“DIKSI Group” |
1 |
2015 |
0 |
Retail |
|
|
37 |
“Lenta” |
1 |
2017 |
1 |
Retail |
|
|
38 |
“Sachalin Energy” |
1 |
2016 |
1 |
Oil & Gas |
|
|
39 |
“OSK” |
1 |
2016 |
1 |
Engineering |
|
|
40 |
“Rostelecom” |
1 |
2016 |
1 |
Telecommunications |
|
|
41 |
“EuroChem” |
1 |
2016 |
1 |
Chemical & Petrochemical |
|
|
42 |
“Metalloinvest” |
1 |
2016 |
1 |
Iron & Steel |
|
|
43 |
“Toyota Motor” |
1 |
2016 |
1 |
Wholesale |
|
|
44 |
“Mechel” |
1 |
2016 |
1 |
Iron & Steel |
|
|
45 |
«JTI Russia» |
1 |
2016 |
1 |
Tobacco |
|
|
46 |
“Philip Morris Sails & Marketing” |
1 |
2016 |
1 |
Tobacco |
|
|
47 |
“Metro Cash & Carry” |
0 |
- |
0 |
Retail |
|
|
48 |
“SUEK” |
1 |
2016 |
1 |
Mining |
|
|
49 |
“RSHB” |
1 |
2016 |
1 |
Banking |
|
|
50 |
“Alpha-bank” |
1 |
2017 |
1 |
Banking |
49 companies disclosed their Annual Reports (“Metro Cash & Carry” only published brief financial results on their website). 3 of them published the results of 2017 financial year (FY), 45 - the results of 2016 FY, and one - the results of 2015 FY. 45 companies communicated on CSR. Out of 5 companies without a CSR report, 3 are related to retail, 1 - to transport & logistics, and 1 - to engineering.
Pie chart 2 - Russian companies without a CSR report
54% of Russian firms on the list are working in harmful to the environment industries: oil & gas, chemical & petrochemical, iron & steel, non-ferrous metals, electricity & power generation etc. The rest of them are related to banking, telecommunications, and retail.
R1 Companies are numerated for convenience - “Gazprom” In more detail: www.gazprom.ru/
“Gazprom” releases a separate report on ecological corporate responsibility. The company has five ecological management committees, which develop, review, and implement Ecological Policy, then monitor its compliance. Every project goes through ecological evaluation before being launched in order to prevent negative impact.
Among company's other goals, which they implement in their overall strategy, there are ecological goals:
· Reducing GHG emissions;
· Toxic waste management;
· Decreasing excess water and energy consumption.
“Gazprom” spent 34 billion rubles on rational use of nature resources in 2016.
R2 - “Lukoil” In more detail: www.lukoil.ru/
“Lukoil” participates in the “Carbon Disclosure Project” and publishes data on GHG emissions. It also supports Russia's initiatives on the reduction of air pollution. “Lukoil” rationally uses water and utilizes some of solid waste.
The company tries to be eco-efficient through using own electro generation, implementing converter-fed motors and energy-saving pumps.
“Lukoil” spent 53 billion dollars on nature preservation in 2016.
R3 - “Rosneft” In more detail: https://www.rosneft.ru/
The company publishes a separate report on corporate sustainability. “Rosneft” integrates eco-efficiency into corporate policy. The company applies innovative eco-efficient technologies in its production cycles, reduces natural resources consumption, and manages the risks of making a negative impact on the environment.
R4 - “Surgutneftegas” In more detail: https://www.surgutneftegas.ru/
Company's “Ecology” program realizes a number of actions:
· Increasing the level of ecological safety, preventing and liquidating incidents;
· Air protection;
· Rational usage of land, water resources and its further restoring;
· Safe management of toxic waste;
· Environmental monitoring.
R5 - “Rosseti” In more detail: www.rosseti.ru/
The company considers minimizing negative impact on ecology to be a significant part of its business. Company's Ecological policy includes increasing the number of eco-cars in their motor pool, recycling transformer oil, setting 15 000 bird-protecting devices. “Rosseti” is also planning to construct transmission lines above tree canopy to minimize deforestation.
The company spent 457 million rubles on nature preserving activities in 2016.
R6 - “Inter RAO” In more detail: https://www.interrao.ru/
The company publishes a separate report on ecological responsibility. Among the standard activities on waste management, the reduction of water and energy consumption, “Inter RAO” also combats noise pollution and performs the withdrawing of old ecologically ineffective equipment.
The company spent 2 billion rubles on the environment in 2016.
R7 - “Sberbank” In more detail: https://www.sberbank.ru/
Company's ecological impact management is based on minimizing negative influence on the environment. Their “green office” concept is a representation of “green brands” strategy: LED lamps, motion sensors, eco-efficient office equipment, electronic workflow instead of paper, contactless tap to reduce water consumption. On top of that, “Sberbank” tries to provide eco-efficiency of their buildings.
R8 - “Bank VTB” In more detail: https://www.vtb.ru/
The bank reduces the proportion of old properties and moves their offices to eco-efficient business-centres. Bank's motor pool is being modernized to higher eco-class cars. And the main environmental activities include switching to eco-saving lights, cutting excess water and power consumption.
R9 - “Magnit” In more detail: http://magnit-info.ru
“Magnit” has an Ecological policy, which is integrated in company's business activity. Apart from recycling, the eco-efficiency of resources, and waste management, the company promotes “green” lifestyle among its employees. Workers often participate in projects aimed at nature preservation and receive ecological education from company's management.
R10 - “X5 Retail Group” In more detail: https://www.x5.ru/
“X5 Retail Group” stresses that environmental care is not just a part of their CSR, but an opportunity to improve business practices. In 2017 the company launched a project to reduce the cost of garbage collection and an Energy Consumption Accounting System. Company's transportation division is used to transport plastic, cardboard and other domestic waste for recycling. One of the most significant eco-initiative is switching to new higher eco-class trucks and their regular maintenance in order to increase efficiency and reduce harmful emissions.
Russian companies willingly communicate on their sustainable marketing activities. However, the majority of those are connected with compensating for enormous ecological harm. It may be difficult for the consumers to associate oil & gas or power generation industries with “green” brands; and it is certainly questionable whether such companies' ecological initiatives actually contribute to people's wellbeing or promote eco-friendly life-style.
Nevertheless, firms from non-harming industries, whose environmental sustainability revolves around minimizing potential negative impact, make up some interesting projects and receive customers' approval and loyalty. They create that extra “green” value for people and are associated with ecological concerns.
2.3 India
The following table is formed based on “Forbes 2017 Global 2000” rating of the World's biggest public companies Source: https://www.forbes.com/global2000/ (58 Indian companies made the list).
Table 10 - India
|
Company |
Annual Report |
The year of last published AR |
CSR |
Industry |
||
|
1 |
“Reliance Industries” |
1 |
2016 |
1 |
Conglomerate |
|
|
2 |
“State Bank of India” |
1 |
2017 |
1 |
Banking |
|
|
3 |
“Oil & Natural Gas” |
1 |
2017 |
1 |
Oil & Gas |
|
|
4 |
“HDFC Bank” |
1 |
2017 |
1 |
Banking |
|
|
5 |
“Indian Oil” |
1 |
2016 |
1 |
Oil |
|
|
6 |
“Tata Motors” |
1 |
2017 |
1 |
Automobile |
|
|
7 |
“ICICI Bank” |
1 |
2017 |
0 |
Banking |
|
|
8 |
“HDFC” |
1 |
2017 |
1 |
Conglomerate |
|
|
9 |
“Tata Consultancy Services” |
1 |
2017 |
1 |
Consulting |
|
|
10 |
“NTPC” |
1 |
2017 |
0 |
Energy conglomerate |
|
|
11 |
“Axis Bank” |
1 |
2017 |
0 |
Banking |
|
|
12 |
“Larsen & Toubro” |
1 |
2017 |
1 |
Conglomerate |
|
|
13 |
“Bharti Airtel” |
1 |
2017 |
1 |
Telecommunications |
|
|
14 |
“Coal India” |
1 |
2017 |
1 |
Mining |
|
|
15 |
“Bharat Petroleum” |
1 |
2016 |
1 |
Oil |
|
|
16 |
“Infosys” |
1 |
2017 |
1 |
Conglomerate |
|
|
17 |
“Kotak Mahindra Bank” |
1 |
2016 |
0 |
Banking |
|
|
18 |
“Wipro” |
1 |
2017 |
0 |
Conglomerate |
|
|
19 |
“ITC” |
1 |
2017 |
0 |
Conglomerate |
|
|
20 |
“Hindustan Petroleum” |
1 |
2016 |
0 |
Oil |
|
|
21 |
“Power Grid of India” |
1 |
2016 |
0 |
Banking |
|
|
22 |
“Mahindra & Mahindra” |
1 |
2016 |
0 |
Engineering |
|
|
23 |
“HCL Technologies” |
1 |
2016 |
0 |
IT |
|
|
24 |
“Sun Pharma Industries” |
1 |
2017 |
0 |
Pharmacological |
|
|
25 |
“Tata Steel” |
1 |
2017 |
1 |
Iron & Steel |
|
|
26 |
“Power Finance” |
1 |
2016 |
0 |
Financial |
|
|
27 |
“Bank of Baroda” |
1 |
2017 |
0 |
Banking |
|
|
28 |
“Punjab National Bank” |
1 |
2017 |
1 |
Banking |
|
|
29 |
“Hindalco Industries” |
1 |
2017 |
0 |
Non-ferrous metals |
|
|
30 |
“Canara Bank” |
1 |
2016 |
1 |
Banking |
|
|
31 |
“Rural Electrification” |
1 |
2017 |
1 |
Electricity |
|
|
32 |
“Yes Bank” |
1 |
2016 |
0 |
Banking |
|
|
33 |
“Bank of India” |
1 |
2016 |
1 |
Banking |
|
|
34 |
“IndustInd Bank” |
1 |
2017 |
1 |
Banking |
|
|
35 |
“GAIL India” |
1 |
2017 |
1 |
Gas |
|
|
36 |
“JSW Steel” |
1 |
2016 |
1 |
Iron & Steel |
|
|
37 |
“Union Bank of India” |
1 |
2017 |
0 |
Banking |
|
|
38 |
“Bajaj Auto” |
1 |
2017 |
1 |
Automobile |
|
|
39 |
“Adani Ports & Special Economic Zone” |
1 |
2017 |
1 |
Conglomerate |
|
|
40 |
“IDBI Bank” |
1 |
2017 |
0 |
Banking |
|
|
41 |
“Rajesh Exports” |
1 |
2016 |
0 |
Retail |
|
|
42 |
“Hero Motocorp” |
1 |
2017 |
1 |
Automobile |
|
|
43 |
“Grasim Industries” |
1 |
2017 |
1 |
Building |
|
|
44 |
“Central Bank of India” |
1 |
2017 |
1 |
Banking |
|
|
45 |
“Lupin” |
1 |
2017 |
0 |
Pharmacological |
|
|
46 |
“Syndicate Bank” |
1 |
2017 |
0 |
Banking |
|
|
47 |
“Asian Paints” |
1 |
2017 |
0 |
Chemical |
|
|
48 |
“Indian Overseas Bank” |
1 |
2016 |
0 |
Banking |
|
|
49 |
“Allahabad Bank” |
1 |
2017 |
0 |
Banking |
|
|
50 |
“UCO Bank” |
1 |
2017 |
0 |
Banking |
All 50 companies disclosed their Annual Reports. 35 of them published the results of 2017 financial year (FY), 15 - the results of 2016 FY. 26 companies communicated on CSR. Out of 24 companies without a CSR report, 13 are related to banking, 9 - to harmful industries, 1 - to IT, and 1 - to retail.
Pie chart 3 - Indian companies without a CSR report
60% of Indian firms on the list work in non-harmful to the environment industries: banking, IT, retail, and telecommunications. The rest of them are related to oil & gas, mining, chemical industries, and energy conglomerates.
I1 Companies are numerated for convenience - “Reliance Industries” In more detail: www.ril.com/
The company releases a separate report on Sustainability. “Reliance Industries” implements renewable energy options into their work, reduces carbon footprint, and makes a transformation towards eco-efficient production. One of their innovative solutions is using Robotics for high-risk tasks. The company also preserves biodiversity: it plants mangroves in coastal areas and acres of samples across intervention areas each year. Besides that, “Reliance Industries” heavily invests into waste management programs in the community.
Picture 6 - “Reliance Industries” waste management program Source: “Reliance Industries” Annual Report 2016
I2 - “Oil & Natural Gas” In more detail: http://www.ongc.com
The company publishes a separate report on its mission to “greener” future. It applies several initiatives and projects on natural preservation and becoming more eco-efficient. One of the new innovations is switching to wind and solar power, harvesting solar light for day lighting, and waste heat recovery from gas turbines. Moreover, the company organizes annual seminars for employees and general public on “Energy for sustainability” and participates in “Ringal Plantation in Upper Himalayas”, “Mangrove Plantation”, and “Swamp Deer Conservation” projects. This is one of company's eco-efficient buildings:
Picture 7 - “Oil & Natural Gas” eco-efficient HQ Source: “Oil & Natural Gas” Annual Report 2017
I3 - “HDFC” In more detail: https://www.hdfc.com/
The company only partners with real estate developers, who implement innovative eco-friendly technologies, such as “green” buildings, solar and wind power generation, when constructing their houses.
“HDFC” itself reduces the consumption of water, electricity, and power and designs their offices in the most eco-efficient ways. All their buildings have solar panels and LED lighting installed. The company also reuses stationery and paper.
I4 - “Tata Steel” In more detail: www.tatasteel.com/
The company implements innovative process technologies to maintain its leadership in Indian Iron & Steel industry, such as clean coal production from reflux classifier, utilization of BF-slag, usage of non-coking coal, and reduction of water consumption. “Tata Steel” slowly switches to total digitalization. Some of company's key achievements of 2017 are:
Picture 8 - “Tata Steel” key achievements of 2017 Source: “Tata Steel” Annual Report 2017
I5 - “Infosys” In more detail: https://www.infosys.com/
“Infosys” integrates environmental needs into its overall business strategy. The company publishes a separate report on ecological responsibility, as well as performs yearly presentations on switching to eco-efficient economy to the general public. Company's offices are the representation of “green offices”: minimalistic design, LED lightning, motion sensors, solar panels on the roof, and contactless tap.
I6 - “Tata Consultancy Services” In more detail: https://www.tcs.com/
One of company's biggest environmental initiatives is recycling plastic. “TCS” installed bottle-crushing machine s in all campuses. The machine converts plastic into flakes, which are later reused for industrial purposes. Besides the reduction of natural resources consumption, “TCS” has a system of Environmental Management:
Picture 9 - “TCS” Environmental management system Source: “Tata Consultancy Services” Annual Report 2017
I7 - “Tata Motors” In more detail: https://www.tatamotors.com/
“Tata Motors” discloses its environmental activities and ecological programs on the website. On of company's “green brands” is “Jaguar Land Rover”, produced from recycled aluminium. “Tata Motors” installed LED lighting, variable frequency drivers, Waste Heat Recovery System, and infrared sensors and timers in their manufacturing facilities. Company's goal is to operate on 100% renewable power and ensure carbon neutrality by 2020.
I8 - “Coal India” In more detail: https://www.coalindia.in/
The company communicates on environmental sustainability on their website and releases a report on it. “Coal India” practices responsible mining to prevent excess harm to the environment and promote longevity of natural resources. The company maintains ecological balance through reforestation, restoration of water bodies, and waste management. On top of that, “Coal India” reduces the consumption of water and energy in their office facilities.
I9 - “HDFC Bank” In more detail: https://www.hdfcbank.com/
Bank's operations in urban areas are performed completely online: there are no physical office branches. However, rural areas cannot keep up with such innovations. Nevertheless, “HDFC” tries to make its clients' experience the most comfortable, while striving to create a sustainable ecosystem through encouraging recycling, using modern power sources and preserving water and energy.
I10 - “Bharti Airtel” In more detail: https://www.airtel.in/
The company releases a separate business responsibility report and discloses relevant information on company's eco-activities. Protection of the environment is integrated into corporate policy. This principle stresses that the company must respect, protect, and restore ecology. “Bharti Airtel” optimizes its energy consumption, controls its GHG emissions, and switches to modern technologies, such as “green” mobile towers, which consume less power.
Overall, it is obvious that Indian companies are not keen on disclosing information about their environmental activities. Almost 50% of Top-50 firms do not communicate on environmental responsibility. As it has been mentioned in the previous chapter, Indian government is desperately trying to solve county's ecological problems through promoting “green” life-style among the population, encouraging businesses to take environmental actions, and implementing eco-legislations. However, none of the methods are proving to be effective, even though India reaches out for help to foreign countries, which have successfully integrated “green” attitude into their lives.
2.4 China
The following table is formed based on “Forbes 2017 Global 2000” rating of the World's biggest public companies Source: https://www.forbes.com/global2000/ (200 Chinese companies made the list) and “Dagong's 2017 Credit Outlook”. Source: http://en.dagongcredit.com/index.php?m=content&c=index&a=show&catid=20&id=4939
Table 11 - China
|
Company |
Annual Report |
The year of last published AR |
CSR |
Industry |
||
|
1 |
“ICBC” |
1 |
2017 |
1 |
Banking |
|
|
2 |
“China Construction Bank” |
1 |
2016 |
1 |
Banking |
|
|
3 |
“Agricultural Bank of China” |
1 |
2015 |
0 |
Banking |
|
|
4 |
“Bank of China” |
1 |
2017 |
1 |
Banking |
|
|
5 |
“Ping An Insurance Group” |
1 |
2017 |
1 |
Insurance |
|
|
6 |
“China Petroleum & Chemical” |
1 |
2017 |
1 |
Chemical & Petrochemical |
|
|
7 |
“Bank of Communications” |
1 |
2017 |
1 |
Banking |
|
|
8 |
“China Merchants Bank” |
1 |
2016 |
0 |
Banking |
|
|
9 |
“China Life Insurance” |
1 |
2016 |
0 |
Insurance |
|
|
10 |
“Postal Savings Bank of China” |
1 |
2017 |
1 |
Banking |
|
|
11 |
“Industrial Bank” |
1 |
2016 |
0 |
Banking |
|
|
12 |
“Shanghai Pudong Development Bank” |
1 |
2016 |
0 |
Banking |
|
|
13 |
“China State Construction Engineering” |
1 |
2017 |
1 |
Construction Engineering |
|
|
14 |
“China Minsheng Banking” |
1 |
2017 |
1 |
Banking |
|
|
15 |
“China Citic Bank” |
1 |
2017 |
0 |
Banking |
|
|
16 |
“PetroChina” |
1 |
2017 |
0 |
Oil |
|
|
17 |
“SAIÑ Motor” |
1 |
2016 |
0 |
Automobile |
|
|
18 |
“China Communications Construction” |
1 |
2016 |
1 |
Telecommunications |
|
|
19 |
“Alibaba” |
1 |
2017 |
0 |
E-commerce |
|
|
20 |
“China Telecom” |
1 |
2016 |
1 |
Telecommunications |
|
|
21 |
“Tencent Holdings” |
1 |
2017 |
0 |
IT |
|
|
22 |
“China Everbright Bank” |
1 |
2016 |
0 |
Banking |
|
|
23 |
“China Shenhua Energy” |
1 |
2017 |
1 |
Power generation |
|
|
24 |
“China Railway Group” |
1 |
2016 |
0 |
Transportation & Logistics |
|
|
25 |
“China Railway Construction” |
1 |
2016 |
1 |
Construction |
|
|
26 |
“China Vanke” |
1 |
2016 |
0 |
Real Estate |
|
|
27 |
“China Pacific Insurance” |
1 |
2016 |
0 |
Insurance |
|
|
28 |
“People's Insurance Comðany” |
1 |
2016 |
0 |
Insurance |
|
|
29 |
“ÑRRÑ” |
1 |
2016 |
1 |
Engineering |
|
|
30 |
“Huaxia Bank” |
1 |
2016 |
0 |
Banking |
|
|
31 |
“Bank of Beijing” |
1 |
2016 |
1 |
Banking |
|
|
32 |
“China Huarong Asset Management” |
1 |
2016 |
0 |
Financial |
|
|
33 |
“Bank of Shanghai” |
1 |
2016 |
1 |
Banking |
|
|
34 |
“Poly Real Estate” |
1 |
2016 |
0 |
Real Estate |
|
|
35 |
“Greenland Holding Group” |
1 |
2016 |
0 |
Real Estate |
|
|
36 |
“China Cinda Asset Management” |
1 |
2016 |
1 |
Banking |
|
|
37 |
“Midea Group” |
1 |
2017 |
1 |
Household appliances |
|
|
38 |
“China Evergrande Group” |
1 |
2016 |
1 |
Real Estate |
|
|
39 |
“Sinohydro Group” |
1 |
2016 |
1 |
Engineering & Construction |
|
|
40... |
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