ó㳺í³÷íà îö³íêà åêîëîã³÷íîãî ñåðåäîâèùà ñ³ëüñüêèõ ðàéîí³â Äîíåöüêî¿ îáëàñò³ òà éîãî âïëèâó íà îíêîëîã³÷íó çàõâîðþâàí³ñòü íàñåëåííÿ

Äîñë³äæåííÿ âïëèâó ôàêòîð³â íàâêîëèøíüîãî ñåðåäîâèùà íà ÷àñòîòó âèíèêíåííÿ çëîÿê³ñíèõ íîâîóòâîðåíü ñåðåä ñ³ëüñüêîãî íàñåëåííÿ. Îá´ðóíòóâàííÿ òà ðîçðîáêà ïðèíöèï³â ³ çàõîä³â ïåðâèííî¿ ïðîô³ëàêòèêè îíêîëîã³÷íèõ çàõâîðþâàíü ó æèòåë³â ñ³ë Äîíåöüêî¿ îáëàñò³.

Ðóáðèêà Ìåäèöèíà
Âèä àâòîðåôåðàò
ßçûê óêðàèíñêèé
Äàòà äîáàâëåíèÿ 30.07.2014
Ðàçìåð ôàéëà 48,0 K

Îòïðàâèòü ñâîþ õîðîøóþ ðàáîòó â áàçó çíàíèé ïðîñòî. Èñïîëüçóéòå ôîðìó, ðàñïîëîæåííóþ íèæå

Ñòóäåíòû, àñïèðàíòû, ìîëîäûå ó÷åíûå, èñïîëüçóþùèå áàçó çíàíèé â ñâîåé ó÷åáå è ðàáîòå, áóäóò âàì î÷åíü áëàãîäàðíû.

Çà 20 ïîñëåäíèõ ëåò îíêîëîãè÷åñêàÿ çàáîëåâàåìîñòü íàñåëåíèÿ Óêðàèíû óâåëè÷èëàñü ó ìóæ÷èí íà 24%, à ó æåíùèí íà 9%.  90-õ ãîäàõ îòìå÷àëñÿ àêòèâíûé ðîñò ýòîé ïàòîëîãèè ñðåäè ðàçëè÷íûõ âîçðàñòíûõ è ñîöèàëüíûõ êîíòèíãåíòîâ íàñåëåíèÿ Óêðàèíû.

Óñòàíîâëåíî, ÷òî âîçäóøíàÿ ñðåäà â ñåëüñêèõ íàñåëåííûõ ïóíêòàõ ñîäåðæèò øèðîêèé ñïåêòð âðåäíûõ õèìè÷åñêèõ âåùåñòâ (22 âåùåñòâà), ÷àñòü èç êîòîðûõ ïîñòîÿííî íàõîäèòñÿ â êîíöåíòðàöèÿõ ïðåâûøàþùèõ ÏÄÊ (2,30,06 - 32,60,2% ïðîá). Ñóììàðíàÿ êîíöåíòðàöèÿ (Êñóì) âðåäíûõ õèìè÷åñêèõ âåùåñòâ â âîçäóõå ñîñòàâëÿåò 4,3 - 21,5 ìã/ì³, à êîìïëåêñíûé ïîêàçàòåëü çàãðÿçíåíèÿ (Ð) 2,6 - 15,0.  àòìîñôåðíîì âîçäóõå ñåëüñêèõ íàñåëåííûõ ìåñò ïîñòîÿííî ðåãèñòðèðóåòñÿ 3,4 áåíç(à)ïèðåí â êîíöåíòðàöèÿõ âûøå ÏÄÊ îò (1,08 äî 3,28 ìã/ì³). Òîëüêî â 2-õ ñåëüñêèõ ðàéîíàõ åãî êîíöåíòðàöèÿ íå ïðåâûøàåò ÏÄÊ.  áîëåå ÷åì 50 % ñåëüñêèõ ðàéîíîâ êîíöåíòðàöèÿ áåíç(à)ïèðåíà ïðåâûøàåò ÏÄÊ â 2,0-3,2 ðàçà.

 âîäîåìû ñåëüñêîé ìåñòíîñòè åæåãîäíî ñáðàñûâàþòñÿ â áîëüøèõ êîëè÷åñòâàõ ïðîìûøëåííûå ñòî÷íûå âîäû (0,6 òûñ./êã./ì²/÷åë/ãîä) è ÿäîõèìèêàòû (0,52 êã/÷åë/ãîä).

Ïèòüåâàÿ âîäà â ñåëüñêèõ íàñåëåííûõ ïóíêòàõ ðåçêî îòëè÷àåòñÿ ïî ôèçèêî-õèìè÷åñêèì õàðàêòåðèñòèêàì è óðîâíþ õèìè÷åñêîãî çàãðÿçíåíèÿ (óäåëüíûé âåñ ïðîá ñ îòêëîíåíèåì îò ãèãèåíè÷åñêèõ íîðì êîëåáëåòñÿ îò 4,5 äî 80,9 %).

Ïî÷âà ñåëüñêîõîçÿéñòâåííûõ ïîëåé è ñåëüñêèõ íàñåëåííûõ ìåñò ñîäåðæèò øèðîêèé ñïåêòð õèìè÷åñêèõ ýëåìåíòîâ ïðîìûøëåííîãî ïðîèñõîæäåíèÿ â êîíöåíòðàöèÿõ, ïðåâûøàþùèõ ÏÄÊ: ìåäü â 9,3-22, ðòóòü - 1,23-12,4, öèíê - 1,26-19,7, ñâèíåö - 1,16-5,26, îëîâî - 1,37-2,3, ìîëèáäåí - 12-28, õðîì - 13,4-116,4 ðàç è äðóãèå.

Îíêîçàáîëåâàåìîñòü ñåëüñêîãî íàñåëåíèÿ ðàçäåëÿåòñÿ ïî ëîêàëèçàöèè íà 19 âèäîâ, à ïî ðàñïðîñòðàíåííîñòè íà 11 óðîâíåé. Ñàìûå âûñîêèå óðîâíè õàðàêòåðíû äëÿ ÷àñòîòû îíêîëîãè÷åñêèõ çàáîëåâàíèé ëåãêèõ (42,961,8 ñëó÷àåâ íà 100000), æåëóäêà (27,591,4 ñëó÷àåâ íà 100000), êîæè (22,51,3 ñëó÷àåâ íà 100000), ìîëî÷íîé æåëåçû (12,651,0 ñëó÷àåâ íà 100000).

Ñðåäíèå ïîêàçàòåëè îíêîëîãè÷åñêîé çàáîëåâàåìîñòè ñåëüñêîãî íàñåëåíèÿ ýêîêðèçèñíîãî ðåãèîíà ñîñòàâëÿþò 213,95,7 ñëó÷àåâ, ìàêñèìàëüíûå 457,0 ñëó÷àåâ, à ìèíèìàëüíûå 84,0 ñëó÷àåâ íà 100000 ÷åëîâåê. Ñóáìèíèìàëüíûå âîçðàñòíûå ïîêàçàòåëè ðåãèñòðèðóþòñÿ äî 30 ëåò (12,9 ñëó÷àåâ íà 100000 ÷åë.).

Óñòàíîâëåíî, ÷òî îíêîëîãè÷åñêàÿ ïîðàæåííîñòü íàñåëåíèÿ, ïðîæèâàþùåãî â óñëîâèÿõ çàãðÿçíåííîé âîçäóøíîé ñðåäû, íîñèò ãåíåðàëèçîâàííûé õàðàêòåð, ïðè êîòîðîì ñ âûñîêîé ÷àñòîòîé ïîðàæàþòñÿ ðàçëè÷íûå îðãàíû è ñèñòåìû, íî íàèáîëåå âûñîêèé óðîâåíü çàáîëåâàåìîñòè îòìå÷àåòñÿ ïî íîâîîáðàçîâàíèÿì òðàõåè, áðîíõîâ è ëåãêèõ (âûøå â 1,8 ðàç), ïèùåâîäà (â 2,5 ðàçà), ïîëîñòè ðòà è ãëîòêè (â 1,9 ðàçà), ìî÷åâîãî ïóçûðÿ, ñîåäèíèòåëüíîé òêàíè (â 1,7 ðàç) è êîæè (â 1,5 ðàçà).

 óñëîâèÿõ ñâåðõíîðìàòèâíîãî çàãðÿçíåíèÿ ïî÷âû òÿæåëûìè ìåòàëëàìè íàáëþäàþòñÿ âûñîêèå óðîâíè çàáîëåâàåìîñòè ñåëüñêèõ æèòåëåé îïóõîëÿìè îðãàíîâ æåíñêîé ðåïðîäóêòèâíîé ñôåðû (ìîëî÷íîé æåëåçû, ÿè÷íèêîâ, ìàòêè è òåëà ìàòêè), îáîäî÷íîé è ïðÿìîé êèøêè, ìî÷åâîãî ïóçûðÿ è ëèìôàòè÷åñêîé ñèñòåìû.

Ñâîéñòâàìè ôàêòîðà îíêîðèñêà îáëàäàåò, ïðåæäå âñåãî, êîìïëåêñ òàêèõ ìåòàëëîâ, êàê õðîì, íèêåëü, áåðèëëèé, ñâèíåö, ðòóòü, öèíê. Äëèòåëüíîå ïðîæèâàíèå â íàñåëåííûõ ïóíêòàõ ñ çàãðÿçíåííîé òÿæåëûìè ìåòàëëàìè ïî÷âîé ïðèâîäèò ê çíà÷èòåëüíîìó íàêîïëåíèþ èõ â îðãàíèçìå ÷åëîâåêà, ïðè ýòîì òàêèå ïîïóëÿöèè íàñåëåíèÿ èìåþò áîëåå âûñîêèé óðîâåíü îíêîçàáîëåâàåìîñòè. Ïðè íàëè÷èè â ïî÷âå ãðóïïû ë¸ãêèõ ìåòàëëîâ (ìàãíèé, ëèòèé, áàðèé, âèñìóò, ìîëèáäåí) â ïîâûøåííûõ êîíöåíòðàöèÿõ (âûøå ôîíîâûõ) îòìå÷àþòñÿ áîëåå íèçêèå óðîâíè îíêîëîãè÷åñêîé çàáîëåâàåìîñòè ñåëüñêîãî íàñåëåíèÿ.

Ñðåäè ñåëüñêîõîçÿéñòâåííûõ ðàáî÷èõ, òåñíî êîíòàêòèðóþùèõ ñ ÿäîõèìèêàòàìè â òå÷åíèå 15-20 ëåò ïðè îáðàáîòêå ðàñòåíèé, îòìå÷àåòñÿ âûñîêàÿ çàáîëåâàåìîñòü íîâîîáðàçîâàíèÿìè îðãàíîâ äûõàíèÿ, æåëóäêà è ïðÿìîé êèøêè.

Ñðåäè íàñåëåíèÿ, óïîòðåáëÿþùåãî íà ïðîòÿæåíèè áîëåå 10 ëåò íåêà÷åñòâåííóþ ïî ìèíåðàëüíîìó ñîñòàâó, çàãðÿçí¸ííóþ àíòðîïîãåííûìè êñåíîáèîòèêàìè âîäó îòìå÷àåòñÿ âûñîêàÿ çàáîëåâàåìîñòü ðàêîì æåëóäêà, ìî÷åâîãî ïóçûðÿ è ãåìîáëàñòîçàìè.

Ðàçðàáîòàíû ïðèíöèïû è ìåðû îïòèìèçàöèè îõðàíû, à òàêæå îçäîðîâëåíèÿ ñåëüñêîé ýêîëîãè÷åñêîé ñðåäû è èíäèâèäóàëüíîé ïðîôèëàêòèêè îíêîçàáîëåâàåìîñòè ñåëüñêîãî íàñåëåíèÿ.

Êëþ÷åâûå ñëîâà: ýêîëîãè÷åñêàÿ ñðåäà, îíêîëîãè÷åñêàÿ çàáîëåâàåìîñòü, ñåëüñêîå íàñåëåíèå, ïðîôèëàêòèêà, ýêîëîãè÷åñêèå ôàêòîðû.

Kogutnitsky V.V. Hygienic estimation of the ecological environment of rural regions of Donetsk range and her influence on in the formation of oncologic sick rate of the population. - Manuscript.

The dissertation on competition of a scientific degree of the candidate of medical sciences on a speciality 14.02.01 - Hygiene. - Donetsk State medical university after M. Gorky, Donetsk, 2005.

The dissertation is devoted to a problem of an estimation of a hygienic condition of the ecological environment in a countryside in industrialized areas and differentiate to the importance of its factors in formation of oncological desease of agricultural population.

It is established, what the air environment contains a wide spectrum of harmful chemical substances (22 substances) in rural settlements, the part from which constantly is in concentration of exceeding maximum concentration limits (2,30,06-32,60,2% tests). Potable water in rural settlements sharply differs under physical and chemical characteristics and a level of chemical pollution (densities of tests with a deviation(rejection) from hygienic norms changes from 4,5 up to 80,9%.

The ground of agricultural fields and the rural occupied places contains a wide spectrum of chemical elements of an industrial origin in concentration of exceeding maximum concentration limits: cuprum in 9,3-22, mercury - 1,23-12,4, zinc - 1,26-19,7, lead - 1,16-5,26, tin-1,37-2,3, molybdenum - 12-28, chrome - 13,4-116,4 times and others.

Oncological desease agricultural population differs on localization on 19 kinds, and on prevalence on 11 levels. The high levels are characteristic for oncological desease easy (42,961,8 cases on 100000), a stomach (27,591,4 cases on 100000), leather(skin) (22,51,3 cases on 100000), dairy gland (12,651,0 cases on 100000). Principles and measures of optimization of protection and improvement of the rural ecological environment and individual preventive maintenance oncological desease agricultural population are developed. Methodical recommendations are issued.

Key words: the ecological environment, oncological desease, rural population, prophylaxis, ecological factors.

Ðàçìåùåíî íà Allbest.ru

...

Ïîäîáíûå äîêóìåíòû

Ðàáîòû â àðõèâàõ êðàñèâî îôîðìëåíû ñîãëàñíî òðåáîâàíèÿì ÂÓÇîâ è ñîäåðæàò ðèñóíêè, äèàãðàììû, ôîðìóëû è ò.ä.
PPT, PPTX è PDF-ôàéëû ïðåäñòàâëåíû òîëüêî â àðõèâàõ.
Ðåêîìåíäóåì ñêà÷àòü ðàáîòó.