Berehove and its surroundings during the Khrushchev era (1953-1964)

More than 60 workers worked at the MTS in Berehove, to whom Fantych, the party secretary of the MTS, explained the resolution. They decided to sell the tractors on a brigade basis, the same way they were in the kolkhozes, as the purchase of tractors also posed new tasks for the management of the kolkhozes. So, the Berehove Machine and Tractor Station were being dismantled gradually Ibid. Ol. 2.. Most of the machine operators entered the collective farms. Undoubtedly, this improved the utilization of the equipment, but there were still not enough machines.

The financial situation of the kolkhoz members, though slowly, improved, but did not reach the level of those employed in the industry. To divert attention from this, numerous awards were presented to agricultural workers year after year SATO. F. 1. Op. 5. Delo Nr. 107. Ol. 1-143..

In March 1958, for example, under a decree of the Presidency of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of February 26, 1958, nine employees of the bodies of agriculture, the party, and councils in the district were awarded the Order of Lenin. Among them, Gyorgy Ohar, president of the Gorky kolkhoz, Jozsef Polner, farm manager of the same kolkhoz, «because they were the first in the district to start a fight for 100 and 400 and double the productivity of their farms in one year». In addition, 23 employees received the Red Flag Order of Labour, 34 received the Order of Honor badge, 25 received the Medal of Heroic Work Voros Zaszlo. 1958. 12 marcius. Ol. 1., and 17 received the Medal for Outstanding Work Ibid. 14 marcius. Ol. 1.. On many occasions, of course, the awards were not given to those who really deserved them.

In March 1958, the Central Committee of the CPSU and the Council of Ministers of the USSR adopted a resolution «On increasing the production of children's clothing, footwear, expanding its selection and improving its quality» Ibid. 21 marcius. Ol. 1.. According to this, 27,3 % more pairs of children's leather footwear, socks and stockings, knitted and woven underwear, and upper knitwear had to be produced, worth 1 billion rubles at the pan-Soviet level.

Agriculture continued to struggle. Therefore, at the Plenary Session of the Central Committee of the Soviet Communist Party held on 17-18 June 1958, a resolution entitled «Abolition of compulsory services and payments in kind for the work of MTSs, new stockpiling arrangements, prices and conditions for agricultural products» was adopted Ibid. 25 junius. Ol. 1.. One of the most important items of the regulation was that although a single price was set for the purchase of agricultural products and this purchase price was set according to the conditions of the year if the harvest was higher than planned, the purchase price of agricultural products was reduced, but if the crop was bad, more than the average price was paid. The decree did not work anywhere, including in the district of Berehove, as it reduced the interest of farms in achieving high yields, as low yields paid more than average for the products, but high yields led to lower purchase prices. The decree was in force for a short time.

A resolution was adopted to strengthen the relationship between public education and life, making it compulsory for students to learn different professions in their school, and setting up workshops everywhere. Like many other experiments, this did not work well in the years to come, with students learning mostly to drill and carve, and in some schools to operate a lathe. Also, the working hours took a lot of time at the expense of the hours assigned to the main subjects.

On January 15-22, 1959 a national census was held in the Soviet Union. According to the census, the population of Transcarpathia was 920 200 Molnar D. I. Periferiarol periferiara. Karpatalja nepessege 1869-tol napjainkig. Budapest: MTA TK Kisebbsegkutato Intezet. Kalligram, 2018.Ol. 102-110.. The available data on the results of the census vary. According to some demographers, Transcarpathia had a population of 920 200, and 920 173 according to others. Of them, 686 464, or 74,6 % of the population were of Ukrainian nationality. There were 146 247 Hungarians, i.e., 15,9 % of the population, and the number of the population of other nationalities was 87 462, i.e., 9,5 % Molnar J., Molnar D. I. Karpatalja nepessege... Ol. 9.. According to another source, the Hungarian population at that time was 154 738 Dupka Gy. Autonom-torekvesek Karpataljan. Ungvar; Budapest: Intermix Kiado, 2004. Ol. 104.. According to the data, only in the Berehove district, there was an absolute, about 85 % majority of the Hungarian population, and Berehove was the only town with a Hungarian majority Csanadi G. Sorsfordito evek... Ol. 229..

On March 1, 1959, elections to the Supreme Soviet of the USSR were held SATO. F. P-179. Op. 19. Ed. hr. 64. Ol. 1-45.. The list of the elected representatives was on the front page on March 6, 1959 Voros Zaszlo. 1959. 6 marcius. Ol. 1..

On July 14, 1959, after moving four times in the Heroes' Square, the district library was moved to its final location under No. 7, Heroes' Square. The library was self-service and hosted events, writer-reader meetings as well. In addition to the 45 000 volumes, the reader could select from 63 domestic and foreign newspapers and magazines, including 19 Hungarian publications. The number of Hungarian books exceeded 14 500 Csanadi G. Sorsfordito evek... Ol. 235..

On August 7, 1959, the Soviet delegation returned from the VII Vienna World Youth Meeting. On the Ukrainian-Hungarian border, hundreds of young people from Berehove waited for them and accompanied them to the railway station. A meeting was arranged in the square in front of the station, where A. Kyrychenko, secretary of the Central Committee of the Leninist Communist Youth Association ofUkraine, and then M. Holub, a member ofthe USSR delegation, gave a speech. Then the Voronezh Russian Folk Choir gave a concert Voros Zaszlo. 1959. 14 augusztus. Ol. 4..

On August 11, 1959, the Decree of the Presidency of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR «On the Prohibition of the Keeping and Owning Livestock by Citizens Living in Towns and Work Settlements» was issued Ibid. Ol. 1.. The decree entered into force on 1 October 1959. Violation of the regulation entailed the seizure of the livestock and the payment of its value at the state stock prices in force before 1958 for the payment of the goods delivered as compulsory service. The slaughter of individually owned cows and heifers had to be prevented.

On September 22, 1959, the first town bus service started in Berehove, on a route connecting different parts of the town and nearby villages. One bus ran between the office building of the wine sovkhoz and the auxiliary farm of the inter-kolhoz Construction Council in Bucha (an area of Berehove) with 11 stops, while another bus ran between Ivanovka (Yanoshi) and Muzhiyevo with 5 stops Ibid. 23 szeptember. Ol. 4.. In the first days of October, a new bus service also started between Uzhhorod and Berehove via Chop, running twice a day Ibid. 9 oktober. Ol. 4..

On October 12, 1959, in the House of Culture, the traditional autumn exhibition of the local artists opened with many new works, and for the first time, the audience could see the ceramic works of Anna Horvath («Sitting Teenager», «Fairy Tale», «Accordion», «Sweeping Woman») Ibid. 14 oktober. Ol. 4., who soon became a Merited Artist of Ukraine and a defining personality of Berehove's cultural life Csanadi Gy. Sorsfordito evek... Ol. 236..

On November 29, 1959, Ferenc Farkas's «The Forest is Singing» musical play was presented at the People's Theatre Voros Zaszlo. 1959. 12 december. Ol. 4.. This play was performed 32 times, of which 13 were full house performances in Berehove Csanadi Gy. Sorsfordito evek... Ol. 236..

On December 1, 1959, Khrushchev and his accompanying delegation arrived in Budapest for the 7^th Congress of the Hungarian Socialist Workers' Party Voros Zaszlo. 1959. 15 december. Ol. 4.. Following the congress, on December 8, Janos Kadar and N. Khrushchev arrived in Transcarpathia, as Kadar escorted Khrushchev back to the Soviet Union. In his speech at the Chop train station, Kadar said that he had already visited Transcarpathia during the Revolution of 1956. «I visited this land about three years ago when the Hungarian people were in big trouble. We came to ask the Soviet people for brotherly help. We received this help and defeated the counter-revolution» Ibid. 10 december. Ol. 1-3..

Between 10 and 20 December 1959, the Days of Hungarian Culture were held in Ukraine. On this occasion, thematic evenings of friendship were held in the factories and kolkhozes of the Berehove district to present the achievements of the richness and culture of the Hungarian People's Republic. In the clubs and libraries, photo and book exhibitions were organized, readings on the achievements of the Hungarian people were held, and a book day was held to sell classics of Hungarian literature and works by contemporary Hungarian writers, as well as books by Ukrainian writers translated into Hungarian Ibid. 15 december. Ol. 1.. On December 16, a group of Hungarian artists performed at the district culture house, greeted on behalf of the people of the Berehove district by Otto Schober, the director of the district culture house Ibid. 19 december. Ol. 4..

On January 14, 1960, the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union passed a resolution «On the reduction of the armed forces of the Soviet Union by 1 200 000» Voros Zaszlo. 1960. 21 januar. Ol. 2.. After this, the «peace offensive» proclaimed by Khrushchev was in the focus of media attention. The topic, that is, the peaceful intent of the Soviet Union, had been on the table before, since Khrushchev's visit to the United States in 1959 Voros Zaszlo. 1959. 30 szeptember. Ol. 2.. In Berehove, in the villages of the district, the great peace offensive of the Soviet Union was reported at the sessions of political schools, various meetings, and seminars, which the workers supported with commitments and work offers. It was argued that this way that the size of the army had decreased even more people could work in the national economy. In Berehove, some of the demobilized soldiers worked as tractor drivers at the Berehove Town Trade.

In January 1960, the Central Committee of the CPSU and the Council of Ministers of the USSR adopted a resolution «On measures to further improve the medical care and health protection of the population of the USSR». As a result, the number of hospital beds and the production of medicines, medical instruments, and other medical preparations increased. Social councils were established in health care institutions, consisting of health affairs, party, Komsomol, and economic organizations, as well as representatives of the population. Their expenses, according to the resolution, had to be covered from the amount of money remaining as a result of the reduction of the armed forces Voros Zaszlo. 1960. 23 januar. Ol. 1.. The USSR Ministry of Health decided to vaccinate everyone from the age of 2 months to the age of 20 against polio, a disease, which, from 1957, caused numerous deaths in this area as well. Therefore, in the first quarter of 1960, the Sabin vaccine against polio was widely used in the district as well Ibid. 1 marcius. Ol. 3..

In 1960, the district museum opened in the rebuilt Workers' Home. Photographs, old posters, some issues of the Workers' Newspaper and many antiques were accompanied by materials showing the rapid development of the district's economy and culture in showcases made by the district's factories and kolkhozes themselves. In the museum, visitors could find data on the district's education network, the development of schools such as the Vocational School of Health, School of Industry, the Vocational School of Agricultural Mechanization, for example. But it also housed the exhibition materials of the Furniture Factory, the Food Industry Factory, the Clothing Factory, the Leather Factory, the Borzhava Red Flag Kolhoz, which mainly presented their technical development Ibid. 23 februar. Ol. 4.. Its archaeological and medal collection was based on the private collection of Ferenc Horvath. Miklos Deli history teacher, sculptor Anna Horvath, painter Jozsef Garanyi, and many enthusiastic collectors from Berehove gained invaluable merit in creating the museum. Anna Horvath became the head of the museum Voros Zaszlo. 1961. 23 marcius. Ol. 4..

At the initiative of the pioneers of the Trostnik Secondary School, rabbit breeding took place on a large scale in the schools, where rabbit farms had to be established and rabbit breeding student brigades were formed; they worked on the rabbit farms in their spare time. The young rabbit breeders of V. Beregi Secondary School achieved particularly nice results in the district, where the students were entrusted to take care of 1 200 domestic rabbits Voros Zaszlo. 1960. 12 marcius. Ol. 3.. Various sessions were held for groups of rabbit farmers. During these, students were introduced to the basics of rabbit breeding, feeding rabbits, and the rules for keeping the cages clean Ibid. 1 marcius. Ol. 2..

On March 1, 1960, retail prices were reduced pursuant to a resolution of the USSR Council of Ministers. For example, electric sewing machines by 20 %, cameras by 30, hunting weapons by 25, Vyatka scooters by 18 % Ibid. 3 marcius. Ol. 1..

In the first week of March 1960, according to the decree of the Presidency of the USSR, entitled «Award with Orders and Medals for Outstanding Transcarpathian Working Women», there were two honorees in Berehove, who learned about the high degree of recognition from the newspaper. Magda Gabor, the chief of the Sewing Department of the Clothing Factory received the Lenin Order, which was the highest government award, while Olena Zhytko, a worker from the Furniture Factory Ibid. 12 marcius. Ol. 1., who completed the first year of the seven-year plan in 10 months, received a medal For Heroic Work Ibid. 29 marcius. Ol. 2..

In accordance with the resolution of the Central Committee of the CPSU entitled «On the Duties of Party Propaganda in Contemporary Conditions», according to a report dated April 2, 1960, more than 1 600 lectures were given to more than a hundred thousand people - more than twice as many, as in the previous year. This success was attributed to the relocation of the center of activity of the village agitators directly to the workplaces of the kolkhozists, to the farms, the fields, the vineyards. This allowed them to link their conversations more closely to specific tasks and have a greater influence on the production process. In addition, they regularly visited the Forward Artel, the Slaughterhouse, and the Cheese Factory, as well as the villages, stressing that «the struggle on the ideological front must continue without a break, not a single man will be missed out» Ibid. 2 aprilis. Ol. 1..

Throughout the Khrushchev era, one of the most important tasks of farms was to increase the area of vines and orchards. The tasks were obviously unrealistic. From 20 October to 20 November 1960, for example, a month of fruit and vine planting was declared in the district of Berehove, when in one month 290 hectares of vineyards and 335 hectares of orchards had to be planted. The viticulture program stipulated that only noble grape varieties could be planted, in practice, they deviated from this instruction in order to be able to fulfill the plan Csanadi Gy. Sorsfordito evek... Ol. 239..

From 1954, the Party and the Government had been claiming that the housing shortage would be eliminated. For the next 10-12 years, the sixth five-year plan promised to build nearly 51 million square metres of living space in Ukraine's cities, towns, and villages Voros Zaszlo. 1958. 26 februar. Ol. 3..

In 1960, according to the Decree on the Development of Housing Construction in the Soviet Union, 100 flats were built for the workers of the Clothing Factory, Machine Repair Plant, Brick and Tile Factory, Food Processing Plant, Industrial Factory, Tobacco Fermentation Plant, The Forward Artel and, and also 24 flat buildings were being built on the Muzhaiska street, along with 2 to 4 storey buildings on the initiative from Kharkiv Voros Zaszlo. 1960. 26 januar. Ol. 3.. On Muzhaiska street, a boarding school suitable for 300 children was also built Ibid. 21 majus. Ol. 2.. In the second half of November 1961, the construction of a 240-person dormitory in the Berehove Wine Sovkhoz was also completed Voros Zaszlo. 1961. 25 november. Ol. 2..

On November 28, 1961, at a meeting of the Town Council of Workers' Representatives, Y. Kopyn, Chairman of the Executive Committee announced that more than 926 families built new residential houses. In the Furniture Factory, a one-apartment and three eightapartment houses were built, with a total living space of 814 square meters Ibid. 1961. 30 november. Ol. 2..

On May 5-7, 1960, the fifth session of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR was held. Its agenda items included the abolition of the payroll tax for workers and employees for economic growth, which was planned to be implemented intermittently in 1960-1965. However, agricultural taxes were left «temporary» as they played a significant role in consolidating work discipline in kolkhozes and regulating the organized income of backyard farms for the personal use of kolkhoz members. Another important item on the agenda of the meeting was monetary reform to consolidate the currency SATO. F. 1. Op. 5. Delo Nr. 93. Ol. 1-47.. According to the plan, from the beginning of1961, the proportion of the currency unit would be increased tenfold and new money would be put into circulation. «This measure does not represent any loss to either the population or the state. The population's monetary income from the state, cooperative and state enterprises, organizations and collective farms, wages, wages of collective farm members, pensions, allowances, scholarships, etc. are recalculated at the same rate, i.e., 10:1. Sufficient time - three months - is imposed to make the transition convenient for the public» Voros Zaszlo. 1960. 7 november. Ol. 1., - stated the draft of the monetary reform, which was implemented in January 1961. All the savings of the population had to be converted in the same proportion. It was pointed out that this reform would increase the purchasing power of the currency tenfold, as well as increase the gold content of the ruble and the exchange rate of the ruble against the foreign currencies Ibid. Ol. 2.. In Berehove, in addition to the bank and the savings bank, two exchange centers were set up, one in the Market Committee room and the other in the housing office. And there were four other exchange centres in the district as well. In addition, from January 1, during the three months, all commercial organizations, post offices, savings banks accepted the old type of money, and savings bank deposits were automatically converted according to the new currency Ibid. 13 oktober. Ol. 4.. However, the monetary reform did not improve the financial situation of the population.

At the same meeting, the Supreme Council passed a law amending Article 119 of the Constitution of the USSR in connection with the adoption of the «Law on the Completion of the Transfer of All Workers and Employees to Seven-Hour and Six-Hour Working Days in 1960» Ibid. 10 majus. Ol. 1..

In the second week of May 1960, The Forward Industrial Artel opened the first rental store in the town. People could rent bikes, motorcycles, washing machines, vacuum cleaners and much more. The store immediately became very popular. A daily washing machine rental fee, for example, was 8 rubles Ibid. 14 majus. Ol. 4..

On September 9, 1960, in the Great Hall of the District Culture House, the first session of the Hungarian-language University of Culture was held, which then gave lectures twice a month on science and technology, literature, art, and music Ibid. 1960. 13 szeptember. Ol. 2..

On March 15, 1961, the month of grapes and fruits began in the kolkhozes and sovkhozes of the Berehove district. During this time, another 100 hectares of vineyards and orchards were planned to be planted. However, the main task was to improve the condition of the existing vineyards, as the average shortage of vines in the kolkhozes of the district was 27,3-38 %, and there were areas where 70 % of the vines did not produce crop. 600 000 units of planting material were supplied to the kolkhozes of the district to eliminate the problem. The establishment of new orchards began on 200 hectares. It was a particularly significant event when on March 25, 1961, in the sovkhoz of the small village of Astey on the Soviet-Hungarian border, just a few hundred meters from the border, the two «brotherly nations» established a common orchard and named it the Garden of Friendship Voros Zaszlo. 1961. 30 marcius. Ol. 3.. The Garden of Friendship later became a venue for cultural and professional meetings of people living on both sides of the border SATO. F. 1. Op. 1. Delo Nr. 3067. Ol. 1-34..

On April 12, 1961, the TASS announced sensational news about man's first journey into space. Yuri Gagarin, an air force major, reached outer space Voros Zaszlo. 1961. 15 aprilis. Ol. 1. on the Sputnik spacecraft «Vostok» at 9:52 a.m. Moscow time. In Berehove, meetings were held in all collectives, and, as usual, the success was celebrated with new work gifts everywhere.

From the beginning of April 1961, sightseeing flights over the town became a popular Sunday pastime. Helicopters took nearly 100 adults and children on sightseeing flights each Sunday. During the summer, a permanent helicopter station was built in the suburbs of the town, from where employees could travel to Uzhhorod by regular helicopter flights Ibid. 13 aprilis. Ol. 4..

In 1961, the women's council was active in implementing the seven-year plan. They played a particularly important role in the establishment of children's institutions and seasonal kindergartens. During the summer, several nurseries and kindergartens were organized, making life easier for women working in the fields. In addition, tailoring and sewing training, cinema, and theater visits were organized, women working in collective farms, factories, plants, etc. were encouraged to complete the production plans Ibid. 27 aprilis. Ol 2..

The cleanliness and order of the town were ensured by the resolution made on March 1, 1961, according to which, among other things, the building materials obstructing traffic had to be removed from the road edges and sidewalks; the sidewalk and drainage channel had to be swept clean in front of the houses and institutions every morning; it was forbidden to discharge sewage into the Verke Channel, as well as to wash cars there, etc. was prohibited. Those who violated the resolution were fined 5 rubles or sentenced to 7 days of forced labor Ibid. 18 marcius. Ol. 4..

In addition to the Hunting Society, the Nature Conservation Society, founded in 1958, had 1 200 members by 1961 and did its best to educate the population to love and protect nature. To this end, on May 2, 1961, they arranged a pigeon and canary exhibition and urged schoolchildren and collective farm leaders to become active members of conservation work. Their work was complemented by the 850-member Hunters and Fishermen's Association of the Berehove District Council, which was actively involved in conserving protected areas, monitoring fishponds and rivers, holding poachers accountable, giving lectures on nature conservation and raising awareness of hunting and fishing rules Voros Zaszlo. 1961.27 aprilis. Ol. 2..

The Berehove Wine Factory produced delicious wines of different brands: Promenyste, Berehivske, Transcarpathian Riesling, Transcarpathian Troianda, Serednianske, etc. These were transported to the northern regions of the Soviet Union, the capital of Ukraine, Donbas and many other areas Ibid. 1 majus. Ol. 3..

In the summer of 1961, the town's beach was also renewed. Among other things, it received new locker rooms. Communal farm workers cleared roads, planted flower beds, repaired bridges. Bathers were able to buy newspapers and books in the beach area, due to the post office staff involved in the sales Ibid. 11 majus. Ol. 4..

On June 15, 1961, another decree was issued by the Presidency of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR on «Enhancing the fight against those who withdraw from socially useful work and engage in anti-social parasitic lifestyles», which took action against those who «engaged in private entrepreneurship, engaged in illicit industry, begged, engaged in speculation, make a living from income other than their wages, from which they buy cars, houses, summer houses, employ hired workers» Ibid. 15 majus. Ol. 1.. The decree stipulated that they should be relocated to a specially designated place under the district or town people's court ruling for a period of 2 to 5 years, and that non-work income should be confiscated from them. They had to be reeducated at the place of eviction. If the displaced person proved his or her improvement by his or her exemplary conduct and honest work, he or she could be repatriated by the People's Court and at the request of social organizations after serving half of the eviction time. Working-age people who became actual drunkards as a result of regular consumption of alcoholic beverages, whose abnormal behavior created adverse conditions for cohabitation in the family and home, had to be sent to «healing labour» for a year by court order. According to the district newspaper, the population of the town welcomed the resolution Ibid. 17 junius. Ol. 2.. In Berehove, the verdicts were handed down at meetings convened by the housekeepers' or district street committees, the extent of which was decided by open vote. In convictions handed down without the participation of the court, defendants could not seek a lawyer to defend themselves. Everywhere, including in Berehove, there were people, who, with the help of this regulation, took revenge on others out of envy and malice.

On September 17, 1961, a district radio node was established in Berehove. They mainly read announcements every Sunday from 11:30 a.m. to 12:00 p.m., Moscow time, which reported on the excellent work success of the best plants and collective farms, the work of leading animal breeders, and also news about sports successes and cultural life. Particular attention was paid, among others, to reporting on the socialist competition in honor of the XXII Congress; the leaders of industrial and agricultural production, leaders of district organizations, etc., spoke in front of the microphone Ibid. 23 szeptember. Ol. 4..

On October 17, 1961, the XXII Congress of the CPSU, which adopted the party's new program and bylaws, was opened. The new party program set unrealistic goals, for example, to complete the building of the foundations of a communist society in the country in two decades Ibid. 19 oktober. Ol. 1-2.. After this, the sentence: «Today's generation of Soviet people will live in communism» became proverbial Ibid. 2 november. Ol. 3..

On October 22, 1961, the 150^th anniversary of the birth of Ferenc Liszt was commemorated in the town. On this occasion, a large-scale Liszt evening was held at the Music School on October 24 Ibid. 24 oktober. Ol. 4..

On December 29, 1961, the Presidency of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR issued a decree «On criminal liability for the negligent operation and preservation of agricultural machinery» Ibid. 4 januar. Ol. 1.. According to this, the negligent operation and preservation of tractors, cars, combines, agricultural machines of the sovkhozes, kolkhozes and other state or cooperative organizations, their damage or breakage were punished by imprisonment or forced labour for up to one year. If the same acts were committed more than once or there was significant damage, those responsible were sentenced to three years in prison Ibid. 11 januar. Ol. 1..

The years 1961-1964 were the years of great reorganizations and failures in the Soviet Union, the effects of many decrees, resolutions, and laws adopted at this time were experienced by the people of Berehove just as in other parts of the Soviet Union. The shortcomings of N. Khrushchev's professional and political leadership became more and more obvious. He did not employ suitable professionals but preferred to employ incompetent flattering advisers, and this led to serious consequences of his policy.

Due to the burdens on agriculture, excessive centralization, and unprofessional management, the expected results fell short. Therefore, on March 5, 1962, the Plenary Session of the Central Committee of the CPSU put on the agenda an action plan referred to as «The task of the party in the field of improving the governance of agriculture» Ibid. 6 marcius. Ol. 1; Ibid. 8 marcius. Ol. 1-2.. As a result, on 22 March 1962, the Central Committee of the CPSU and the Council of Ministers of the USSR adopted a resolution on the reorganization of agricultural management Ibid. 27 marcius. Ol. 1-3.. Everywhere, including Berehove, Territorial Kolhoz-Sovhoz Production Directorates were established Ibid. 3 aprilis. Ol. 1-2.. The Berehove, Vynohradiv and Irshava district farms were also subordinated to the latter, with a Berehove centre and two separate party committees and councils for the management of industry and agriculture Voros Zaszlo. 1962. 2 junius. Ol. 2..

In the Berehove district, 15 printed kolkhoz newspapers were published, which helped the work of party and kolkhoz leaders. For example, they reported on the work of harvesting groups, those who were at the forefront of the harvest, devoted a lot of space to the issues of animal husbandry, but they also included a presentation of cultural life and the «growth of the good life of collective farmers» Voros Zaszlo. 1959. 26 augusztus. Ol. 1.. The press, of course, was under serious control, and journalists were not allowed to deviate from the political instructions SATO. F. 1. Op. 1. Delo Nr. 2878. Ol. 1-120..

On December 30, 1962, the districts of Transcarpathia were merged in accordance with the decree of the USSR Supreme Soviet Presidency. The districts of Vynogradovo and Irshava were added to the district of Berehove and Berehove was made the seat of the merged district. Its population was 267 thousand - Ukrainians, Hungarians, Russians, Romanians and other nationalities. The employees' representatives had two town councils (Berehove and Vynohradiv), 3 rural towns (Irshava, Korolevo, Vylok) and 66 village councils, and a total of 43 plants and factories belonged to it Csanadi Gy. Sorsfordito evek... Ol. 246..

On 16 May 1963, the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR issued a decree: «On the Standards of Livestock Which May Be Personal Property of Citizens who Are Not Members of Kolkhozes» Voros Zaszlo. 1963. 21 majus. Ol. 1.. Accordingly, from 1 July 1963, each family was allowed to have (a) one cow and one calf or less than 8 months old, or a goat with an offspring not more than one-year-old, and (b) one pig or three sheep with offsprings under one year of age. Whoever had more had to be taxed. And whoever concealed the livestock subject to tax at the time of the census was fined up to 50 rubles.

Another decree of the Presidency of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, also adopted on 16 May 1963, was entitled: «Increasing liability for the hoarding of bread and bakery products purchased in state and cooperative shops in order to feed cattle and poultry» Ibid. Ol. 1-2.. Under the regulation, the feeding of cattle with bread, flour, groats and other bakery products purchased in state and cooperative shops was to be banned everywhere. If someone first violated the decree, they were fined from 10 to 50 rubles and the purchased products were confiscated. If someone violated it regularly and, moreover, did not engage in socially useful work, the article «154.1. Purchase of bread and other bakery products for the purpose of feeding livestock» was punishable by up to one year of imprisonment, or repair work, or a fine of up to 200 rubles. If the person had previously been convicted, he or she could be sentenced to 1 to 3 years in prison and confiscation of the property. In addition, shopkeepers who exceeded the amount that could be sold to 1 person paid a fine of up to 10 rubles.

On May 29, 1963, a session of the Berehove District Council of Workers' Representatives was held. Representatives discussed «measures to improve trade and catering in the district» Ibid. 1 junius. Ol. 2.. There was talk of a shortage of goods, poor work in the canteens of industrial plants, shortcomings in the feeding of schoolchildren, incorrect distribution of goods, and so on.

In June 1963, the slogan «newspapers and magazines for all families» was repeated over and over in accordance with the XXII Party Congress. After all, in them «the new victories of the Soviet people, the achievements of Hungarian science and technology, the rich life of the builders of communism» and so on were described. Measures were taken for the employees of the Press Office, the Post Office, party, trade union, and Komsomol organizations to provide people with newspapers. In January 1963, there were 78 166 subscribers to newspapers and magazines in the Berehove district. «Immediate action must be taken to ensure that every family receives a newspaper!», - the instruction stated Ibid. Ol. 2-3..

From July 17, 1963, the Berehove Town Communal Office made garbage disposal regular: on Mondays, Wednesdays and Fridays from 6 to 9 p.m. The population was asked to take the garbage to the garbage truck of the Communal Works at the time designated for their street Ibid. 16 julius. Ol. 4..

At the end of September 1963, the biggest traveling exhibition of amateur photographers in the area was held in Berehove, at the House of Culture, which stood out for its richness, variety and artistic standard. Among others, those interested could view the works of M. Stanchenko, M. Popik, I. Orosi, F. Perem Ibid. 26 szeptember. Ol. 4..

On December 9, 1963, the plenary session of the Central Committee of the CPSU began its work, the main topic of which was: «Accelerating the development of the chemical industry - the main condition for boosting agricultural production and raising public welfare» Ibid. 7 december. Ol. 1.. The essence of this was that the development of agriculture was impossible without the knowledge of chemistry because without it it is not possible to achieve a constant and abundant crop. Therefore, after this, great emphasis was placed on the teaching of agricultural chemistry. To this end, a school of agricultural chemistry was opened for collective farm chairmen, at the Regional Agricultural Experimental Station, and for agronomists and brigade leaders in the New Life Kolkhoz. In addition, inter-kolkhoz agrochemical laboratories were established in several kolkhozes in the district Ibid. 12 december. Ol. 1-2..

The cultural life of the town was developing as well. More and more people visited theaters, cinemas, libraries, museums, exhibitions, concerts and several foreign, mainly Hungarian, art groups visited Berehove. The guest performance of the Leo Weiner string quartet from Budapest was outstanding among these. The amateur group of the Berehove Folk Theater could be seen more and more often on the stage in more and more performances. In 1963, for example, the play «Dodi» by the Slovak writer Terez B. David, directed by Otto Schober, was performed with great success, the sets of which were made by Anna Horvath Ibid. Ol. 4..

The district of Beregovo and the town of Berehove developed significantly during the Khrushchev era. Several new plants were established, and unemployment in the town was almost completely eliminated. The number of people working in the district's industry was more than 14 000 Ibid. Ol. 3.. There were 53 industrial plants in the district, which produced goods worth 73 107 000 rubles a year. The largest plants in Berehove included the Berehove Furniture Combine, the Brick and Tile Factory, the Leather Factory, the Machine Repair Plant, the Car Repair Shop, the Mechanical Repair Plant, the Porcelain Dish Factory, the Calibration Workshop, the Tobacco Fermenter, the Wine Factory, the Printing House, the Milling Factory, the Clothing Factory, the Food Combine, the Bread Combine, the Cheese Factory, the Combined Feed Plant, etc. Voros Zaszlo. 1964. 12 december. Ol. 2.. In addition, the electrification of the district was completed, leaving only a few homesteads without electric lighting Voros Zaszlo. 1963. 26 december. Ol. 2..

The district had a wide network of health care facilities available to workers. According to January 1964 data, the number of hospital beds approached 1 000. Ofthese, 475 hospital beds were in Berehove. The Regional Neurological Hospital and the Polio Sanatorium also operated here. 22 pharmacies provided medicines to the population. The number of health care workers approached 3 000, including 260 physicians, and the number of secondary health care personnel was around 1 400 Voros Zaszlo. 1964. 16 december. Ol. 2.. Every year, workers from the district received free referrals to various sanatoriums and resorts in the Soviet Union. State aid was provided to mothers with many children and single mothers Ibid. 6 februar. Ol. 3..

According to data from early January 1964, there were 194 schools in the district. Of all the schools, 54 were elementary, 109 eight-grade schools, and 28 were secondary schools. The number of students in the given school year was 48 645, and 18 663 children studied in secondary schools. There were 2 838 teachers in the district, 991 of them had higher education. 900 children were being raised in 3 boarding schools in the district, of which 200 lived in the Berehove eight-grade boarding school Ibid. 9 januar. Ol. 2..

On February 15, 1964, the plenary of the Central Committee of the CPSU adopted a resolution entitled: «Based on the expansion of agriculture, the widespread use of manure, the development of irrigation, complex mechanization and the use of scientific and life experience to increase agricultural production as soon as possible» Ibid. 18 februar. Ol. 1.. The resolution was discussed at all collective farms, the workers agreed with it, and at the meetings, it was promised with great enthusiasm that all production sectors would be made profitable and the kolkhozes would become strong farms Ibid. Ol. 2.. After that, an even greater complex mechanization and automation of agriculture began Ibid. 25 februar. Ol. 2-3..

In 1964, an attempt was made to summarize the ten-year results of Khrushchev's agricultural reforms, the newspapers reported success. In reality, however, the results were pathetic, no significant progress was made in agricultural production, and measures such as the elimination of grass rotations, the steady increase in the area under maize, peas, and sugar beet caused a decline in several other sectors Csanadi Gy. Sorsfordito evek... Ol. 247.. The problems got worse.

On July 13, 1964, at the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, Khrushchev reported on «Measures for the Implementation of the CPSU Program for Improving Public Welfare» Voros Zaszlo. 1964. 16 julius. Ol. 1.. A bill was passed to increase pensions and benefits for collective farmers, as well as the wages of workers in public education, health care, housing and communal management, commerce, public education, and other sectors of the economy that directly served the population. The bill provided for the establishment of a national social welfare fund for collective farmers through collective farm allocations and annual state budget allocations. The bill stated that collective farm members who did not stop working in the collective farm after retirement should be encouraged. It also established aid for kolkhoz women in the event of pregnancy and childbirth, i.e., they were granted 56 days of paid leave before and after childbirth. It envisaged a 25 % increase in the wages of public education workers, 23% in sports and health care, and 15 % in trade.

On September 13, 1964, the first international friendship festival was held in Berehove. After the speeches of the party leaders describing the «great economic successes of the past years» in Heroes' Square, the choir in the folk costumes of the 21 nations lined up on the stage Ibid. 15 szeptember. Ol. 3..

On October 1, 1964, the resolution of the Council of Ministers of the USSR «On the State Pension and Social Insurance of the Presidents, Specialists and Operators of the Collective Farms» came into force Ibid. 30 julius. Ol. 1.. According to the resolution, pensions were increased based on the length of service. The regulation also provided for the payment of benefits in the event of temporary incapacity for work.

Cooperation with the neighboring regions was also developing SATO. F. 1. Op. 1. Delo Nr. 3011. Ol. 8.. New treaties were signed between the Transcarpathian County of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic, the Western Slovak Territory of the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic, the Szabolcs-Szatmar County of the Hungarian People's Republic, and the Satu Mare Province of the Romanian Socialist Republic, which provided a legal basis for the establishment and maintenance of regular administration, trade and cultural relations Ibid. Delo Nr. 3488. Ol. 1-205..

By the early 1960s, it had become regular practice for regional party committees in the border zones of different countries to meet together to adopt annual action plans for border affairs SATO. F. 1. Op. 5. Od. zb. 694. Ol. 25.. They mainly came together to exchange experiences, to discuss the development of different industries and working methods Ibid. Delo Nr. 555. Ol. 1-18..

On October 17, 1964, the district newspaper reported on the October 14^th Plenary Session of the CPSU Central Committee, according to which «The CPSU Central Committee Plenary Session complied with Comrade Khrushchev's request to be released from the positions of First Secretary of CPSU Central Committee, CPSU Central Committee presidium member, chairman of the USSR Council of Ministers due to his old age and deteriorating health. The plenary ofthe Central Committee of the CPSU elected Comrade Brezhnev L. I. as the first secretary of the Central Committee of the CPSU». A. Kosygin became the chairman of the USSR Council of Ministers Voros Zaszlo. 1964. 17 oktober. Ol. 1..

Leonid Brezhnev initially had high hopes, but in the autumn of 1964, it was not yet known that after the initial great momentum, he would become the creator of the period of stagnation.

References

berehovo history khrushchev

1Ilnytskyi, Yu. (Ed.). (1980). Narysy istorii Zakarpatskoi oblasnoi partiinoi orhanizatsii. Uzhhorod: Karpaty [in Ukrainian].

2Semeniuk, N. (Ed.). (1982). Istoriia gorodov i sel Ukrainskoi SSR: v 261. Zakarpatskaia oblast. Kyiv [in Russian].

3Barta, J. (Ed.). (1960). Irodalomtortenet. A Magyar Irodalomtorteneti Tarsasigfolyoi- rata, 49 [in Hungarian].

4Brenzovics, L. (2009). Karpatalja tortenetenek korszakai es gazdasagi-tarsadalmi helyzete a XX szazadban. Karpatalja. A Karpat-medence regioi 11. In. B. Baranyi (Ed.) (pp. 75-107). Pecs - Budapest: Dialog Campus Kiado [in Hungarian].

5Csanadi, Gy. (2002, July 7). Interview by N. Varadi [in-person].

6Csanadi, Gy. (2004). Sorsfordito eveksodrasaban. Uzhhorod: PoliPrint [in Hungarian].

7Csatary, Gy. (1993). Leveltari Kalaszatok (tanulmanyok, szovegkozlemenyek). Uzhhorod; Budapest: Intermix Kiado [in Hungarian].

8Csatary, Gy. (2004). Beregszasz a Rakoczi-szabadsagharc idejen. In E. Mecsei (Ed.), Pro Patria tanulmanyok (pp. 29-40). Nyiregyhaza: Szabolcs-Szatmar-Bereg M. Lvt [in Hungarian].

9Dobos, S. (2012). Beregszasz tortenete a helyi historiografiaban. II. Rakoczi Ferenc Karpataljai Magyar Foiskola Lehoczky Tivadar Intezetenek tanulmanygydjtemenye, 27-42 [in Hungarian].

10Dobos, S. (2015). Beregszasza a magyar nyelvu tortenetirasban. Mercurius Veridicus Novus. A II. Rakoczi Ferenc Karpataljai Magyar Foiskola Tortenelem- es Tarsadalomtudomanyi Tanszekenek tanulmanygydjtemenye, 75-76 [in Hungarian].

11Dupka, Gy. (2004). Autonom-torekvesekKarpataljan. Uzhhorod; Budapest: Intermix Kiado [in Hungarian].

12Lehoczky, T. (1881). Beregvarmegye monografiaja (Vol. III). Uzhhorod: Nyomtatott Pollacsek Miksa konyvnyomdajaban [in Hungarian].

13Lehoczky, T. (1999). Adalekok Beregszasz tortenetehez. Uzhhorod: Clio [in Hungarian].

14Molnar, J., & Molnar, D. I. (2005). Karpatalja nepessege es magyarsaga a nepszam- lalasi es nepmozgalmi adatok ttikreben. Uzhhorod: PoliPrint [in Hungarian].

15Molnar, D. (2018). Periferiarol periferiara. Karpatalja nepessege 1869-tol napjainkig. Budapest: MTA TK Kisebbsegkutato Intezet. Kalligram [in Hungarian].

16Orosz, I. (2012). Ket evtized tavlatabol. Rakoczi Ferenc Karpataljai Magyar Foiskola Lehoczky Tivadar Intezetenek tanulmanygydjtemenye, 7 [in Hungarian].

17Sebestyen, Z. (2001). Beregszasz utcanevei. Nevtani ertesito, 23, 23-29 [in Hungarian].

18Voros Zaszlo. (1953, Szeptember 17), 1 [in Hungarian].

19Voros Zaszlo. (1954, Januar 10), 1 [in Hungarian].

20Voros Zaszlo. (1954, Februar 6), 1 [in Hungarian].

21Voros Zaszlo. (1954, Februar 7), 1 [in Hungarian].

22Voros Zaszlo. (1954, Aprilis 1), 1 [in Hungarian].

23Voros Zaszlo. (1954, Aprilis 11), 1 [in Hungarian].

24Voros Zaszlo. (1954, Majus 23), 4 [in Hungarian].

25Voros Zaszlo. (1954, Julius 1), 1 [in Hungarian].

26Voros Zaszlo. (1954, Augusztus 30), 3 [in Hungarian].

27Voros Zaszlo. (1954, Szeptember 2), 4 [in Hungarian].

28Voros Zaszlo. (1954, December 26), 3 [in Hungarian].

29Voros Zaszlo. (1955, Marcius 6), 2 [in Hungarian].

30Voros Zaszlo. (1955, Marcius 27), 1 [in Hungarian].

31Voros Zaszlo. (1955, Majus 22), 1 [in Hungarian].

32Voros Zaszlo. (1955, Junius 5), 1 [in Hungarian].

33Voros Zaszlo. (1955, Oktober 2), 3 [in Hungarian].

34Voros Zaszlo. (1955, November 13), 2 [in Hungarian].

35Voros Zaszlo. (1956, Februar 16), 1 [in Hungarian].

36Voros Zaszlo. (1956, Februar 26), 3 [in Hungarian].

37Voros Zaszlo. (1956, Marcius 11), 1 [in Hungarian].

38Voros Zaszlo. (1956, Marcius 15), 1 [in Hungarian].

39Voros Zaszlo. (1956, Marcius 22), 3 [in Hungarian].

40Voros Zaszlo. (1956, Majus 4), 2 [in Hungarian].

41Voros Zaszlo. (1956, Majus 11), 1 [in Hungarian].

42Voros Zaszlo. (1956, Szeptember 12), 1 [in Hungarian].

43Voros Zaszlo. (1956, Oktober 24), 3 [in Hungarian].

44Voros Zaszlo. (1956, Oktober 31), 4 [in Hungarian].

45Voros Zaszlo. (1956, November 2), 1 [in Hungarian].

46Voros Zaszlo. (1957, Januar 18), 13, 1-4 [in Hungarian].

47Voros Zaszlo. (1957, Januar 23), 3 [in Hungarian].

48Voros Zaszlo. (1957, Marcius 8), 2 [in Hungarian].

49Voros Zaszlo. (1957, Aprilis 12), 2 [in Hungarian].

50Voros Zaszlo. (1957, Aprilis 28), 3 [in Hungarian].

51Voros Zaszlo. (1957, Majus 29), 4 [in Hungarian].

52Voros Zaszlo. (1957, Majus 31), 1 [in Hungarian].

53Voros Zaszlo. (1957, Junius 5), 2 [in Hungarian].

54Voros Zaszlo. (1957, Junius 7), 4 [in Hungarian].

55Voros Zaszlo. (1957, December 25), 1 [in Hungarian].

56Voros Zaszlo. (1958, Februar 12), 1-3 [in Hungarian].

57Voros Zaszlo. (1958, Februar 14), 4 [in Hungarian].

58Voros Zaszlo. (1958, Februar 26), 3 [in Hungarian].

59Voros Zaszlo. (1958, Februar 28), 1 [in Hungarian].

60Voros Zaszlo. (1958, Marcius 5), 1-2 [in Hungarian].

61Voros Zaszlo. (1958, Marcius 7), 2 [in Hungarian].

62Voros Zaszlo. (1958, Marcius 12), 1 [in Hungarian].

63Voros Zaszlo. (1958, Marcius 14), 1 [in Hungarian].

64Voros Zaszlo. (1958, Marcius 21), 1 [in Hungarian].

65Voros Zaszlo. (1958, Majus 14), 2 [in Hungarian].

66Voros Zaszlo. (1958, Junius 5), 3 [in Hungarian].

67Voros Zaszlo. (1958, Junius 25), 1 [in Hungarian].

68Voros Zaszlo. (1958, Augusztus 13), 2 [in Hungarian].

69Voros Zaszlo. (1959, Marcius 6), 1 [in Hungarian].

70Voros Zaszlo. (1959, Augusztus 14), 1, 4 [in Hungarian].

71Voros Zaszlo. (1959, Augusztus 26), 1 [in Hungarian].

72Voros Zaszlo. (1959, Szeptember 23), 4 [in Hungarian].

73Voros Zaszlo. (1959, Szeptember 30), 2 [in Hungarian].

74Voros Zaszlo. (1959, Oktober 9), 4 [in Hungarian].

75Voros Zaszlo. (1959, Oktober 14), 4 [in Hungarian].

76Voros Zaszlo. (1959, December 10), 1-3 [in Hungarian].

77Voros Zaszlo. (1959, December 12), 4 [in Hungarian].

78Voros Zaszlo. (1959, December 15), 1 [in Hungarian].

79Voros Zaszlo. (1959, December 19), 4 [in Hungarian].

80Voros Zaszlo. (1960, Januar 21), 2 [in Hungarian].

81Voros Zaszlo. (1960, Januar 23), 1 [in Hungarian].

82Voros Zaszlo. (1960, Januar 26), 3 [in Hungarian].

83Voros Zaszlo. (1960, Februar 23), 4 [in Hungarian].

...