The success phenomenon in socio-cultural management

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National academy of managerial staff of culture and arts

The success phenomenon in socio-cultural management

Yelena Kovalenko

Kyiv

Abstract

Introduction. Significant for modem realities is the strengthening of people's desire for success, especially in management. However, despite desperate efforts, the vast majority of people do not succeed. This is because people do not understand what success is, its essential basis, and ways to achieve it. At the same time, the cardinal changes that are taking place today under the globalization influence necessitate a new understanding of this phenomenon's nature. Purpose and methods. The purpose of the article is a theoretical and philosophical analysis of the success phenomenon and identification of causal patterns of its achievement in the socio-cultural management of post-industrial society. The methodological basis of the study is the dialectical principle of cognition, systemic, metaphysical, culturological, psychological, organizational approaches to the study of behavioral processes in management. Results. The existing methodological approaches to the study of the phenomenon of success in the life of an individual and society as a whole are considered. The essence of success as a sociocultural motivator of human activity and the driving force of management is revealed. Existential types of success and mechanisms of its achievement are defined. The most important personal qualities of the individual are revealed, which guarantee success in the role of a manager. The modern paradigm of management pedagogy is substantiated, with orientation on successful managers' preparation. Conclusions. The scientific novelty of the research results is to deepen the understanding of the nature of the success phenomenon and the peculiarities of its achievement in the conditions of complicated social relations, uncertainty, and turbulence. The significance of the study is manifested in the addition of management science to new ideas about success as a driving force in management, as well as in the possibility of using these ideas in the process of training business organizations managers.

Keywords: success phenomenon, success-efficiency, success-luck, successful manager qualities, pedagogy of successful management.

Introduction

The problem formulation. The global socio-cultural transformation taking place in the world today is strengthening people's desire for success. Achieving any success is associated with the problem of understanding it. Success is most often understood as a person's achievement of various benefits and fame. The modern era is characterized by people's desire, primarily for material, financial, administrative, career, and comfort benefits. However, their scope in the world is limited. Therefore, the possession of these goods is a competitive struggle, which often ends in wars.

Despite desperate efforts, the vast majority of people do not succeed. And many of those who seem to have succeeded do not receive inner satisfaction. This is because people do not understand what success is, its essential basis, and ways to achieve it. It is also explained by a lack of understanding of the nature of various types of human activity and the specifics of different meanings that can be embedded in the human consciousness.

Awareness of the success problem today is becoming increasingly relevant for managers - people who perform administrative functions in society and are endowed with the power, authority, and the right to manage resources. Being at the hierarchy levels, organization managers are constantly in a state of competition for the maintenance of their positions and career advancement, which ensures the growth of their personal well-being and organization success. Different historical epochs dictate different understandings of manager success. However, the lack of study of the manager's success phenomenon, as well as the dramatic changes that have occurred in society at the beginning of the 21^st century, under the influence of globalization processes, necessitate a new understanding of this phenomenon's essence.

State study of the problem. The scientific discourse of the success phenomenon should begin with a careful analysis of primary sources and generalization of theoretical positions relating to this unique socio-cultural phenomenon. If you look into the philosophical literature, you can find that it has almost no sources that directly cover the problem of success. Basically, philosophers deal with the success phenomenon indirectly, using, primarily, categories such as activity and will. And it's no coincidence. After all, success is what a person wins, what achieves, what fights for, so it is not conceivable without activity and practice. Human activity is seen as a special quality, connected with the human way of life, its self-organization. It has always been the focus of many philosophers who have tried to explore its nature: Aristotle (4th cent. BC), Rene Descartes (1637), Gottfried Leibniz (1685), Georg Hegel (1837), Karl Marx (1867), Martin Heidegger (1956), Vladislav Lektorskii (2018) and others. However, just one activity is not enough to achieve success. We need a targeted activity, which, according to many scientists, should include such consistent components as goal - motive - method - result. Each of these components is important for success. Although from a purely external point of view, the success and progress of the individual as a whole are usually judged by the activity's final results.

Along with human activity, a conscious will is considered the main factor in successful activity, as the ability by which the human mind makes its choice of goals and directs efforts to fulfill its aspirations. The nature of the will is understood as physiological, psychological, social, or transcendent. It is the inner strength of the individual. Much is said about will as in Western philosophy (Aristotle, 4th cent. BC; Plato, 4th cent. BC; Ockham, 1347; Kant, 1788; Fichte, 1804; Hegel, 1837; Schopenhauer, 1818; Nietzsche, 1888; Peirce, 1903; James, 1911; Dewey, 1919; Scheler, 1928; Sartre, 1953) and in Eastern philosophy (Upanishads, 7-3th cent. BC), as well as in the works of Slavic philosophers (Kulish, 1879; Solovyov, 1883; Bulgakov, 1912; Vernadsky, 1926; Frank, 1930; Berdiaev, 1952; Losev, 1989), whose ideas vary between the western and eastern cultural poles.

The will that exists in the form of a «practical mind» interested the representatives of German classical philosophy: Immanuel Kant (1785) and Johann Fichte (1804). In this context, in parallel with the development of the theoretical mind, which is engaged in the extrasensory, comprehensible, and ideal, they emphasized the need to develop a practical mind, which is engaged in a sensory, objective activity, controls human will and regulates its activities.

However, most practically about the will and success spoke American philosophers, especially representatives of the pragmatism philosophy Charles Peirce (1903), William James (1911), John Dewey (1919). They laid the foundation for a purposeful study of the success phenomenon. Nevertheless, unlike the representatives of German classical philosophy, pragmatism preachers ignored the cognitive nature of the mind, seeing in it only a function that serves the practical activities of human. Having rejected the traditional concepts of the theory of cognition - «subject», «object», «cognitive reality», a new concept is introduced, important from the standpoint of management, the concept of «problem situation», which should be gradually resolved with some usefulness for a person. Thus, pragmatic philosophy connects the success of cognition and human activity with the concept of usefulness, practical benefit.

Other philosophical schools look somewhat more broadly at the concept of freedom in achieving human success. So, Georg Hegel (1837) - a German philosopher, one of the creators of German idealism philosophy, saw a «practical spirit» in the human will, which is an expression of the «Absolute Spirit». The success of an individual for him is connected with how much this person expresses the will of the Whole: the Absolute Spirit - in an ideal manifestation; state - in its particular material manifestation.

The German irrational philosopher Arthur Schopenhauer (1818), in this regard, advanced even further, giving the «World Will» an absolute ontological status and denying the notion of success in its earthly sense. According to Schopenhauer's philosophy, human life flows between desires and pleasures. Desire, by its nature, is suffering from a lack of something, and pleasure quickly overwhelms a person, and oversaturation and boredom come to life, which leads to despair. Everyone strives for ideals but does not achieve them. What is called success (happiness) in Schopenhauer is reduced to deprivation of suffering. It is possible to achieve this either by suicide - in this case, a person acts contrary to the World Will, or by asceticism - then the desires are extinguished, and as a result, suffering disappears. However, only rare individuals can resist the World Will. According to Schopenhauer, half-measures that reduce suffering and are accessible to the public, serve the moral life and contemplation of creativity, which reflect eternal ideals. All this gives his position a pessimistic color.

Eastern culture is significantly different from Western culture, and the philosophical interpretation of human activity, will, and success here is peculiar. For example, the Upanishads (7-3th cent. BC) use the concept of «Absolute Being and Will», which together with «Absolute Knowledge and Wisdom» and «Absolute Bliss» in Hinduism constitute the triune nature of the God - Absolute - Brahman, who is the basis of all things and phenomena. From the point of view of Indian philosophy, the human will is a reflection of the Divine Will, and the success of human endeavors depends on the extent to which the human will corresponds to the Will of the Absolute. Human activity and will, does not aim to follow Absolute Freedom, is considered at best as an illusory vanity, and at worst as a grave delusion, leading to falling away from the Whole.

In addition to philosophers of the West and the East, the themes of success were also touched upon by philosophers of the Slavic tradition: Panteleimon Kulish (1879), Vladimir Solovyov (1883), Sergei Bulgakov (1912), Vladimir Vernadsky (1926), Semen Frank (1930), Nikolai Berdiaev (1952), Aleksei Losev (1989) and others. However, they seldom preached the cult of personal success as an end in itself but always associated it with the conciliar activities of their people and with following the supreme spiritual Will of God. Concerning management, this approach was most clearly manifested in the works of Sergei Bulgakov, especially in the work «Philosophy of Economy» (1912). According to his ideas, the success of the economic activity is ensured by the unity of matter and spirit, as a guarantor of sophistry - wisdom. A wise master adheres to this unity in his activity. Material (economic) success is always one-sided, incomplete and defective, if it is achieved by infringing on the spiritual side, the interests of others, their plunder.

Modern philosophical literature has developed a well-established idea of freedom as the primary basis, which combines cognitive and motivational aspects. Practical goal-setting, which implies conscious human activity in choosing a goal, making a willful decision, and its implementation, are the core elements of management activities that directly affect its success.

After a philosophical approach, which offers the most general and fundamental principles of understanding the success phenomenon, the cultural approach is serious in this regard. The greatest contribution to the development of this approach was made by Franz Boas (1928), Talcott Parsons (1978), Ruth Benedict (1989), Clifford Geertz (2001), Sergey Anisimov (2001), Bronislaw Malinowski (2014). These researchers analyze the cultural determination problem of success, its socio-cultural models, focus on the axiological aspects of success. The general trend inherent in this approach is that success is understood as a strategy of the individual, built according to the cultural model and the ideal of a particular type of society.

Regarding the psychological approach to the study of the success phenomenon, it can be stated that it mainly focuses on research into the psychological essence of success, the factors of its formation, the development of practical recommendations and technologies for its achievement by the individual. Scientists such as Dale Carnegie (1948), Napoleon Hill (1928, 1930, 1937, 1970), Abraham Maslow (1999), Vladimir Pankratov (2000), Olena Kostyuchenko (2018), Richard Bandler, Owen Fitzpatrick, and Glenda Bradstock (2019) made a significant contribution to the development of this approach.

The organizational aspect of success is covered in the works of such well-known foreign scientists as Ichak Adizes (2004), Dan Ariely (2008, 2010), Richard Daft (2017), Peter Drucker (2017), Howard Gardner (1986), Daniel Goleman (2005), John van Maurik (2009), Daniel Pink (2015), Manfred de Vries (2006). This problem is also indirectly addressed by Ukrainian researchers, including Yaroslav Martynyshyn, Olena Khlystun, Olena Kostyuchenko, Yelena Kovalenko (Martynyshyn et al., 2020a, 2020b; Martynyshyn & Khlystun, 2018, 2019;

Martynyshyn & Kovalenko, 2017, 2018a, 2018b; Martynyshyn & Kovalenko, 2017, 2018a, 2018b; Martynyshyn & Kostyuchenko, 2018; Kovalenko, 2017, 2018, 2020a, 2020b) and others.

Unresolved issues. Noting the importance of scientific research of these scientists, it should be noted that in this problem there are still many unresolved issues of a theoretical and methodological nature. In particular, there is almost no unambiguous clear interpretation of the success concept, which is often identified with luck and other related terms. The very nature of the success phenomenon, its types, formation factors and achievement mechanisms are poorly studied. It requires further investigation of the individual's personal qualities, which he needs to achieve success in performing the functions of a manager. The question of the concept of modern management education focused on the training of successful managers, also remains open. The relevance and significance of the study and the solution to these issues have determined the purpose and objectives of this study.



1. Purpose and methods

The purpose and research tasks. The purpose of the article is a theoretical and philosophical analysis of the success phenomenon and identification of causal patterns of its achievement in the socio-cultural management of postindustrial society. This purpose involves solving the following tasks:

- to consider the existing methodological approaches, to the study of the success phenomenon in the life of an individual and society as a whole;

- to reveal the essence of success as a socio-cultural motivator of human activity and the driving force of organizations management;

- to determine the existential types of the success phenomenon and its achievement mechanisms in socio-cultural management;

- to identify the most important personal qualities of the individual, which guarantee success in the role of manager;

- to substantiate the modern paradigm of management pedagogy aimed at training successful managers.

Methodology and methods. Based on the dialectical principle of cognition, the phenomenon of success is studied concerning the organization in which the success recipient (person, group of people) works (lives) and the environment in which the organization operates. At the same time, the expected success, its potential recipient, the organization, and its environment are in a state of situational unity of their inherent opposites, competition and struggle of these opposites, which may result in harmony and success, or disharmony, in case of failure.

The successor (manager), the organization, and the environment are considered through the prism of a systems approach, according to which they are a complex stochastic dynamic system consisting of a set of interconnected and interacting elements combined to achieve a common goal - success.

A metaphysical approach that, together with cultural, psychological, and organizational approaches, allows a much deeper understanding of the multifaceted nature of the success phenomenon in socio-cultural management is necessary for understanding the latent and transcendent mechanisms for achieving manager success.

To solve specific research problems, the following methods were used: classification and critical analysis - to study scientific papers on the research problem, systematization of their results; terminological - during the explication of the concept of «success»; phenomenological - to clarify the nature of the phenomenon of success as a driving force in the management of social life; semiotic analysis - to reconstruct the meanings inherent in the motives for striving for success, and their understanding; modeling - for the search for luck and means of success; theoretical generalization - to summarize.

Information base. The information base of the study consists of scientific works of the most famous domestic and foreign thinkers (philosophers, practicing managers, economists, anthropologists, psychologists, culturologists), which directly or indirectly address the problem of human success and success, group of people, especially in the management field. As an empirical basis, the results of the author's research, obtained during the observation and synthesis of the results of the work of successful top managers of Ukraine, were used in substantiating the conceptual foundations of the success phenomenon. The chronological framework of the study covers the Modern and Present and the territorial and cultural boundaries - the western and eastern worlds.



2. Results and discussion

The etymology of the term «success» still remains complex and ambiguous. The Great Explanatory Dictionary of the modern Ukrainian language interprets this word as a positive result of work, deals, etc.; significant achievements, luck, talent; public recognition, approval of something, someone's achievements (Busel, 2005, p. 1516). Similar interpretations of the term «success» are given by many other etymological dictionaries. Sergei Ozhegov's popular Dictionary of the Russian Language (1949) interprets this term as good luck in achieving something; public recognition (p. 741). The well-known English-Russian Dictionary by Vladimir Mьller (1944) gives approximately the same meaning (p. 588). However, if we open older dictionaries, such as Vladimir Dal's Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language (1866), we will not find the word «success» there.

So, at the end of the 19th century, «success» was not yet realized as the word of a living language, and in the middle of the twentieth century, it was already available, literally and figuratively. Although it is clear that the very phenomenon of success arose long before the emergence of terms that denote it.

The variety of interpretations of the word «success» is well shown by modern dictionaries of synonyms of Ukrainian and Russian languages (Aleksandrova, 2001; Karavanskyj, 2012; and others). Howsoever, such ambiguity of the term «success» complicates the possibility of its deep understanding. Therefore, it is advisable to distribute all the disparate meanings of this word into typical relatively homogeneous groups, which will distinguish the most significant and reasonable definition of the concept of «success» (Table 1).

Table 1. Grouping of disparate meanings of the word «success»

Grouping features	Groups of definitions
Achieving the goal through efficiency	Positive, desirable result of efficiency in work, business, struggle, etc.
Achieving the goal through luck	Positive, desirable result of luck, happy coincidence, luck, destiny
Recognition of achievements	Public recognition, approval, furor, laurels (valor, glory)



Systematic analysis of various meanings and senses of the word «success» allows to divide them into the following three typical groups of success: 1) achieving the goal through the person's efficiency (group of people) all their strength, knowledge, abilities, efforts and energy; 2) achieving the goal through human luck, happy coincidence, luck; 3) public recognition of achievement, approval, furor, laurels.

As a result of grouping the meanings of the word «success», we find two main semantic components in this word. The first is the set goal achievement: a positive, desired result of work, business. The second semantic component is the public recognition of what has been achieved, which again refers to human desires, to the goals to which man aspired. These two semantic components are necessary and sufficient conditions for success. That means that success alone is not enough to achieve the desired goal. It also requires recognition of what has been achieved by society, without which it is impossible to feel complete satisfaction with what has been achieved (Figure 1).

Figure 1. Components of the «success» concept Source: own development

At the same time, the achievement of the purpose can be obtained both due to the efficiency of the person or collective and due to luck, a happy combination of circumstances, luck, fate. Given this and the above arguments, we can offer the following definition of the concept under study: Success is the achievement of the desired goal of a person through his efficiency and (or) luck and public recognition of what has been achieved. It is accompanied by a sense of human need for society and receiving positive emotions, which, in turn, is the causative agent of the emergence of new strength, energy, as well as an effective motivator for its creative search and ups.

Existential types of success and mechanisms for achieving it in management

The desire to succeed today is typical to almost everyone. That is especially evident in the category of people who perform managerial functions in society and are managers of organizations or seek to become managers or expand their career path. Any public organization and its management are considered to have succeeded if they have achieved the goal and received recognition of their achievements both directly in the business environment and society as a whole. As mentioned above, the achievement of the purpose can be achieved through the efficiency and (or) luck of the individual or collective. Therefore, it is fully reasonable to distinguish two existentially different types of success - success-efficiency and success-luck.

Success-efficiency is a success that is persistently achieved, people fight for it, overcoming various obstacles, wasting physical, mental, and spiritual strength and energy. The path to it is usually long and difficult. It requires from the manager the appropriate knowledge, skills, abilities, rationally calculated, systematic, strong-willed efforts.

Success-luck may not require efficiency and effort. People may not seek it, not fight for it, but merely wait, hoping that it will come. Here, personal qualities, the will of the manager may not be needed, and if they are needed, then completely different than in the previous case. Rational calculation, sys - tematics, and methodology are also not required. The point here is quite different - in luck, destiny, happy choice. And in this case, it is hard to determine the factor that led to success.

These two types of success have a fundamentally different content, indicate completely different life values and goals, and, accordingly, different ways of organizational behavior of the manager (Figure 2).



Figure 2. Types of success in management Source: own development

philosophical success sociocultural existential

Analyzing the history of social development, it is not difficult to notice that at the earliest stage of its formation, in the conditions of appropriating economy, when a man consumed only ready-made products of nature (hunted wild animals, collected edible fruits, fished), success-luck was the predominant type of success. So, a hunter or fisherman hoped, first of all, for luck, it was vital to him: he was looking for it and waiting for it. Later, in the process of further development of society and the emergence of a new form of management, based on production (agriculture, livestock, handicrafts) and consumption of man-made products, success-efficiency becomes the predominant type of success. And here, unlike the hunter and the fisherman, the farmer, the herdsman, and the craftsman have to develop success incessantly and methodically every day. The hope for luck is replaced by the calculation of efficiency as a result of hard work.

The Renaissance and the Enlightenment played an important role in establishing the orientation of man to success-efficiency in Western culture. However, this orientation reached its apogee in the next historical period - in the era of Industrialism. The main determinants that contributed to this were:

1) humanism - a system of ideas and views on man as the highest value, belief in the power of knowledge and the infinite possibilities of man, his will and mind, the meaning of being, purpose and value of human life on the wrong side, not somewhere else, but this real, sensual, obj ective world, here and now man can and must seek and find the true meaning of his happiness; human's interest is directed to himself, activity - to the surrounding reality, to its transformation, subordination, and work on itself becomes more and more meaningful when it gives concrete tangible results in this real world;

2) modern European science, which leads to the world desecration;

3) rationalism, which emphasizes the superiority of mind (logical thinking) in human cognition and actions;

4) a new picture of the world, in which something like the ontological landing of a person was realized, which was necessary for the constitution of success-efficiency as the meaning and purpose of life;

5) great scientific and technical discoveries;

6) transition to factory production and the emergence of industry;

7) social Darwinism as a natural law of interspecies struggle and competition;

8) capitalist mode of production, political economy, and market model of management;

9) Protestant ethics, as a compromise between religion, science, and the capitalist mode of production;

10) secular type of state.

Success-efficiency is a category mainly of the Western world. It is inherently directly related to the vocation and is its practical implementation, so this type of success requires effort, cannot be random, and comes naturally, according to the abilities and hard work of a person.

A vocation is what makes a person an individual, a favorite, and socially valuable business in which a person is a professional. It is a tendency and an inner attraction to any business, profession, which are justified by the presence of the necessary abilities. The vocation is also what they serve. It imposes responsibility; it is necessary to be at the height of the situation; it must be answered. Such efforts and aspirations contribute to the formation of the manager's personal qualities, make him successful.

However, the true vocation of a manager must be found and earned. It is not for everyone. To do this, you need, first of all, to have:

- rich desires, will (a vigorous human, as a rule, has energetic, developed desires; this person wants a lot, has something to wake up every day and does not just work out, what others expect from him, that person does what he wants);

- cheerful, lively, and assembled body (if a person is sluggish, eyes are sleepy, gestures are relaxed, then any vocation is closed to him; such a body blocks any vocation; vocation is a soul, but if a person has a disorganized body for management, then this soul will be blocked by the body);

- well-developed universal abilities (goal-setting, planning, support for cheer and high energy, positive worldview, easy ability to learn);

- ability and habit to always bring the creative skill to the highest level, to the level of «excellent», to the level of skill;

- caring for people (vocation should be aimed not only at meeting their own needs but also at what people need).

Success-luck is an existential value of a completely different world. A world that is experienced as irrational and full of uncertainty, in which everything, including human life, is the result of a game of incomprehensible (in terms of rational, logical thinking) transcendent, magical forces (Order and Chaos, Good and Evil, Yin and Yang, etc.). The value of this type of success was initially unique to Eastern culture. Today, in the context of society's transition to post-industrialism, the growing interdependence of cultures, and the crisis of the Enlightenment, success-luck is becoming a significant type of success in the West. The main determinants that contribute to this are:

1) post-classical philosophy, which, in contrast to the classics that put mind and rationality first and set as the main goal of identifying the internal logic of processes, marks the rejection of the recognition of reasonable grounds for reality and brings to the fore an irrational moment; the mind, in many areas of reality cognition, begins to be assigned a utilitarian place, and intuitive or non-theoretical knowledge - the main one;

2) irrationalism, which proclaims the supremacy of sensual (intuitive thinking) in human cognition and actions; emphasizes the existence of worldview areas inaccessible to the mind, and achievable only through such means as intuition, feelings, faith, instinct, revelation, etc.;

3) the picture of the world, which eliminates the problem of meaning, insists on the absurdity, arbitrariness of being and constructs a new ontology in which the sign replaces, makes superfluous the indicated; in this ontological failure, which is the essence of the post-industrial era, there is no room for a realistic, rational-active spirit of the Renaissance; here a new sense of life is inevitable, and hence a change of values; here they no longer strive for those efforts and returns which are characteristic of Industrialism but crave good luck (actively or passively);

4) scientific and information revolution and globalization, which cause a significant complication of social relations, the society transition to a new, largely incomprehensible, social order and way of life.

Success-luck is, to some extent, the antithesis of success based on efficiency. It is a matter of Fate and Will (man, organization, country, society, world) - in terms of irrational methodological approach, and a matter of chance, its game - from the standpoint of a rational approach. Therefore, under the first approach, success-luck should be considered as ontologically logical. Moreover, this pattern is hidden. It cannot be comprehended by scientific methods and abstract-logical thinking. It can be felt only emotionally, intuitively, but not everyone can do it. With the second approach, success-luck seems ontology - cally random, so any actions and personal qualities of the manager aimed at overcoming this accident and obtaining success-luck are rendered untenable and inappropriate. Here the only thing is to wait, hoping that luck itself will come. But with the first approach, individual personal qualities are needed. However, they are completely different from those needed for success-efficiency. Given this, two types of success-luck can be distinguished: passive and active.

Passive success-luck does not require any individual personal qualities of the success recipient. To expect good luck, you do not need to be someone, just be. Inherently, luck, in this case, is what comes in the game, and not in sports, where skill is required, but in card games, roulette, lotteries. A happy occasion is the life goal, the dreams limit, and the whole strategy of activity. Do not work on yourself, systematically going to success, but look for opportunities. Hence, in many ways, the increased social mobility of modern society, the constant change of occupation, place of residence, even marriage partners. In the same way, to a large extent, it is the spiritual reason for the public consciousness criminalization. Such a worldview, based on «fart» and is specific to the criminal world, determines its way of lifestyle and represents a key difference between the psychology of the criminal, «gentleman of fortune», from the psychology of the employee. Such orientation eliminates the personality, leads to its degradation, and, of course, cannot be the basis of the manager's behavior model.

Active success-luck, on the contrary, requires special individual personal qualities of the successor, but not such as for success-efficiency - associated with rational-logical intelligence, but related to professional feeling and intuition, that is, such human abilities that allow knowing the irrational, first of all, Fate (predetermined course of events in the human life, organization, country, etc.) and Will (which underlies all the opposing forces of the world), and to feel and «catch» luck. These unique abilities are determined by the level of development of human emotional intelligence and are very important for the success of a modern manager.

So, in the context of socio-cultural management, the most relevant are the active types of success obtained due to the efficiency and luck of managers, their knowledge of existential truth, and the identification of the development laws of managed objects and the environment: 1) visible laws - using scientific methods and abstract logical intelligence; 2) invisible patterns - using intuition and emotional intelligence.

Nevertheless, no less significant, but the most difficult from the point of view of consciousness, is the passive type of success obtained by managers due to wholly unexpected, unpredictable, intellectually meaningless luck as a result of ordinary inaction and playing a happy case. In this regard, it is worth noting that today, when not only the moral but also the ontological line between conditional and unconditional is blurred, when the purpose of life becomes rest - even «leisure civilization» - the game turns from means to goal, and for many life becomes a game. Accordingly, the status of professional players - artists, athletes, showmen, businessmen, politicians, who are becoming a prominent part of the modern elite, rises. They are fashion legislators, samples of life standards, behavioral stereotypes. Among them, young people are looking for idols. And if before it was considered necessary to constantly remind that life is not a game and nothing is given without work, today, in the era of existential onset of «society of luck», another pedagogy begins to dominate, namely gaming, which, along with positive moments, inevitably leads to the infanti - lization of consciousness, which is unacceptable in the case of the manager training and the development of his core abilities.

The most important personal qualities of a successful manager

The problem of the qualities that a person needs to achieve success has long been studied in management. And even though sciences such as work psychology, organizational psychology, psychotechnics, psychometrics have made a significant contribution to the development of methods for assessing personal qualities, there are still no clearly defined unified criteria for personal qualities that allow succeeding in management.

What qualities should a successful manager have?

The great thinker and artist, one of the few outstanding geniuses of mankind Leonardo da Vinci (1503, p. 42) distinguished seven qualities that are necessary for self-expression and self-development: curiosity; verifying yourself with real experience; sensitivity; acceptance of uncertainty; harmonious thinking; the feeling of your body, the perception of reality in the relationship.

As we see, here we are talking not about any qualifications or competencies, but about such qualities as the ability to penetrate the essence of phenomena, processes, people, achieve harmony within oneself and with the outside world, to be creative and original. It is obvious that not everyone has such qualities. Of course, they are universal and do not belong to any particular type of activity. Perhaps in other areas, their role may not be so significant, but in management, it is difficult to overestimate it.

The great L. da Vinci created in the middle of the last millennium. The creative fruits of genius are not influenced by time. But it is crucial to bear in mind that the world is constantly changing. A couple of centuries after the era of da Vinci, Europe entered the industrial epoch. It took the past time of the masters. Specialized qualified personnel replaced masters. Differently, people began to look at what is necessary for professional success. This led to significant transformations. The masters were changed by specialists, and, it seemed, the ideas of L. da Vinci remained in the past. However, the world continued to change, relations between people began to be filled with new content, business in terms of its tasks became increasingly sophisticated and graceful from the point of view of its methods, as well as the tasks it solved. At the turn of the 21st century, with great speed over the decades (and not hundreds, much fewer thousands of years, as it was before), not just significant or even dramatic changes began to occur - global transformations have taken place. Naturally, it has undergone adjustments and a set of key qualities that form the individual potential, based on which he can achieve the desired result.

The author of best-sellers on business world issues, Daniel Pink (2015, p. 108) formulated six personal qualities of a manager for success in the 21st century. The most important among them are the ability to see meaning, to understand what the activity is for, to understand purpose as development; ability to design on the basis of feelings; ability to go beyond logic, use emotions and intuition; the ability to capture and convince the story; ability to show humor, to contribute game moments to the business; the ability to think broadly and creatively, not to dwell on details.

Obviously, in the 21st century, six personal qualities correlate with those distinguished by L. da Vinci. Now, we see that the industrial era is a thing of the past, and the era of masters is returning with a strong emphasis on creativity, individualization and reliance on the hidden abilities and qualities of the soul. Speaking about the manager's personal qualities, according to D. Pink, it should be noted that there is a noticeable emphasis on quality, characterizing precisely the emotional, artistic side of the individual behavior. The rational basis of behavior undeniably fades into the background, success basis is emotional intelligence. This leads to the conclusion that in today's environment and current conditions to succeed, the manager needs to develop his emotional intelligence to more fully involve him in practical activities.

In the last decade, one of the most popular concepts for the managers' key qualities development is the WIST concept, put forward by John van Maurik (2009). According to this concept, a successful manager has such qualities as wisdom, integrity, sensitivity, tenacity (p. 68).

This concept, as we see, does not affect either the branch of the manager's knowledge or the field of his professional qualifications. The manager's success is based on individual qualities that characterize his ability to build a positive relationship with people, relying mainly on the emotional and sensory aspects of his behavior. This concept strengthened manager orientation towards the development of their interpersonal intelligence and ethical behavior in management.

The study and synthesis of the best practices of the top managers of successful companies in Ukraine (194 respondents were interviewed) made it possible to formulate their own concept on personal qualities, which allow individuals to be successful in the role of a manager (Table 2).

The most important of these is the alternative vision. And if a modern manager has this ability, then he should be called not just a manager but a visionary. Analyzing the history of various companies' failures, we can find that the reasons for their failure were not bad strategies or insufficient upgrades. The companies' failure was the result of the leaders' actions, largely due to their vision. And to be more precise, the absence of one.

Arthur Schopenhauer (1851) has a rather figurative statement: «Talent hits a target no one else can hit; Genius hits a target no one else can see» (p. 406). Managing a business organization, especially in modern conditions, is an extremely complex process, and it is constantly becoming more and more complex, more and more sophisticated, like something like «go there - I don't know where, and bring it - I don't know what», but definitely necessary for success. The logic is not applicable here. This requires a completely different vision, a non-standard approach, talent. Therefore, the alternative vision as the ability to look into the very essence of the relationship, as the ability to look at tomorrow from the day after tomorrow, see and understand the invisible is the main personal quality based on which managers can succeed in business.

Table 2. Personal qualities of a successful manager

Types of qualities	Characteristic
Alternative vision	The ability to penetrate deeply into the essence of various situations, processes, phenomena, to be able to notice and understand the invisible in them (new opportunities, threats, trends) and intuitively predict their development
Non-standard thinking	Ability to deviate from traditional schemes of thinking, go beyond logic, beyond the visible and be able to think divergently, irrationally, illogically, nonlinearly, critically, emotionally, intuitively
Creativity	Ability to constantly change, differentiate and produce fundamentally new, unusual ideas and bring them to a concrete practical result in the form of various attractive things
Communication	Artistry, emotionality, sensitivity, the ability to build and develop relationships, persuade, evoke empathy, influence the will, consciousness and feelings
Orientation in chaos	Ability to navigate and quickly solve complex problem situations in conditions of chaos (inconsistency, disorder, disorganization, instability, variability, uncertainty, turbulence, etc.)
Obsession	Emotional and volitional state, which is manifested in complete self-forgetful devotion to the cause and persistent in self-sacrifice intention to achieve the goal, overcoming any obstacles and difficulties
Confidence	A property whose core is a positive assessment of one's own skills, abilities as sufficient to achieve significant («impossible») goals and success

Source: own development

An alternative vision of a manager is a very subtle matter that has no explicit and unambiguous attributes. The basis of alternative vision is a developed emotional intelligence, the ability to feel fate and will, the ability to comprehend the situation, see the hidden driving forces, trends, and patterns, understand people, feel the springs that determine the strength and direction of the situation, «catch» luck and achieve success. In this regard, it is impossible to give universal measures through which it is possible to unambiguously identify such a vision, the degree of its manifestation. However, the presence of a vision can be said when someone manages to achieve results that are considered impossible to achieve. At the same time, looking from the side, it is difficult to explain how he manages to achieve such results.

You can specify what is typical of managers who have an alternative vision. First, they pursue «impossible» goals. Second, they are obsessed with devotion. It is a deep devotion to people, company, the chosen cause. Third, they are given obsessions. In critical conditions, they become even more obsessed, even more, mobilized to solve problems. Fourth, they are characterized by deep insight into the perception and evaluation of people. Management is people, people, and only people. In people, there are opportunities, and in people, there are threats. People are a source of strength, and people are a source of weakness. Therefore, a deep understanding of people, the ability to feel a person is the most considerable quality of a visionary. Fifth, alternative vision is not without the ability to deviate from traditional thinking schemes, go beyond logic, beyond the visible, and the ability to think divergently, irrationally, logically, nonlinearly, critically, emotionally, intuitively, since all these are the principal tools of vision. Therefore, non-standard thinking is a characteristic feature of managers who have a vision.

Of course, the vision itself does not produce results. We need existent actions. But, thanks to the vision, the manager can build his actions in such a way that they will lead to the desired result. And here, a crucial quality of the manager is his ability to navigate and to quickly solve difficult problem situations in the conditions of chaos: inconsistency, disorder, disorganization, instability, uncertainty, variability, turbulence, and more. The manager should consider such situations not just as a mess in which it is impossible to carry out activities, but on the contrary as a more complex and less accessible order, and being confident and able not to be lost in such situations, be able to see new opportunities in them and quickly apply adequate actions to realize the identified opportunities in favor of his business.

Momentous features are also the creativity and communication of the manager, as his ability to constantly develop new ideas and the ability to build and develop relationships that, in harmonious combination with previous qualities, make it possible to achieve great success in business and the career of a manager of a business organization.

Here it is appropriate to note that in light of the above, managers are not all those who are engaged in management activities or are business owners. The majority of managers are administrators, and most business owners are just owners, not even investors and not entrepreneurs at all. Therefore, we need a suitable system of management training aimed at the formation and development of personal qualities that can ensure its success as a manager.

Pedagogy of successful management

The meaning of training a successful manager can be defined as the pedagogical activities implementation to increase the competitiveness of the learner. We may be denied that any educational process is aimed at this to some extent. In fact, not everyone. In the vast majority of cases, even when there are tasks to increase the competitiveness of the future specialist, it is not primary. When it comes to training managers, competitiveness is the basis of the foundations, which determines the degree of their adaptability to the complex competitive conditions of the business environment and hence the ability to survive.

Business and competition are actually synonymous. The manager is constantly faced with competition in the external environment, and how he manages to cope with it, depends on his success or, conversely, failure. The manager is also always in contact with internal competition in the company, since he, by the nature of his activity, is on the career ladder, the promotion of which requires him to be not just a high-class specialist, but an employee who can be the best in a competition collision. Competition, entrepreneurial energy, and creative work are the three pillars on which progress is made.

In the case of a manager, to be successful means to act in such a way that the competitive situations in which he is constantly developing in his favor or develop in the desired direction for him. From this understanding, it follows that the manager's success is determined by two components: the situation and the action. The studied issue leads to an important conclusion. Without a deep understanding of the situation and adequate actions, there can be no manager's success.

Thus, the pedagogy of successful management should help the future manager develop personal qualities that make it possible to understand the situations in which the manager finds himself, determine and carry out actions that allow him to occupy winning positions in a competitive environment. At the same time, it should be borne in mind that the management of a business organization does not deal with logic but with the people's interests. This is an extremely considerable position to follow to be a successful manager.

Traditionally, our education is focused on the formation of specialists, that is, preparing them for definite actions, in a certain field of activity. More precisely, to train specialists for specific work within a particular profession and specialty. To do this, the learner must be given an idea (abstract and concrete, with a set of formal definitions) about the subject of further activities and taught adequate tools used in this subject area. In other words, to provide him with complete information about the subject (traditionally called knowledge) and help him acquire the appropriate skills and abilities, which are, relatively, the specialty attributes.

The formation of a specialist of a particular qualification, in this case, is the main task of the pedagogical process. By the way, this approach to understanding the pedagogy of management dominates today in our education. Although, it should be noted that recently, due to the transformation in the education system, there has been a transition to the so-called competence approach. The statement indicates that the reforms aimed at modernizing education, bringing it closer to a state that meets the requirements of post-industrial society.

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