Investigation of extinction learning in multi-context paradigm

References

1. Abend, R., Jalon, I., Gurevitch, G., Sar-el, R., Shechner, T., Pine, D. S., … Bar-Haim, Y. (2016). Modulation of fear extinction processes using transcranial electrical stimulation. Translational Psychiatry, 6(10), e913.

2. Abramowitz, J.S., Deacon, B.J. & Whiteside, S.P.H. (2011). Exposure Therapy for Anxiety. Principles and Practice. NY, The Gilford Press.

3. Adolphs, A. (2013). The biology of fear. Current Biology, 23(2), R79-R93.

4. Ahs, F., Frick, A., Furmark, T. & Fredrikson, M. (2015). Human serotonin transporter availability predicts fear conditioning. Psychophysiology, 98(3), Pt. 2, 515-519.

5. American Psychiatric Association. (2007). Practice guideline for the treatment of patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Association, 2007.

6. American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.), Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Publishing.

7. American Psychiatric Association. (2017). Clinical Practice Guideline for the Treatment of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) in Adults. Available online at https://www.apa.org/about/offices/directorates/guidelines/ptsd.pdf.

8. Bach, D.R., Friston, K.J. & Dolan, R.J. (2010). Analytic measures for quantification of arousal from spontaneous skin conductance fluctuations. Int J Psychopysiol, 76(1), 52-55.

9. Balderston, N.L., Schultz, D.H., Baillet, S. & Helmstetter, F.G. (2014). Rapid Amygdala Responses during Trace Fear Conditioning without Awareness. PLoS One, 9(5), e96803.

10. Becker, C.B., Zayfert, C. & Anderson, E. (2004). A survey of psychologists' attitudes towards and utilization of exposure therapy for PTSD. Behav Res Ther., 42(3), 277-92.

11. Benet-Martinez, V. (2007). Cross-cultural personality research: conceptual and methodological issues. In Robins R, Fraley R.C. & Krueger R. (Eds), Handbook of research methods in personality psychology (pp. 170-189). New York, London: The Guilford Press.

12. Boggio, P. S., Rocha, M., Oliveira, M. O., Fecteau, S., Cohen, R. B., Campanhг, C., … Fregni, F. (2010). Noninvasive Brain Stimulation With High-Frequency and Low-Intensity Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Treatment for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 71(8), 992-999.

13. Booth, R.W., Peker, M. & Oztop, P. (2016). Turkish adaptation of the Fear of Spiders Questionnaire: Reliability and validity in non-clinical samples. Cogent Psychology, 3 (1), 1144250.

14. Bos, M.G., Beckers, T. & Kindt, M. (2012). The effects of noradrenergic blockade on extinction in humans. Biol Psychol., 89(3), 598-605.

15. Bouton, M.E. (2004). Context and Behavioral Processes in Extinction. Learn Mem., 11(5), 485-94.

16. Bradley, M.M., Miccoli, L., Escrig, M.A. & Lang, P.J. (2008). The pupil as a measure of emotional arousal and autonomic activation. Psychophysiology, 45(4), 602-607.

17. Bukalo, O., Pinard, C.R., Silverstein, S., Brehm, C., Hartley, H.D., Whittle, N., … Holmes, A. (2015). Prefrontal inputs to the amygdala instruct fear extinction memory formation. Science Advances, 1(6), e1500251.

18. Choy, Y., Fyer, A.J. & Lipsitz J.D. (2007). Treatment of specific phobia in adults. Clinical Psychology Review, 27, 266-286.

19. Coffman, B.A., Clark, V.P. & Parasuraman, R. (2014). Battery powered thought: enhancement of attention, learning, and memory in healthy adults using transcranial direct current stimulation. Neuroimage. 15(85), Pt 3, 895-908.

20. Cooke, J. A., Grover, R. W., Miller, F. H., & Duffy, J. L. (1973). Urticaria Caused By Tarantula Hairs. The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 22(1), 130-133.

21. Cote, S. & Bouchard, S. (2005). Documenting the efficacy of virtual reality exposure with psychophysiological and information processing measures. Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback, 30(3), 217-232.

22. Cotman, C.W., Monaghan, D.T. & Ganong, A.H. (1988). Excitatory amino acid neurotransmission: NMDA receptors and Hebb-type synaptic plasticity. Ann. Rev. Neurosci., 11, 61-80.

23. Cox, B.J., Fergus, K.D. & Swinson R.P. (1994). Patient Satisfaction With Behavioral Treatments for Panic Disorder With Agoraphobia. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 8 (3), 193-206.

24. Cramer, V., Torgersen, S., & Kringlen, E. (2005). Quality of life and anxiety disorders: a population study. The journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 193 (3), 196-202.

25. Craske, M.G., Treanor, M., Conway, C., Zbozinek, T. & Vervilet, B. (2014). Maximizing Exposure Therapy: An Inhibitory Learning Approach. Behav Res Ther., 58, 10-23.

26. Christopoulos, G.I, Uy, M.A & Yap, W.J. (2016). The Body and the Brain: Measuring Skin Conductance Responses to Understand the Emotional Experience. In: Organizational Research Methods (pp. 1-27), Thousand Oaks - California: SAGE publishing.

27. Delamater, A.R. & Westbrook, R.F. (2014). Psychological and neural mechanisms of experimental extinction: a selective review. Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, 108, 38-51.

28. De Ridder, D., Vanneste, S., Kovacs, S., Sunaert, S. & Dom, G. (2011). Transient alcohol craving suppression by rTMS of dorsal anterior cingulate: an fMRI and LORETA EEG study. Neurosci Lett., 496(1), 5-10.

29. Deng, Z.-D., Lisanby, S. H. & Peterchev, A. V. (2014). Coil Design Considerations for Deep Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation. Clinical Neurophysiology: Official Journal of the International Federation of Clinical Neurophysiology, 125(6), 1202-1212.

30. Ewald, H., Glotzbach-Schoon, E., Gerdes, A.B., Andreatta, M., Muller, M., Muhlberger A. & Pauli P. (2014). Delay and trace fear conditioning in a complex virtual learning environment-neural substrates of extinction. Front Hum Neurosci, 8:323.

31. Feeser, M., Prehn, K., Kazzer, P., Mungee, A. & Bajbouj, M. (2014). Transcranial direct current stimulation enhances cognitive control during emotion regulation. Brain Stimul., 7(1), 105-12.

32. Fitzgerald, P. J., Seemann, J. R., & Maren, S. (2014). Can fear extinction be enhanced? A review of pharmacological and behavioral findings. Brain Research Bulletin, 105, 46-60.

33. Foa, E.B. & McLean, C.P. (2016). The Efficacy of Exposure Therapy for Anxiety-Related Disorders and Its Underlying Mechanisms: The Case of OCD and PTSD. Annu. Rev. Clin. Psychol. 12, 1-28.

34. Foa, E.B., Zoellner, L.A , Feeny, N.C. & Hembree E.A., Alvarez-Conrad J. (2002). Does imaginal exposure exacerbate PTSD symptoms? J Consult Clin Psychol. 70(4), 1022-8.

35. Fredrikson, M., Annas, P., Fisher, H. & Wik, G. (1995). Gender and age differences in the prevalence of specific fears and phobias. Behav. Res. Ther. 34(1), 33-39.

36. Fullana, M.A., Harrison, B.J., Soriano-Mas, C., Vervliet, B., Cardoner, N., Аvila-Parcet, A. & Radua, J. (2016). Neural signatures of human fear conditioning: an updated and extended meta-analysis of fMRI studies. Molecular Psychiatry, 21, 500-508.

37. Garcia-Palacios, A., Botella, C., Hoffman, H. & Fabregat S. (2007). Comparing acceptance and refusal rates of virtual reality exposure vs. in vivo exposure by patients with specific phobias. Cyberpsychol Behav. 10(5), 722-4.

38. Glautier, S., Elgueta, T. & Nelson, J.B. (2013). Extinction produces context inhibition and multiple-context extinction reduces response recovery in human predictive learning. Learn Behav. 241(4), 341-52.

39. Goodwin, J.C. (2010). Research in psychology. Methods and design. 6th edition. Toronto, John Wiley &Sons, Ltd.

40. Graham, B. M., & Milad, M. R. (2011). Translational Research in the Neuroscience of Fear Extinction: Implications for Anxiety Disorders. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 168(12), 1255-1265.

41. Greco, J.A. & Liberzon, I. (2016). Neuroimaging of Fear-Associated Learning. Neuropsychopharmacology Reviews, 41, 320-334.

42. Guhn, A., Dresler, T., Andreatta, M., Mьller, L. D., Hahn, T., Tupak, S. V., … Herrmann, M. J. (2014). Medial prefrontal cortex stimulation modulates the processing of conditioned fear. Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience, 8:44.

43. Gunther, L.M., Denniston, J.C. & Miller R.R. (1998). Conducting exposure treatment in multiple contexts can prevent relapse. Behaviour Research and Therapy. 36(1), 75-91.

44. Hardwick, R. M., Lesage, E., & Miall, R. C. (2014). Cerebellar Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation: The Role of Coil Geometry and Tissue Depth. Brain Stimulation, 7(5), 643-649.

45. Hartley, C.A., Fischl, B. & Phelps, E.A. (2011). Brain Structure Correlates of Individual Differences in the Acquisition and Inhibition of Conditioned Fear. Cereb. Cortex, 21(9), 1954-62.

46. Hawkins, R.D., Abrams, T.W., Carew, T.J. & Kandel, E.R. (1983). A cellular mechanism of classical conditioning in Aplysia: activity-dependent amplification of presynaptic facilitation. Science, 219(4583), 400-405.

47. Hebb, D.O. (1949). The Organization of Behavior. A neurophysiological theory. New York: Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

48. Hamm, A.O., Weike, A.I., Schupp, H.T., Treig, T., Dressel, A. & Kessler, K. (2003). Affective blindsight: intact fear conditioning to a visual cue in a cortically blind patient. Brain, 126(2), 267-275.

49. Hanin U.L. (1976) Краткое руководство к применению шкалы реактивной и личностной тревожности Ч.Д. Спилбергера. [Short guidline of usage of the scale of reactive and personal anxiety made by Spielberger] Л, 1976.

50. Hermann, A., Stark, R., Milad, M. R., & Merz, C. J. (2016). Renewal of conditioned fear in a novel context is associated with hippocampal activation and connectivity. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 11(9), 1411-1421.

51. Hernandez, P. J., & Abel, T. (2008). The role of protein synthesis in memory consolidation: Progress amid decades of debate. Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, 89(3), 293-311.

52. Herry, C., Ciocchi, S., Senn,V., Demmou, L., Muller, C. & Luthi, A. (2008). Switching on and off fear by distinct neuronal circuits. Nature, 454, 600-606.

53. Hood, H.K. & Antony, M.M. (2012). Evidence-based assessment and treatment of specific phobias in adults. In Davis T.E., Ollendick T.H. & Ost L. (Eds). Intensive one-session treatment of specific phobias (pp. 19-42). New York: Springer.

54. Johnson, J. S., Escobar, M. & Kimble, W. L. (2010). Long-term maintenance of immediate or delayed extinction is determined by the extinction-test interval. Learning & Memory, 17(12), 639-644.

55. Jonsson, U., Alaie, I., Parling, T. & Arnberg, F.K. (2014). Reporting of harms in randomized controlled trials of psychological interventions for mental and behavioral disorders: a review of current practice. Contemp Clin Trials, 38(1), 1-8.

56. Kandel, E.R., Dudai, Y. & Mayford, M.R. (2014). The molecular and systems biology of memory. Cell, 157(1), 163-186.

57. Kazantseva, A. (2017). Investigation of Fear Extinction Processes by Behavioral and Neurophysiological Approaches. Term paper, HSE, Master's program “Cognitive sciences and technologies”.

58. Kindt, M., Soeter, M. & Vervliet, B. (2009). Beyond extinction: erasing human fear responses and preventing the return of fear. Nat. Neurosci. 12, 256-258.

59. Klucharev, V., Munneke, M.A., Smidts, A. & Fernбndez, G. (2011). Downregulation of the posterior medial frontal cortex prevents social conformity. J Neurosci., 31(33), 11934-40.

60. Kukushkin, N.V. & Carew, T.J. (2017). Memory takes time. Neuron, 95(2), 259-279.

61. Laborda, M.A. & Miller, R.R. (2013). Preventing Return of Fear in an Animal Model of Anxiety: Additive Effects of Massive Extinction and Extinction in Multiple Contexts. Behavior Therapy, 44, 249-261.

62. LeDoux, J.E. (2014). Coming to terms with fear. PNAS, 111(8), 2871-2878.

63. Lev-Ran, S., Shamay-Tsoory, S.G., Zangen, A. & Levkovitz, Y. (2012). Transcranial magnetic stimulation of the ventromedial prefrontal cortex impairs theory of mind learning. Eur Psychiatry, 27(4), 285-9.

64. Leutgeb, V., Schafer, A. & Schienle, A. (2009). An event-related potential study on exposure therapy for patients suffering from spider phobia. Biological Psychology, 82, 293-300.

65. LoBue,V. (2010). And along came a spider: An attentional bias for the detection of spiders in young children and adults. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 107, 59-66.

66. Lonergan, M. H., Olivera-Figueroa, L. A., Pitman, R. K. & Brunet, A. (2013). Propranolol's effects on the consolidation and reconsolidation of long-term emotional memory in healthy participants: a meta-analysis. Journal of Psychiatry & Neuroscience: JPN, 38(4), 222-231.

67. Lonsdorf, T., Menz, M., Andreatta, M., Fullana, M.A., Golkar, A., Haaker, J., … Merz, C. (2017). Don't fear `fear conditioning': Methodological considerations for the design and analysis of studies on human fear acquisition, extinction, and return of fear. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 77, 247-285.

68. Marin, M.F., Camprodon, J., Dougherty D.D. & Milad M.R (2014). Device-based brain stimulation to augment fear extinction: implications for PTSD treatment and beyond. Depress Anxiety, 31(4), 269-78.

69. McLean, P.D., Whittal, M.L., Thordarson, D.S., Taylor, S., Sцchting, I., Koch, W.J., … Anderson, K.W. (2001). Cognitive versus behavior therapy in the group treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder. J Consult Clin Psychol., 69(2), 205-14.

70. Meyer, J.M., Farrell, N.R., Kemp, J.J., Blakey, S.M. & Deacon, B.J. (2014). Why do clinicians exclude anxious clients from exposure therapy? Behav Res Ther., 54, 49-53.

71. Meyer, V. (1966). Modification of expectations in cases with obsessional rituals. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 4 (1-2), 273-280.

72. Milad, M. R. & Quirk, G. J. (2012). Fear Extinction as a Model for Translational Neuroscience: Ten Years of Progress. Annual Review of Psychology, 63, 129-151.

73. Milad, M.R., Quirk, G.J., Pitman, R.K., Orr, S.P., Fischl, B. & Rauch S.L. (2007). A role of the human dorsal anterior cingulate cortex in expression of learned fear. Biol. Psychiatry, 62, 1191-4.

74. Milad, M.R., Rosenbaum, B.L. & Simon N.M. (2014). Neuroscience of fear extinction: implications for assessment and treatment of fear-based and anxiety related disorders. Behav Res Ther., 62, 17-23.

75. Morina, N., Ijntema, H., Meyerbroker, K. & Emmelkamp, P. (2015). Can virtual reality exposure therapy gains be generalized to real-life? A meta-analysis of studies applying behavioral assessments. Behav Res Ther., 74, 18-24.

76. Mueller, D. & Cahill, S.P. Noradrenergic modulation of extinction learning and exposure therapy. Behavioral Brain Research, 208, 1-11.

77. Myers, K.M. & Davis, M. (2007). Mechanisms of fear extinction. Molecular Psychiatry, 12, 120-150.

78. Mystkowski, J.L., Mineka, S., Vernon, L.L. & Zinbarg R.E. (2003). Changes in caffeine states enhance return of fear in spider phobia. J Consult Clin Psychol., 71(2), 243-50.

79. Nasehi, M., Khani-Abyaneh, M., Ebrahimi-Ghiri, M. & Zarrindast, M.R. (2017). The effect of left frontal transcranial direct-current stimulation on propranolol-induced fear memory acquisition and consolidation deficits. Behav Brain Res., 331, 76-83.

80. Norberg, M.M., Krystal, J.H. & Tolin D.F (2008). A Meta-Analysis of D-Cycloserine and the Facilitation of Fear Extinction and Exposure Therapy. Biol Psychiatry, 63, 1118 -1126.

81. Ohman, A., & Mineka, S. (2001). Fears, phobias, and preparedness: Toward an evolved module of fear and fear learning. Psychological Review, 108(3), 483-522.

82. Olatunji, B.O, Deacon, B.J. & Abramowitz J.S. (2009). The Cruelest Cure? Ethical Issues in the Implementation of Exposure-Based Treatments. Cognitive and Behavioral Practice, 16(2), 172-180.

83. Opris, D., Pintea, S., Garcia-Palacios, A., Botella, C., Szamoskozi, S. & David, D. (2012). Virtual reality exposure therapy in anxiety disorders: a quantitative meta-analysis. Depression and anxiety, 29, 85-93.

84. Ori R., Amos, T., Bergman, H., Soares-Weiser, K., Ipser, J.C. & Stein D.J. (2015). Augmentation of cognitive and behavioural therapies (CBT) with d-cycloserine for anxiety and related disorders. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 5, CD007803.

85. Ost, L.G. (1989). One-session treatment for specific phobias. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 27(1), 1-7.

86. Ost, L.G., Brandberg, M. & Alm T. (1997). One versus five sessions of exposure in the treatment of flying phobia. Behav Res Ther., 35(11), 987-96.

87. Osuch, E. A., Benson, B. E., Luckenbaugh, D. A., Geraci, M., Post, R. M. & McCann, U. (2009). Repetitive TMS combined with exposure therapy for PTSD: a preliminary study. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 23(1), 54-59.

88. Pace-Schott, E. F., Milad, M. R., Orr, S. P., Rauch, S. L., Stickgold, R. & Pitman, R. K. (2009). Sleep Promotes Generalization of Extinction of Conditioned Fear. Sleep, 32(1), 19-26.

89. Pace-Schott, E. F., Spencer, R. M. C., Vijayakumar, S., Ahmed, N., Verga, P. W., Orr, S. P. ... Milad, M. R. (2013). Extinction of Conditioned Fear is Better Learned and Recalled in the Morning than in the Evening. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 47(11), 1776-1784.

90. Pace-Schott, E. F., Verga, P., Bennet, T. & Spencer, R. M. C. (2012). Sleep Promotes Consolidation and Generalization of Extinction Learning in Simulated Exposure Therapy for Spider Fear. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 46(8), 1036-1044.

91. Pascual-Leone, A., Tormos, J.M., Keenan, J., Tarazona, F., Caсete, C. & Catalб, M.D. (1998). Study and modulation of human cortical excitability with transcranial magnetic stimulation. J Clin Neurophysiol., 15(4), 333-43.

92. Pavlov, I.P. (1927). Conditioned reflexes: an investigation of the physiological activity of the cerebral cortex. Oxford, England: Oxford Univ. Press.

93. Powers, M.B. & Emmelkamp P.M. (2008). Virtual reality exposure therapy for anxiety disorders: A meta-analysis. J Anxiety Disord., 22(3), 561-9.

94. Purves, D., Augustine, G. J., Fitzpatrick, D., Hall, W. C., LaMantia, A., & White, L. E. (2012). Neuroscience. 5th Edition. Sunderland, Massachusetts.: Sinauer Associates, Inc.

95. R Core Team (2017). R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria. URL https://www.R-project.org/.

96. Rasch, B. & Born, J. (2013). About Sleep's Role in Memory. Physiological Reviews, 93(2), 681-766.

97. Rauch, S.A.M., Eftekhari, A. & Ruzek J.I. (2012). Review of exposure therapy: A gold standard for PTSD treatment. Journal of Rehabilitation Research & Development, 49(5), 679-688.

98. Rodrigues, H., Figueira, I., Lopes, A., Gonзalves, R., Mendlowicz, M.V., Coutinho, E.S.F. & Ventura, P. (2014) Does D-Cycloserine Enhance Exposure Therapy for Anxiety Disorders in Humans? A Meta-Analysis. PLoS ONE, 9(7), e93519.

99. Rosa-Alcбzar, A., Sбnchez-Meca, J., Gуmez-Conesa, A. & Marнn-Martнnez, F. (2008). Psychological treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder: a meta-analysis. Clin Psychol Rev., 28(8), 1310-25.

100. Rosas-Vidal, L.E., Do-Monte, F.H, Sotres-Bayon, F. & Quirk G.J. (2014). Hippocampal-Prefrontal BDNF and Memory for Fear Extinction. Neuropsychopharmacology, 39, 2161-2169.

101. Rupp, C., Doeber, P., Ehring, T. & Vossbeck-Elsebush, A.N. (2017). Emotional processing theory put to test: a meta-analysis on the association between rocess and outcome measures in exposure therapy. Clin Psychol Psychoter, 24(3), 697-711.

102. Santarnecchi, E., Polizzotto, N.R., Godone, M., Giovannelli, F., Feurra, M., Matzen, L., Rossi, A. & Rossi, S. (2013). Frequency-dependent enhancement of fluid intelligence induced by transcranial oscillatory potentials. Curr Biol., 23(15), 1449-53.

103. Santini, E., Ge, H., Ren, K., Peсa de Ortiz, S. & Quirk G.J. (2004). Consolidation of Fear Extinction Requires Protein Synthesis in the Medial Prefrontal Cortex. Journal of Neuroscience, 24(25), 5704-5710.

104. Schacher, S., Castellucci, V.F. & Kandel, E.R. (1988). cAMP evokes long-term facilitation in Aplysia sensory neurons that requires new protein synthesis. Science, 240, 1667-1669.

105. Schade, S. & Paulus, W. (2016). D-Cycloserine in Neuropsychiatric Diseases: A Systematic Review. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol, 19(4), pyv102.

106. Seim, R. & Spates, R. (2009). The prevalence and comorbidity of specific phobias in college students and their interest in receiving treatment. Journal of college student psychotherapy, 24(1), 49-58.

107. Senn, V., Wolff, S., Herry, C., Grenier, F., Ehrlich, I., Grьndemann, J. … Lьthi, A. (2014). Long-Range Connectivity Defines Behavioral Specificity of Amygdala Neurons. Neuron, 81(2), 428-437.

108. Shiban, Y., Pauli, P. & Muhlberger, A. (2012). Effect of multiple context exposure on renewal in spider phobia. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 51, 68-74.

109. Silva, B.A., Gross, C.T. & Graff, J. (2016). The neural circuits of innate fear: detection, integration, action and memorization. Learning & Memory, 23, 544-555.

110. Smits, J., Telch, M., & Randall, P. (2002). An examination of the decline in fear and disgust during exposure--based treatment. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 40(11), 1243-1253.

111. Soeter, M. & Kindt, M. (2012). Erasing fear for an imagined threat event. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 37(11), 1769-79.

112. Soeter, M. & Kindt, M. (2015). An abrupt transformation of phobic behavior after a post-retrieval amnesic agent. Biological Psychiatry, 78(12), 880-886.

113. Somers, J.M., Goldner, E.M., Waraich, P. & Hsu, L. (2006). Prevalence and Incidence Studies of Anxiety Disorders: A Systematic Review of the Literature. Can J Psychiatry, 51(2):100-13.

114. Swift, J.K. & Greenberg, R.P. (2014). A treatment by disorder meta-analysis of dropout from psychotherapy. Journal of Psychotherapy Integration, 24(3), 193-207.

115. Szuhany, K.L., Bugatti, M. & Otto, M.V. (2015). A meta-analytic review of the effects of exercise on brain-derived neurotrophic factor. Journal of psychiatric research, 60, 56-64.

116. Szymanski, J. & O'Donohue, W. (1995). Fear of Spiders Questionnaire. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 26(1), 31-34.

117. Taylor, S., Thordarson, D.S., Maxfield, L., Fedoroff, I.C., Lovell, K. & Ogrodniczuk, J. (2003). Comparative efficacy, speed, and adverse effects of three PTSD treatments: exposure therapy, EMDR, and relaxation training. J Consult Clin Psychol., 71(2), 330-8.

118. Telch, M.J., Cobb, A.R. & Lancaster, C.L. (2014). Exposure therapy. In P. Emmelkamp & T. Ehring (Eds), The Wiley Handbook of Anxiety Disorders, 1st edition (pp. 717-756), John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

119. Tovote, P., Fadok, J.P. & Lьthi, A. (2015). Neuronal circuits for fear and anxiety. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 16, 317-331.

120. Urcelay, G.P., Wheeler, D.S. & Miller R.R. (2009). Spacing extinction trials alleviates renewal and spontaneous recovery. Learning & Behavior, 37, 60-73.

121. Vansteenwegen, D., Hermans, D., Vervliet, B., Francken, G., Beckers, T., Baeyens, F. & Eelen P. (2005). Return of fear in a human differential conditioning paradigm caused by a return to the original acquistion context. Behav Res Ther, 43(3), 323-36.

122. Vansteenwegen, D., Vervliet, B., Iberico, C., Baeyens, F., Van den Bergh, O. & Hermans D. (2007). The repeated confrontation with videotapes of spiders in multiple contexts attenuates renewal of fear in spider-anxious students. Behaviour. Research and Therapy, 45, 1169-1179.

123. Weisman, J.S. & Rodebaugh, T.L. (2018) Exposure therapy augmentation: a review and extension of techniques informed by an inhibitory learning approach. Clinical Psychology Review, 59, 41-51.

124. Wendt, J., Lotze, M., Weike, A.I., Hosten, N. & Hamm, A.O. (2008). Brain activation and defensive response mobilization during sustained exposure to phobia-related and other affective pictures in spider phobia. Psychophysiology, 45, 205-215.

125. Whittal, M.L., Thordarson D.S. & McLean P.D. (2005). Treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder: cognitive behavior therapy vs. exposure and response prevention. Behav Res Ther., 43(12), 1559-76.

126. Wiederhold, B.K., Jang, D.P., Gevirtz, R.G., Kim, S.I., Kim, I.Y. & Wiederhold M.D. (2002). The treatment of fear of flying: a controlled study of imaginal and virtual reality graded exposure therapy. IEEE Trans Inf Technol Biomed., 6(3), 218-23.

127. Wolitzky-Taylor, K.B, Horowitz, J.D., Powers, M.B & Telch M.J (2008). Psychological approaches in the treatment of specific phobias: a meta-analysis. Clin Psychol Rev., 28(6), 1021-37.

Appendix A

Russian adaptation of the Fear of Spiders Questionnaire.

The procedure of adaptation has been described in chapter 3. Here is the set of questions which we adapted for the Russian audience and use to estimate self-reported fear of spiders before and after fear extinction.

1. Если бы я сейчас встретился(ась) с пауком, я бы попросил(а) кого-нибудь о помощи, чтобы убрать его.

2. Иногда я осматриваюсь, чтобы убедиться, что поблизости нет пауков.

3. Если бы я сейчас увидел(а) паука, я бы думал(а), что он причинит мне вред.

4. В настоящее время я много думаю о пауках.

5. Мне было бы страшновато сейчас войти в комнату, в которой я раньше видел(а) паука.

6. Я готов на что угодно, только бы не сталкиваться с пауками.

7. В последнее время я иногда думаю о том, что паук может меня укусить.

8. Если бы я сейчас столкнулся(ась) с пауком, я бы не смог(ла) эффективно решить эту проблему.

9. Если бы я сейчас столкнулся(ась) с пауком, мне понадобилось бы много времени, чтобы перестать об этом думать.

10. Если я сейчас встречусь с пауком, я покину комнату.

11. Если бы я сейчас увидел(а) паука, я бы подумал(а), что он попытается прыгнуть на меня.

12. Если бы я сейчас увидел(а) паука, я бы попросил(а) кого-нибудь другого убить его.

13. Если бы я сейчас столкнулся(лась) с пауком, я бы представлял(а), как он пытается добраться до меня.

14. Если бы я сейчас увидел(а) паука, я бы его испугался(ась).

15. Если бы я увидел(а) паука сейчас, я бы почувствовал(а) панику.

16. Пауки - один из худших моих страхов.

17. Я бы очень нервничал(а), если бы сейчас увидел(а) паука.

18. Если бы я сейчас увидел(а) паука, меня бы, вероятно, бросило в пот, и сердце бы забилось быстрее.

Appendix B

Russian oral instruction for participants during the Behavioral Approach Test.

The whole procedure, list of stages and the way of counting scores have been described in English in chapter 3.

Нам нужно оценить степень вашего страха перед пауком, и для этого мы предложим вам выполнить ряд заданий. Важно, чтобы вы осознавали, что вы имеете право отказаться в любой момент, как только вам станет некомфортно. Я не буду напоминать вам об этой возможности в процессе выполнения заданий, но важно, чтобы вы сами о ней помнили. Все понятно? Можем начинать?

1. У нас есть живой паук. Сейчас он сидит в запертой стеклянной банке. Ваша первая задача - смотреть на него в течение 10 секунд. Вы готовы?

2. Сейчас я переставлю банку с пауком ближе к вам, и вам снова нужно будет смотреть на него 10 секунд. Вы готовы?

3. Ваше следующее задание - положить правую ладонь на крышку банки с пауком и продержать ее так 10 секунд.

4. Теперь вам нужно открыть банку.

5. Теперь вам нужно взять открытую банку и держать ее над столом, на вытянутых руках, 10 секунд, а затем поставить на место.

6. Теперь вам нужно держать банку на согнутых руках, у себя над коленями, тоже 10 секунд.

7. Следующая задача - взять карандаш и аккуратно подталкивать паука, чтобы он ходил по дну банки, и так 10 секунд.

8. Теперь вам нужно переместить паука из банки в эту широкую коробку. Самый простой способ это сделать - наклонить банку и подталкивать его карандашом, чтобы он вышел. Если он будет падать с высоты - постарайтесь, чтобы он упал на слой ваты.

9. Следующее задание - подталкивать паука пальцем, чтобы он ходил по дну коробки, тоже в течение 10 секунд.

10. Последнее задание - посадить паука себе на ладонь и дать ему просидеть там 10 секунд.

Размещено на Allbest.ru

...