Psychodynamic concepts of intrapersonal conflicts and their causes

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Psychodynamic concepts of intrapersonal conflicts and their causes

Spitska L. V.

Psychodynamic concepts of intrapersonal conflicts are revealed. It is noted that there are four types of conflict-causing situations: physical barriers that can not meet the basic needs; lack of an object that is necessary to meet the needs; biological limitations; social conditions. It is shown that the external causes of intrapersonal conflict, which are caused by the situation of the individual in society, are related to the macrosystem and are rooted in the nature of social structure, social structure of society, its political, economic life.

Key words: conflict, intrapersonal conflict, personality, psychodynamic concepts.

Statement of the problem. Basis concepts of intrapersonal conflict is a structural theory of Sigmund Freud. According to his ideas, the human mind consists of three bodies: the id, I superego. Eid operates almost completely unconscious and subject to the "pleasure principle", knowing neither good nor evil, not guided by moral and ethical guidelines, and mainly - sexual and libidinal drives plan. Despite this, Eid retains its value throughout the life of the individual, while remaining free from any restrictions. Eid is committed to the expression of the primary principle of human life - the instantaneous discharge of psychic energy. Eid knows not only ethical and moral constraints, but also fear, and hence its manifestations, if they are not keep, can pose a danger to society.

Analysis of recent research and publications. As Freud writes "With inclinations it is filled with energy , but does not have the organization does not reveal the general will, but only the desire to satisfy instinctual needs while maintaining the principle of pleasure. Processes It does not exist in logical laws of thought, especially the thesis of contradiction. Opposing impulses exist side by side, without canceling each other and not moving away from each other, in the best case for the discharge power under pressure of economic coercion together in compromise formations. In It there is nothing that could be identified with the denial, and we were surprised to see the exclusion of well-known philosophical position that space and time are necessary forms of our mental acts. In It's not anything that would be consistent with the notion of time, no recognition of the flow in time and that extremely strange and philosophers to be explained, there is no mental process changes over time. Impulsive desires that never overstep It, as well as experiences that have fallen due to displacement in Ono, virtually immortal, decades later, they behave as if emerged anew. The second instance, I, it's part of the psyche, which is responsible for making decisions. The ego is not independent of Eid is to some extent a derivative thereof, and refracts its energy so that respond to the demands of reality. Ego is responsible, to a greater or lesser extent, decision-making, and ensures the safety of self-preservation of the body. When this ego is regularly exposed to the superego, more or less frustrating. [2]

Freud says that I am affected by the three gentlemen - the outside world, the superego and the id. Although I must submit claims of society, as he has to follow the requirements of It and refract his libidinal drive in accordance with the demands of reality. We can say that "I" subject to the "reality principle", which means to preserve the integrity of the organism by eliminating instinctual gratification until when you find the best opportunity to achieve this way. Reality principle forms the individual to slow down, forward and give vent rough energy going, given the realities of the world and the requirements of society. We can say that the ego is engaged in the direction of energy in a certain way, to instincts were able to secure for the individual to be satisfied and the surrounding path.

Third instance - the super-ego. It is a kind of collection of different kinds of values, norms, rules, on the one hand, and on the other - form containing the ideals and guidelines to which a worthwhile endeavor. This court formed the most late in the child's interaction with parents, close relatives, the immediate environment in the future - their peers, and more - all the cultural - historical formation in which personality is formed. Super - Ego is the heir of the Oedipus complex, in which the process of resolving a male child begins to identify with his father, displacing aggression towards him, and perceiving him from the above set of rules, restrictions, etc. It has already been pointed out that the super - ego is as consisting of two podinstantsy - Conscience (restrictions in the broadest sense, and I - ideal). Conscience is associated primarily with the frustrating influence of parents with different punishments, etc. In the process of development and maturation, parental control is replaced by internal, and when this process is completed, we can say that the authority of the superego is formed.

"Beyond Self, which thus takes on power, performance and even the methods of the parent instance, is not only its successor, but really a legitimate direct heir. It goes directly from it, and we 'll soon find out which way. But first stop on a mismatch between them. It seems that Super I unilaterally adopts a hardness and severity of the parents, their banning and punishing function, while the loving care they do not find a place and continue. If parents really stuck to a strict upbringing, it seems quite clear, and if the child develops a strict superego I, however, contrary to expectations, experience shows that is over I can be just as inexorably strict, even if education was gentle and kind, if threats and punishments for avoided if possible. Later we will return to this contradiction, when we talk about transformations drives the formation of Super I"[2].

Purpose of the article - to reveal the development of ideas about the intrapersonal conflict in psychoanalysis. The main material and research results.

Essence of interpersonal conflict with Freud that are conflicts between these three institutions. Under normal circumstances, a person can unknowingly find a way to resolve conflicts, but in the conditions when the pressure of reality substantially exceeds the ability of the individual to the sublimation formed neurotic or psychotic conflict. By Z. Freud, transference neurosis (hysteria, compulsions, phobias) corresponds to the conflict between the Ego and the narcissistic neurosis (melancholy, depression) - the conflict between ego and superego - I, and psychosis - a conflict between the self and the outside world. Fundamentally different concept of intrapersonal conflicts invited Karen Horney. Her views were formed largely under the influence of the theory A. Adler [1]. Its essence lies in the concept of unconscious conflict instincts and aspirations of the social plan.

Describing a number of circumstances of childhood child, such as a lack of genuine, deep love for the child, his rejection, constant condescending attitude, setting insincerity and jealousy in the family, the presence of the frustrating effects of regular, she points them out as the reason for the formation of sustainable hostility child to parents. It further describes the reasons that cause the displacement of its hostile attitude child: 1) helplessness, fear, love and guilt. Child, in connection therewith can not freely express to parents this hostility, which, being displaced, causes the formation of anxiety. Question related to the interplay of hostility and anxiety is one of the key in the early form of the theory K. Horney, and the next. If other life circumstances do not form conditions for anxiety could be reduced, then the anxiety becomes the basis of formation of the individual perception of the world total, which implies a weakened ability of the individual to fight, self-defense, determination, independence, etc. K. Horney calls this deep anxiety, and considers its presence as a key difference between neurotic and healthy worldview. This position is highly contrasting with modern psychoanalytic concepts that consider three levels of structural development of the personality (primarily Kerberg), neurotic, psychotic, and border (and in between as sublevel), denying a clear distinction between healthy and neurotic personality, so that the position K. Horney very much adds to the graduation. Continuing the trend of thought K. Horney, we point out that the protection of the basic anxiety individual attempts to find also in several forms - love (hereinafter - the neurotic need for love), 2) submission (masochism, primarily in the social rather than sexual sense) and 3) the desire for power (pursuit of excellence in the most pronounced forms, clearly derived under the influence of Adler, although others, if you look, too), and 4) care avoidance. We should pay attention to the fact that a person with severe masochistic tendencies was the object of attention from A. Adler, while A. Adler believed that masochism as such does not exist. There are only pseudo- mazochizm, whose manifestations, sexual or otherwise, assume that the individual seeks to get rid of the struggle, lose a burden of individual identity, to avoid frustration, surrendering to the power of the dominant partner, and avoiding losses, thus achieving excellence on the reverse side of life. Care, avoidance - also meant avoiding a fight. Perfomens K. Horney for deliverance from the basal part of anxiety or pseudo attempt to imply inferiority complex overcompensation A. Adler. These concepts are several different registers but partially superposes. The neurotic need for love implies that a person with a predominance of this desire to strive for , depending on the governing partner that can psychologically or mentally not correlate with it. The main thing for the neurotic - not a sincere feeling of psychological attachment, and to protect themselves from anxiety, to shift responsibility to the partner. The essence of the same concept Karen Horney is directed anti neurotic conflict drives [3]. A person aspiring to love, in addition, is often dependent also on the neurotic avoidance of rivalry, while it obviously complicates her to somehow find a person capable to satisfy her need for love. Same desire for power and prestige in this situation can manifest itself in ways that are described in K. Horney introspection - the pursuit of intellectual excellence (desire to control the use of reason). Or that a combination of neurotic needs may be characteristic for different character accentuation. For example, the desire for power, prestige, and possession may be characteristic of the schizoid personality, which also possesses and avoid the tendency. Depressive personality can often suffer neurotic guilt (K. Horney this problem will be reviewed separately), and at the same time to seek power detours, etc. Later K. Horney develops ideas about neurotic needs, based on the description which already displays the personality types, depending on their attitudes leading. However, these descriptions are still not "personality structure" in the sense that it is embedded in modern psychoanalysis. [3] "Slave" is dependent on the type of neurotic need for love and masochism, he therefore dominates the attitude towards people that manifests itself in a variety of cases, including in cases where the true attitude of the neurotic to the other is negative. This type of neurotic always strive to please, to be protected from frustration, not to engage in any - or confrontation, struggle, and neglect the dividing factor. In this form of aggressive behavior are virtually eliminated, although in fact a person can be a very negative opinion of significant others, but did not admit to herself that. Aggressive type depends mainly on the desire for power, prestige, and possession, and his description of moderately significant compared with the description needs NLNSH. But the description of an isolated individual is radically different from the description of "a neurotic aversion to competition" in the aforementioned work K. Horney. There the emphasis is on the unwillingness to resist, rather characteristic for different depressive personalities. The description of attitude from the same people brought K. Horney rather schizoid personality with strong features for which the main thing - not to be involved in dense human relationships, and stay on the fringes of societ, feeling kind of diamond has a special value. In the case of neurotic attitudes prevalence of one of the other anyway take place, but they are under cover of the dominant, with more or less frequently injected voltage. Do subordinate personality they can manifest outbreaks of aggression, while aggressive - sadness, depression associated need to be loved, to receive care, etc. The key point of a new stage of development of the theory of Karen Horney, is the idea of the perfect image. The ideal image is something like the description instance superego in Freud's theory, but it - always neurotic education, unlike the super-ego, which can be sadistic, but formed anyway. The ideal image of the neurotic takes from reality, while providing true, very real impact on his life. The ideal image of a person stimulates himself to attribute the qualities that a person does not have to be a factor that allows the individual to reconcile the conflicting parties in yourself, and stay in a position of superiority when it is, in theory, should be subjected to a rigid self-criticism.

Theory K. Horney and Freud are, one might say, on two different poles - the biological and sociological. Freud elicited unconscious desire and needs of sexual and aggressive plan, K. Horney is as though in a different case - in a very narrow, and that does not exit on the understanding of the structure of personality as such. By far the most extensively and constructively intrapersonal conflicts in psychoanalytic understanding discussed in contemporary psychoanalytic theory HPD (operationalize psychoanalytic diagnosis), which takes into account the achievement of both classical and contemporary psychoanalysis. [5] Create KPIs associated with critical perception of contemporary psychoanalysts Classification of Diseases ICD - 10. HPD structure contains five schkal, which describes the state of the client:

Subjective experience of illness client.

Axis relations, including the patient to the therapist.

The axis of the conflict, one of the key. It is connected with the understanding that the immature, psychopathi, infantile personality, can not cope with serious intrapersonal conflict, in contrast to mature.

The axis of the structural development of the individual. Describes the level (neurotic, intermediate, borderline, psychotic) This description is based on the theories of O. Kernberg and H. Kohut.

Do O.Kernberga [5] is important in its personality structure - schizoid, depressive, hysterical, etc. HPD - structural level of development as such. The most significant are the axis of conflict and structure.

Consider we are interested in the classification of intrapersonal conflicts with HPD position.

Conflict of autonomy - dependency.

Active modus. Personality strive for independence by all means, emphasizes independence, but still desire to depend, which is carefully concealed, including from himself. In this regard, possible permanent conflicts to the family, it is very difficult to find a compromise in family life, until schizoid fear of "strangulation" spouse . Often leave very early in the family, besides stimulating children, despite the fact that they may be to this totally unprepared. Seek to maximize financial independence, although they can be avoided altogether definition of money as a life value.

Passive modus. In the passive mode of the person contrary, comfortable to be dependent, it behaves is subject to their partner in relation to parents often also behave independently, and are subordinate at work, avoid responsibility, tend to belong to a group, and are usually willing to obey fate. Conflict autonomy - dependence is the most common in the territory of East Slavic states. It binds to specialists that we have a very long separation process occurs, and the child is much less likely to lead a relatively independent life. In the west, it goes without saying that a child aged 16-18 years is going to learn in a more or less far -positioned college, college, gets life skills and self- sufficient returns.

Conflict subordination control (very close to the first, but different manifestations of a more expressive, aggression, anger, guilt).

Conflict autarky dependencies (expressed in need of taking care of yourself in the other mode of passive and active - maximum effort to disengage from dependence to demonstrate self-sufficiency, etc.).

Narcissus conflict (peculiar not only narcissistic personalities, can be diagnosed and others).

Conflict guilt.

Edipalno - sexual conflict.

In the passive mode of - displacement sex dominate traits of innocence, childlike, repressed sexuality with her.

In the active mode of - the sexualization and eroticization of the main areas of life, instability, conflict, envies.

Conflict identity - partly coincides with a similar problem descriptions E.Eriksona [6].

Lack of sensitivity to the feelings and conflicts.

As for the diagnosis of the structural development of the individual level, it is based primarily on the basis of the theory of O. Kernberg, which takes into account both the theory of drives (classical psychoanalysis ) and object-relations theory.

In terms of the level usually attributed to neurotic depressive, schizoid, and obsessive- compulsive personality to intermediate - isteroids and daffodils, and the Edge - schizoid, paranoid and hypomania. However, this applies to the theory itself

O.Kernberga in CAP as such important structural level of personality development without differentiating the type.

Conclusions

The concept of intrapersonal conflict became the basis for therapeutic work in classical psychoanalysis. Submission of a clash between the unconscious drive and ban on him is still the most basic psychodynamic concepts. However, since the time of psychoanalysis Sigmund Freud and his closest followers, preserved landmark libido theory or the theory of drives, made two important steps which determined its development: the transition from identifying specific traumatic situation to analyze the structure of personality and the offset from the biological to the social plane. The third key point - the analysis of the structural development of the level of the individual. This question is partly coincides with the problem of differentiating between normal, accentuation of character and psychopaths in the national psychology, but considered an entirely different perspective. Creating a community of modern European psychoanalysts HPD system is an attempt to systematize the views of various authors on the intrapersonal conflicts and structural level of personality development. HPD system can serve as a basis for short-term psychoanalytic work and gives clues to many problems, including those that can be classified as neuroses.

Transliteration

Adler A. Praktika i teoriya individual'noy psihologii / A. Adler.- M. : Izdatel'stvo instituta psihoterapii, 2002. - 224 s.

Freyd Z. Lektsii po vvedeniyu v psihoanaliz / Z. Freyd. - M. : Nauka,1989. - 456 s.

Horni K. Nevroticheskaya lichnost' nashego vremeni / K. Horni - M. : Akademicheskiy proekt, 2009. - 208s.

Horni K. Nashi vnutrennie konflikty / K. Horni. - M. : Eksmo - Press, 2002. - 560s.

Kernberg O.F. Tyazhelye lichnostnye rasstroystva / O. F. Kernberg. - M. : Izd-vo Klass, 2005. - 329s.

Erikson E. Detstvo i obschestvo / E. Erikson. - M. : Izd-vo «Rech'», 2002. - 416 s.

Operatsionalizovannaya psihodinamicheskaya diagnostika (OPD-2): rukovodstvo po provedeniyu i planirovaniyu terapii. - M. : Akademicheskiy proekt, 2011. - 454s. intrapersonal conflict society

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