Social-psychological characteristics of the attitude of the residents of megalopolis, cities and towns to other people and to the city

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Social-psychological characteristics of the attitude of the residents of megalopolis, cities and towns to other people and to the city

In modern urbanization seen increased interest in the social and psychological aspects of human life in the urban environment due to changes in lifestyle, value structures of urban residents, social and economic conditions of his residence in the city, as well as transformation of the territorial organization of urban space.

At the empirical level in modern studies recorded the connection of interpersonal communication of inhabitant of the city and the individual parameters of attitude to the city as a living space, self-realization, with the image of the city [8, 11, 13]; identity with the urban space [4, 12, 14]. Research on the socio-psychological aspects of the urban environment on the one hand demonstrate the effect of spatial-temporal organization of the formation of territorial identity [Samoshkina, 2008], the structure and content of the image of the city [glazychev, 2004; Sazonov, 2009], the processes of perception, categorization and evaluation of other people [Zhelnina, 2011]; the form of the spatial behavior of the subjects of urban life [Zhelnina, 2011; Panyukova, 2000]. At the same time, in the works of D.N. Zamyatina, M.V. Rabzhaevoy, V.E. Semenkovoi, g. Korepanova emphasizes the determination of the social and psychological aspects of the life of an individual system of interpersonal relationships within the urban community. Despite the variety of studies in this area, to date, are not enough studies in which spatial-temporal parameters, differentiating residents, and the type are studied as the factors causing the severity of the social and psychological needs, modalities and relation to other types of its residents. The relevance of this work is also due to the development of modern approaches to the study of a large social group, characterized by a specific organization of communication and interaction [Semenova, 2007].

Therefore, the aim of our research is to explore the features of interrelation of severity socially-psychological needs, relationship to other people and to the city residents of the metropolis, the large and small cities with different spatial and temporal parameters of urban living. The subject of the study made by the severity of the socialiy-psychological needs, options and types of relationships to other people, the structural and substantial characteristics of the image of the city and the urban identity of the inhabitants of cities of different types with different spatially - temporal parameters of urban living.

Building on the idea of relation for the Other as a central element of the individual relationships with the various parties to objective reality, and to work M-P. Sartre, J. Mead, J. Lacan, Berger, LY gozman others we studied two types of relations: the relation to the generalized other and particular friend and considered their options, such as modality, intensity and character. As the leading modalities of relations with other people, we consider such as: acceptance, kindness, aggression, hostility, confidence, manipulative attitude. In the works of SL Rubinstein, A. Bodaleva, VN Myasishchev, PV Simon and others have shown that the social and psychological needs of the individual determine its relationship to the world and other people. In our study, we used the classification of basic social and psychological needs of W. Schutz. Also, based on the classic social-psychological work BF Reciprocating, B. Waldenfels, Lotman, in which the category of «his / alien» stands the basic criteria and perceptions of others to do it, in our study we examined attitudes toward other people, differentiated by their «own / others», «close / far «.

Explore the city spent Bourdieu [Bourdieu, 1995] M. Weber, L. Wirth, VL glazychev [glazychev, 2004], AE gutnova, g. Simmel, A. Ikonnikov [Ikonnikov, 2006] Vg Il'in [Il'in, 2004] S. Milgram, M. heidegger, TV Semenova [Semenova, 2007] and others have allowed to treat it as a «space-expansion model of communication» as the intersection of economic, cultural, spatial-temporal, social, spiritual, personal origin as a large social group, characterized by features of the organization of communication and interaction between people, to others, as well as specific ideas about the city. Territorial Identity resident of substructure supports social identity and is determined [Bourdieu, 1995; Korepanov, 2009] as the nationality of the individual's awareness, purposes and values of the local community. In our work we follow AV Miklyaeva, PV Rumyantseva [Miklyaeva, Rumyantseva, 2008], N. Shmatko, Y. Kachanov [Kachanov, Shmatko, 1998] with the working definition of urban identity as definitions of themselves as residents of a particular city.

Based on the theoretical analysis, we have formulated a number of hypotheses: 1) Expression of socially-psychological needs, options and types of relation to other people, the components of attitude to the city of residents of metropolis, large and small cities can be attributed by spatial-temporal parameters of the living. 2) Features of the attitude to the city may be interconnected with the severity of the sociallypsychological needs, options and types of relationships to other people of inhabitants of metropolis, large and small cities, and vary depending on the city.

Research methods: 1) Author's profile «space-time path of personality.» 2) Questionnaire interpersonal W. Schutz, adapted AA Rukavishnikov. 3) Power techniques, diagnosing different types of relationships to other people, taking other Feyya Scale, Scale cook-Medley hostility, benevolence Scale campbell Scale trust Rosenberg scale manipulative relationship Banta adapted A. Mendzheritsky. 4) The method of «Diagnosis of interpersonal relations» T. Leary. 5) color Test relationships AM Etkind. 6) The method of semantic differential charles Osgood. 7) drawing tests, «I and my city» (a modification of the method «I group»). 8) Review of twenty statements «Who am I?» M. Kuhn, T. Makpartlenda.

Empirical object of research are residents of Moscow (120), the inhabitants of Rostov-on-Don (100) and residents of crimea (100) aged 21 to 37 years. A total of 320 people took part. Selecting an object of research is due to a combination of criteria: size, functions of the city and its economic and geographic data with the basic development resources. These criteria determine the differences in the structure and content of different types of cities, which in our study provides cities (Moscow), the largest city (Rostov-on-Don) and small town (crimea). The solution provided by the use of empirical problems in the study of mathematical statistics: frequency analysis procedures kvartilirovaniya, Spearman correlation analysis, U-test, Mann-Whitney, h - Test method and Kruskal Wallis test, linear regression analysis and binary logistic regression. Used computer programs Microsoft Office Excel 2007; Statistica 9; SPSS 11.5 for Windows.

Empirical Study of the severity of the socially-psychological needs and characteristics of the relationship to other people and attitude to the city of inhabitants of metropolis, large and small cities led to several conclusions:

1. Expression of social and psychological needs, options, relation to other types and components to the city of urban residents of different types differ. 1.1. Living in a megacity show average severity of social and psychological needs of the inclusion of others, the need for love at the expression level of conduct and behavior required of the other (except for the need to control others), the average level of expression of a positive attitude towards others (acceptance, trust) the highest level of expression of a negative attitude to the Other (cynicism, manipulation), and the average level of severity types relation to other factors on `submission / aggression / friendliness «: aggressive and straightforward, disbelief, skepticism, humbly, shy, obedient, dependent, sotrudnichayusche-conventionality, responsibly-generous. Residents of large cities are characterized by the highest level of expression of social and psychological needs, positive modalities (trust, acceptance), the lowest level of severity of the negative modalities (hostility, manipulation), and the types of relationships to the Other on the factors' submission aggression / friendliness. «Residents of a small town show the lowest level of severity of social and psychological needs, positive modalities (kindness, acceptance, cynicism), the average severity of the negative modalities (hostility, manipulation), the highest intensity of expression of relationship types to a friend factors `submission' / aggression / friendliness. «

1.2. Need to control others is most pronounced in the structure of the social and psychological needs of residents of all study types. The intensity of its severity increase with the size of the city and is the maximum among residents of the metropolis. Dependency needs (control by others) is most pronounced among residents of a small town.

1.3. Determines the type of differences in the types of relationships to a generalized one focused around the axes of «friendliness / aggression / submission,» and does not affect the existence of differences in the axis of «domination.»

1.4. D etermines the type of difference in relation to the unconscious of the generalize other inhabitants of the city and has no effect on attitudes toward particular friend. The intensity of the positive attitude of the unconscious to the generalized other (people) and the Other, differentiated on a «friend or foe» (people of «his» city, the indigenous people, immigrants) was significantly reduced with the increasing size of the city.

1.5. The type of the city causes differences in the cognitive component (the image of the city, the presence/absence of identification with the city) to the residents of metropolis, large and small cities, and does not affect the emotional component of attitude to the city.

2. Spatio-temporal factors affect the expression of socially-psychological needs, options, types of relationships to other people and attitide to the city. The greatest influence such spatial factors as: the «place of birth», «type of residence» and such spatial and temporal factors as: «the presence / absence of the move», «moving type», «length of stay».

2.1. This slide shows the results of a linear multiple regression analysis showing the relationship of spatial and temporal parameters to the severity of social and psychological needs, modalities and types of relationships to the other residents of the metropolis, large and small cities. It was found a large number of interactions. For example, it was found that the residents of the metropolis and the largest city, the space-time biography which includes travel, show a high level of dependence on the other, expressed in the more severe needs control of the other, the high representation of dependence docile and obedient, shy types of relationships to the other.

2.2. Spatio-temporal factors most influence the cognitive component (identification with the city, the image of the city) and do not affect the emotional component to the city.

2.3. The presence of identification with the city (urban identity) is typical for inhabitants of the city: 1) born in the city of residence; 2) residence, whose spatiotemporal biography includes the move, or those who have moveof megalopolis and big city is due to such spatio-temporal parameters as: the «place of birth», «availability of relocation», «length of living in the city», and among the inhabitants of a small town - only «type of residence.»

3. Expression of socio-psychological needs, options and types of relationships to other people linked to the cognitive and emotional components of the attitude to the city.

3.1. Expression of socio-psychological needs, options and types of relationships most relevant to the estimated components of the image of the city, is an indicator of the relationship to him, «the hated / loved», «cheerful / dull», «evil / good», «good / bad», «smart / stupid «,» your / stranger»

3.2. Residents of the metropolis to the presence of the urban identity demonstrate a high level of hostility to the other (scale of «aggression»), the expression of power-leading, independent, dominant, aggressive and straightforward, responsible, generous and obedient, shy type of the relationship to the Other.

3.3. r esidents to the presence of urban identity, high levels of expression needs to include them in social groups initiated by other people, middle-intensity hostility to another (scale of «aggression»), regardless of the dominant-type relationship to another.

3.4. Residents of a small city with the presence of the urban identity exhibit a high level of severity less hostile attitude to the other (the scale of «aggression»), disbelief, skeptical type of relationship to another. The obtained findings support the hypothesis put forward above and can be used in the analysis, explanation, prediction of social phenomena at the level of different types of cities.

3.5. Emotional component of the attitude to the city (acceptance / rejection) is set mainly by severity of basic socio-psychological need to include and the leading modalities and relations to other people «friendly / hostile.»

References

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