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Interpersonal relations as the precondition of formation of ideas about each other

Kazarayn K.A.

Annotation

In the article there are presented the results of the theoretical analysis of native psychologists' researches on a problem of interpersonal relations which allow understanding, how much there were reflected its basic aspects. These materials can make a theoretical basis for studying of students' ideas about each other during interpersonal interaction.

Key words: interpersonal relations, influences, environment, interaction, personality, psychological mechanisms, strategies, ideas, polydetermination, communication, personal identification, reflection, transcendention.

To the present the research of interpersonal relations has allowed to designate their basic vectors precisely enough. More often they are defined as subjectively experienced interrelations between people, objectively shown in a character and ways of mutual influences. There is also an understanding of interpersonal relations as objectively experienced and realized in different degree interrelations between people (Obozov N.N).

Interpersonal relations are influenced by environment in which they are developed, and with which the person really cooperates. According to ideas of Andreeva G.M., under certain conditions identity of personality can become mainly “environmental”. From here it is clear the importance of quality of environment, its psychological characteristics which determine not only strategies of interpersonal interaction, but also base ways and psychological mechanisms of person are functioning.

In native psychology there was generated the understanding of that in a basis of interpersonal relations various emotional statuses of cooperating people lay. Unlike business (tool) relations which can be both officially fixed, and unfixed, interpersonal communications sometimes are named as expressive, emphasizing their emotional contents (V.A. Labunskaya, V.A. Petrovsky, T.P. Skripkina, P.M. Yakobson). Interpersonal relations are also named as interpersonal. The term “interpersonal” specifies not only that as the object of relation the other person acts, but also reflects a mutual orientation of relations. It allows to distinguish interpersonal relations from the self-relation, attitudes to subjects and from intergroup relations.

B.G. Ananyev, M.M. Bakhtin, V.M. Bekhterev, A.A. Bodalev, L.S. Vigotsky, A.N. Leontyev, V.N. Myasischev, S.L. Rubinshtein and other native psychologists examined interpersonal interactions as the important condition of mental development of the person, his socialization and formation of the personality. Their researches have shown that during interpersonal interaction between people first of all there are formed ideas about each other, skills of communication are developed and relations are formed; the mutual exchange of activities, their ways and results, presentations, ideas, interests, feelings, etc. is carried out.

One of the major variants of development of the personality as a result of “I” mirroring in the other process was offered by V.A. Petrovsky. He defined interpersonal relations as a system of attitudes, orientations and expectations of group members towards each other which are caused by the contents and organization of joint activity and values on which communication of people is based. interpersonal interaction student

For disclosing the features of “I” mirroring in the other and occurrences of the “You” category there are used such concepts as “reflection” and “transcendention”. The reflection assumes person's immersing into the private world. Transcendention assumes the person's exit “from himself”, for limits of own private world that allows him to separate with the purpose of knowledge of surrounding being and himself in it.

Owing to the spent researches, to the present it became clear, that creation of a private world of each person is closely connected with social interaction with other people, with development of mechanisms of personal and social identification, with features of generation of an image of another, an image of group, an image of Environment, etc. As researches show, in consciousness of the person these images are organically intertwined in an “I” image and in appropriate way regulate his behaviour. Quality of interpersonal relations received in result of this is characterized by the certain variability.

Aspiring to reveal their variety, N.N. Obozov has concentrated the attention on emotional variety of interpersonal relations, having distinguished positive and negative emotional states, intrapersonal and interpersonal conflictness, emotional sensitivity, self-satisfaction, satisfaction in the partner, work, etc. There has been revealed, that emotional contents of interpersonal relations changes in opposite directions, starting from conjunctive (positive, bringing together) to indifferent (neutral) and up to disjunctive (negative, dividing) relations. In some cases the emotional aspect of interpersonal relations is characterized as ambivalent.

Carried out researches have allowed to understand, that interpersonal relations possess

Polymodal determination. There can be attributed to them: interest, understanding of necessity of interaction, cooperation, communication, inclusiveness, etc. For real existence of interpersonal relations it is demanded from subjects of interaction the certain strategy of behavior and interaction, communicative registration, realization of system of actions, verbal and nonverbal reaction, emotional and willed displays, adequate perception and understanding of Another, self-possession, and in conflict case rendering assistance in difficult situations.

Interpersonal relations differ, first of all, under the value contents. And consequently they can have various consequences for personalities included in them, depersonalizing them or opening new opportunities of development. Interpersonal relations set a space of personality's development.

Interpersonal relations possess complex structure. In their structure they usually distinguish following substructures (G.M. Andreeva, A.A. Bodalev, Y.L. Kolominsky, B.F. Lomov): behavioural (behavioural strategy, set of verbal and nonverbal means of communication), affective (features of emotional sphere, self-estimation) and cognitive (features of perception sphere, character of cognitive tactics, features of cognitive information processing).

Each of the designated structural elements has an influence on the quality of interpersonal relations, including their stability. Quality of interpersonal relations is determined by external and internal in relation to their subjects' factors. To the present time it is collected rich enough information on these factors (by Kunitsyna V.N., 1973, 2001).

L.S. Vigotsky specified that quality of interpersonal relations depends on sense, i.e. presence of identical understanding of a dialogue situation among subjects of communication. The similar opportunity is realized only in the case of inclusion of communication in some general system of activity. The similar position is occupied by A.A. Bodalev who considers, that the success of interpersonal relations consists in perception and understanding of people by each other. L.I. Bozhovich stated an idea that quality of interpersonal interaction depends on ability of the person to estimate and regulate the behaviour. This ability, in its treatment, depends on the person's experience of communication in childhood.

B.F. Lomov recognized that quality of interpersonal relations is determined by communication of subjects. In process of their development they are comprehended, realized, become more and more intellectual, and not losing thus the emotional saturation. Communication of subjects, in his treatment, represents a process of interchange of information, emotions and regulating actions. Practice shows, that the favorable precondition for successful formation of interpersonal relations is mutual knowledge of partners about each other, generated on the basis of interpersonal knowledge. At the same time, the information or social experience are not always capable to get into a personal field of the person since they can enter into the contradiction with “I-concept” of personality. In that case there is a “filter” of “I-image”, “not supposing an alien body inside of this balanced organism” (Kaigorodov B.V.).

In some cases interpersonal relations can be broken by various conflicts. Notorious refusal of true interpersonal relations and their substitution by formal superficial relations can be observed. In this case sincere interpersonal relations are replaced either by learnt ritual of politeness, or by ignoring of any form of relations. As a result the person experiences loneliness and estrangement from reality that adversely affects on his mental well-being.

Infringements of interpersonal relations in the certain measure are connected with absence of account of a realized phase of dialogue as on each of them they solve the tasks; there occurs a reconstruction of contents and forms of dialogue. In works of some native authors (A.A. Leontyev, L.A. Petrovskaya, V.A. Petrovsky, etc.) in consideration of quality of interpersonal relations the special place is devoted to a personal component, carrying out in a system forming role in communication.

The Literature

1. Andreeva G.M. Processes of causal attribution in interpersonal perception // Questions of psychology. - 1979. - №6.

2. Bodalev A.A. Psychology of dialogue: Selected psychological works. 2nd edition. - М.: Publishing house of Moscow psychological and social institute; Voronezh: NPO “MODEK”, 2002. - 256 p.

3. Bozhovich L.I. Problems of formation of personality: Selected psychological works / Under the edition of D.I. Feldshtein. 3d edition. - М.: Publishing house of Moscow psychological and social institute; Voronezh: NPO “MODEK”, 2001. - 352 p.

4. Vigotsky L.S. collected works: In 6 volumes. V. 1. Questions of theory and history of the RAS, 1992. - №4.

5. Kunitsyna V.N., Kazarinova N.V., Pogolsha V.M. Interpersonal communication. Textbook for high schools. - St. Petersburg: “Peter” press, 2001. - 544 p.

6. Obozov N.N. Interpersonal relations. - L.: Publishing house of Leningrad University, 1979. - 152 p.

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