The impact of induced anxiety on updating in working memory

Figure 3. The accuracy of the 2-back affective task of the experimental group is lower than that of the control group, as indicated by the interpolation line.

The mean reaction time of the control group (M = 1.084 sec , SD= 0.211) was slightly higher than that of the experimental group (M = 1.042 sec , SD= 0.167) in the non-affective task (Figure 4). For the affective 2-back task (Figure 5), the control group had a higher reaction time (M = 1.085 sec , SD= 0.222) than the experimental group (M = 1.053 sec , SD= 0.106). According to the hypothesis, the prediction was that delay in attentional shift due to induced anxiety, the experimental group would take a longer reaction time than the control group. However, the results are contrary to the prediction.

Figure 4. The reaction time of the 2-back non-affective task of the experimental group is lower than that of the control group, as indicated by the interpolation line.

Figure 5. The reaction time of the 2-back affective task of the experimental group is lower than that of the control group, as indicated by the interpolation line.

Table 3. Summary of mean accuracy and mean reaction time of experimental and control groups.

A two-way multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) was conducted for each trial that had the following factors: group, task, and group x task (Table 4). The factor group had two levels: experimental and control whereas the factor task also had two levels of affective 2-back task and non-affective 2-back task. No significant main effect was found in accuracy and reaction time among the groups (F= 2.334, p = .136, зp= .018 and F= .233, p = .640, зp= .012, respectively). There was no significant difference between the accuracy rate or reaction time of the two versions of the 2-back tasks (F= .067, p = .798, зp= .001 and F= .006, p = .939, зp= .000, respectively). The interaction effect between the accuracy and reaction time of the groups and the tasks was also non-significant ( F= .030, p = .864, зp= .000 and F= .004, p = .951, зp= .000, respectively). Although the mean accuracy of the experimental group was higher than the control group in both affective and non-affective 2-back tasks, the difference was not significant. The mean reaction time of the control group was higher compared to that of the experimental group in both the tasks, however, the difference is not significant.

Table 4. Multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) with group (experimental and control), task (affective and non-affective 2-back tasks), group x task as factors

7. Discussion and Summary

The present study hypothesized that induced anxiety impairs working memory which would be demonstrated with lesser accuracy rate and longer reaction time in 2-back affective and 2-back non-affective tasks. The mean STAI-6 scores demonstrated that the experimental group had a higher anxiety score compared to the control group. This suggests that the mood induction technique was successful. However, upon analyzing the data from 2-back tasks, it was found that there was no significant impact of anxiety on the performance of 2-back affective task and 2-back non-affective task. To summarize, the results of the data analysis imply that the mood manipulation technique was successfully done as reflected by the STAI-6 scores. State anxiety did have an impact on the accuracy of the task performance as indicated by the mean lower accuracy rate of the experimental group in both versions of the 2-back task. However, since the experimental group's accuracy was not significantly higher and the reaction time was not significantly smaller compared to the control group, it can be concluded that the results of the study are not congruent with the hypothesis.

The finding of lesser mean accuracy of the experimental group in 2-back affective and non-affective tasks is consistent with Caselli et al (2004) study in which anxious participants made more errors in a working memory task. However, results of the present study are not consistent with a wider body of literature that have reported impairment of cognitive process and working under anxiety conditions (Maloney et al, 2016; Moran, 2016; MacNamara, Ferri, and Hajcak, 2003; Aarts & Pourtois, 2010; Olvet & Hajcak, 2009) and impairment of updating under stressful conditions (Berggren & Derakshan, 2013). It is important to note that while these studies have explored the relationship between anxiety and working memory processes, various types of tasks were used. In that context, the present study is among few that has explored the impact of induced anxiety on affective 2-back task that requires working memory updating to be completed.

There are quite a few possibilities that can be attributed to why the desired outcome was not achieved. One of the possibilities is that anxiety was not induced to a sufficient level in the experimental group. Since state anxiety is a temporary state (Spielberger, 1983), its effect after the mood induction technique was applied could have reduced by the time the 2-back task was completed. In other words, if the anxiety-inducing stimuli in both the mood manipulation techniques were stronger, the state anxiety might have lasted longer. The second possibility is that the choice of 2-back task may not have been ideal. Jaeggi et al. (2010) reported that the n-back task is not an ideal measure for individual differences in working memory processes. However, n-back tasks have been used extensively in working memory paradigms in a vast number of studies (Moran, 2016; Berggren and Derakshan, 2013; Redick & Lindsey, 2013; Kane et al., 2007; Verhaeghen & Basak, 2005; Harvey et al., 2005) . Therefore, the second possibility can be eliminated. This leaves the third and probably the most reliable possibility which is why the results of the study were incongruent with the hypothesis. The sample size of the present study was 18 participants whereas the minimum required sample is 75 participants based on the power analysis. It is highly likely that the results would have significantly altered, perhaps in favor of the hypothesis, had there been an appropriate number of candidates. This is the biggest limitation of this study. Another limitation is the possibility of the rebound effect. The rebound effect is the counterproductive effect of active suppression of unwanted thoughts (Noreen & MacLeod, 2014). During the autobiographical recall, the experimental group was asked to recall an experience associated with fear and anxiety. Provided that the negative valence of the recalled experience was high, the participant might choose to forget about it while trying to actively suppress it. This could lead to unpredicted counterproductive effects. However, upon follow-up after a week from the experiment, none of the participants mentioned experiencing the rebound effect. Future studies that use autobiographical recall as a mood manipulation technique are required to consider the prevention of the rebound effect.

Conclusion

The aim of this study was to investigate whether induced anxiety impairs working memory updating.The study hypothesized that high levels of state anxiety would impair updating of affective and non-affective information. Mood manipulation techniques were applied to induce anxiety in experimental and control groups, anxiety was measured using STAI, and the participants completed 2-back affective and non-affective tasks. Contrary to the hypothesis, the results, however, showed that there is no significant impairment effect on updating under medium to high levels of anxiety. The reasons for the incongruence in the results and the hypothesis could be largely attributed to the inadequate sample size. Additionally, the results of the study imply that although mood manipulation techniques such as autobiographical recall, videos, and music are effective, how long the effect sustains also needs to be considered. Future research that investigates the influence of state anxiety on updating would benefit from employing detailed measures of subunits of anxiety and more than one task that involve updating. A crucial aspect that needs to be addressed is that an appropriate sample size is essential to achieve the predicted outcome.

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