Repeated Negative Thinking as a Mediator of Refraining from Catastrophic thinking and Neurotic Responses

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Repeated Negative Thinking as a Mediator of Refraining from Catastrophic thinking and Neurotic Responses

Dr. Basim Aldahadha

Mutah University, Department of Counseling and Special Education, Amman, Jordan

Abstract

the aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between repeated negative thinking (Rtc) and refraining from catastrophic thinking (RCT) on the neurotic responses (NR) due to gender and cumulative average (CA) variables. The study sample consisted of 692 students of Mutah University. The study results showed that the prevalence of RTQ was 20.5%, while it was 23.7% for the NR. The results revealed a significant positive relationship between NR and RTQ and a significant negative relationship between NR and RCT in all factors of NR: anxiety, phobia, psychosomatic disorders, obsession, depression, and hysteria, as well as for the gender and the CA variables. The results showed that repeated negative thinking mediate a partial relationship between catastrophic thinking and prevention of the neurotic responses.

Keywords: refraining from catastrophic thinking, repeated negative thinking and neurotic responses.

Резюме

Повторное негативное мышление как медиатор воздержания от катастрофического мышления и невротических реакций

Басим Альдахадха

Университет Мута, Департамент консультирования и специального образования, Амман, Иордания

Целью данного исследования было изучение взаимосвязи между повторным негативным мышлением (RTQ) и воздержанием от катастрофического мышления (RCT) при невротических реакциях (NR) в зависимости от пола и совокупных средних (CA) переменных. Группа исследования состояла из 692 студентов Университета Мутах. Результаты исследования показали, что распространенность (RTQ) составляла 20,5%, тогда как для NRбыла 23,7%. Результаты выявили значительную положительную связь между NRи RTQи значительную отрицательную связь между NRи RCTпри всех факторах (NR) тревожности, фобии, психосоматики, одержимости, депрессии и истерии, а также зависимость показателей пола и (CA) переменных. Результаты показали, что повторяющееся негативное мышление опосредует частичную связь между катастрофическим мышлением и предотвращением невротических реакций.

Ключевые слова: воздержание от катастрофического мышления, повторное негативное мышление и невротические реакции.

Introduction

catastrophic thinking neurotic reaction

Cognitive behavioral therapy today is the main leader of psychotherapy methods, as demonstrated by empirical studies in the treatment of various disorders, including anxiety, stress and depression. Cognitive behavioral therapy plays a role in speeding up the skills of dealing with PTQ in a way that contradicts the reduction of negative thinking itself. there is an abundance of cognitive measures and strategies for dealing with a person's ideas, but few have focused on adaptive strategies (Wegner &Zanakos, 1994). For example, non-adaptive ideas and skill measures derived from therapeutic models are few N this study has focused on measures that depend on the therapeutic methods that have social roots and focus on treatment through problem-solving method (Sugiura&Sugiura, 2016).

the cessation of catastrophic thinking is manifested by how a person spontaneously responds to PTQ, especially when interpreted in the context of emotional disorders (Wells, 2000). When symptoms are clear and prominent, the concept of cessation of catastrophic thinking has been derived from the norms and standards of cognitive behavioral therapy (Wells, 2005). the importance of its therapeutic applications in mental disorders, since there is an adaptive state called emotional alertness, which is almost the same concept of cessation of catastrophic thinking, but the measurement directly is still unpublished scientifically. However, the measure of cessation of catastrophic thinking is linked to cognitive ideas, For example, the meta-knowledge model is originally supposed to measure both disturbance and general anxiety (Sugiura&Sugiura, 2016; Wells, 1995). Disturbance is essentially the root of all emotional disorders and discomfort can be defined as being subject to PTQ (Borkovec, Robinson, Pruzinsky&Depree, 1983).

that annoyance appears and is supported and show its symptoms to individuals through the laws of positive thought. For example, the individual said to himself that the inconvenience will help me in solving problems as supported and shown through the negative thinking about the seriousness and lack of control, worrying such as this annoyance makes me act mad or when disturbed, I cannot overcome it, that these ideas are often measured through a metacognitive questionnaire (Sugiura&Sugiura, 2016). this questionnaire consists of five dimensions: positive thoughts about anxiety, PTQ about discomfort, lack of cognitive trust, for example, my memory cannot help me when I need it; the fourth dimension is the need to control thinking. For example, I must always be in control of my thoughts all the time and finally unconscious cognitive self. For example, I am always alert and conscious of my thoughts. PTQ appear to be the strongest predictors of anxiety and generalized anxiety disorder, while we find that the positive thoughts less likely and weaker than that (Wells &Papageorgiou, 1998). In order to overcome the weakness and impotence of positive thinking in the prediction, Sugiura (2007) assumed the responsibility construct for repeated negative thinkingwhich indicates that a person needs to engage in a long time to understand the pain cause. For example, you have to keep thinking until you find the best solutions, and that it is not the responsibility to stop thinking. these ideas are related to the positive thoughts towards the discomfort. Responsibility is a sign of continued focus in thinking. Positive thoughts are related to serving the problem of discomfort and dealing withit, struggling or perseverance in finding solutions or continuity (Hasan, 1997; Mokdadi&Samour, 2008).

Sugiura (2007) focused on the gradual validity of the principle of responsibility for continuing to think of disturbing prediction in comparison with greater forms with many other forms of prediction, such as neurotic symptoms, positive and negative thoughts of knowledge, inability to solve problems, and cognitive avoidance.

At present, pathology has focused on the importance of specific factors in reducing many forms of mental disorders such as anxiety, depression and other related disorders. The models focus on general factors, leading to shallow results in the treatment of mental disorders compared with the emphasis on the separate and specific factors related to mental disorders (harvey, Watkins, Mansell &Shafran, 2004; Newby, McKinnon, Kuyken, Gilbody&Dalgleish, 2015; Sugiura&Sugiura, 2016). Cognitive behavioral therapy aims to focus on psychological disorders that are effective in reducing anxiety and depression. this study focuses on the skills of refraining from catastrophic thinking as a predictable and prior reason for repeating negative thinking. at the same time, it is the same as the expected cause of neurotic responses. As is evident later these two factors have the ability and competence to provide logical explanations of mental disorders even when compared with other similar disorders (aldahadha, 2010; Sugiura&Sugiura, 2016).

Sugiura (2014) reported a number of studies that found that there were negative correlations between refraining from catastrophic thinking, depression, pain and symptoms of eating disorders; also, he found in a longitudinal study that there was a negative relationship between refraining from catastrophic thinking and depression. therefore, we can expect that refraining from catastrophic thinking is correlated with a wide range of mental disorders (Sugiura, Sugiura, &tanno, 2013; Sugiura, &Sugiura, 2015)

the term repetition of catastrophic thinking is defined as the repetition of uncontrolled negative thinking characterized by repetition, introspection and difficulty of elimination, which appears to be unproductive and inhibitory of mental efficiency (Ehringet al., 2011). Both harvey and his colleagues (harveyet al., 2004) have reported that uncontrolled negative thinking is scientifically linked to a range of symptoms related to different dimensions of neurotic responses, which are due to general reasons. the most prominent or negative types of negative thinking are feelings of discomfort and rumination, It has been found to be positively correlated with various forms of mental disorders, so that symptoms of depression and negative thoughts correlated with it can be traced, such as anxiety, fear, and depression (Nolen-hoeksema, 1991). Worring is an uncontrolled disturbance, including content that focuses on an unspecified and mysterious future (Borkovec et al. al., 1983).

Rumination is often correlated positively with anxiety and depression on a longitudinal study of 1,060 adolescents and 1317 adults (McLaughlin & Nolen-hoeksema, 2011).

the disturbance is also positively correlated with depression and bipolar mood disorder, according to a cross-sectional study of 568 patients (Kertz,

Bigda-Peyton, Rosmarin &Bjorgvinsson, 2012). Short and Mazmanian (2013) found that discomfort and rumination were correlated with a veryhigh negative effect on anxiety, depression and stress on a sample of 213 students. Most studies have found that both rumination and worrying are correlated with anxiety, depression and other forms of neurotic responses.

In a study conducted by Thorpe &Salkovskis (1995), negative thoughts were found in 25 participants with fears, and repeated negative thoughts were expected to be positively correlated with some phobias. In any case, one of the most important determinants and limitations of previous studies is the use of measuring the specific content of uncontrolled negative thinking, which involves rumination and worrying.

In another study, Watkins (2008) discussed the subject of rumination and noted that discomfort correlated with anxiety and negative future events, while the rumination focuses on past events and related symptoms. Segerstrom, tsao, Alden &Craske (2000) found that discomfort and rumination occur as a result of the same uncontrolled factors in both patients and students, suggesting a common factors between them. McEvoy, Mahoney &Moulds (2010), developed the measure of repetitive thinking by taking advantage of some of the measures of discomfort, negative thinking, and post-traumatic thinking. Results showed that there was one dimension on a sample of 284 students.

In Oman aldahadha (2010) and in Jordan Hasan (1997) the results of their studies showed a significant relationship in favor of excellent average at total scale, while there was a correlation between all factors of (NB) and automatic thoughts. additionally, there is a negative relationship between numbers of hours for access to internet and phobia, which means that more access to internet less feel of phobia. this is some of correlations and there were other correlations. Ehringet al. (2011) developed the repeated negative thinking scale, which consists of the original items of the repeated negative thinking scale, which is also called loss of control, exaggeration of repetition, lack of productivity, and mental control. An of which indicate that the same ideas are repeated and repeated several times so that the individual cannot stop thinking about it. the measure of repeated negative thinking consists of the three dimensions mentioned above where the results were extracted through a study on the sample of 1338 people who reside in the hospital and normal people.

Few studies have indicated the relationship between independent components in the scale of repeated negative thinking and the refraining from catastrophic thinking with a wide range of mental disorders. the measure of repeated negative thinking with depression, generalized anxiety, social anxiety, panic attacks, and anxiety were correlated among a sample of students (McEvoy et al., 2010), and a group of patients with anxiety and depression (Mahoney, McEvoy &Moulds, 2012). On the other hand, the PtQ for repeated negative thinking is positively correlated with depression and anxiety (Ehringet al., 2011; Macedoet al., 2015; Raes, 2012), as well as obsessive-compulsive disorder among students (Nota Schubert & Coles, 2016) To date, many studies have suggested that there is a link between repeated negative thinking and a wide range of mental disorders. Spinhoven, Drost, van hemert, &Penninx (2015) conducted a study of 2,143 adults; all of them completed the repeated negative thinking and diagnostic methods through the criteria of the Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th ed.; DSM-V; american Psychiatric association, 2012). the general andimplicit factor in the repeated negative thinking scale of anxiety appears in symptoms of discomfort as well as with the measure of repeated thinking.

It also has the ability to predict generalized depressive disorder, panic attacks, phobia of open spaces, social anxiety, and generalized anxiety. In addition, the hidden factor of the repeated negative thinking scale predicts depression and anxiety disorder factors along with six groups of mental disorders (Sugiura&Sugiura, 2016).

According to the Spinhovenet al. (2015) study, two factors are likely to show general and total disorder, with the first being generalized disorder, the other being generalized anxiety and depression along with fear, social anxiety, obsession, and phobia. In addition, to assess the importance of refraining from catastrophic thinking and repetitive thinking as general factors for five forms of mental disorders, the explanation of the variance of these factors through these two dimensions has been tested and explored (Kotov Perlman, Gamez Watson, 2015).

In a study by Sugiuraet al., (2013), they discussed the relationship between refraining from catastrophic thinking, worrying, and meta- cognitive beliefs in a sample of 470 students at the Wells Center for Emotional Disorders. The results showed that there was a negative correlation between with metacognitive beliefs and all the discomfort and catastrophic thinking.

Sugiura&Sugiura (2016) recently investigated the relationship between refraining from catastrophic thinking, repetition of negative thinking and a number of mental disorders. the study sample consisted of 125 non-patient volunteers; all of them applied measures of depression, social anxiety, phobia, generalized anxiety, compulsive and obsessions. the results showed that recovery from catastrophic thinking is negatively correlated with the repetition of negative thinking and all mental disorders. Result recommended that repetitive negative thinking mediated the negative relationship between refraining from catastrophic thinking and latent factors.

In this study, repeated negative thinking will be presented as an intermediary of the relationship between refraining from catastrophic thinking and neurotic responses. Reducing repeated negative thinking will mediate the causal relationship between refraining from catastrophic thinking and neurotic responses, and refraining from catastrophic thinking is negatively correlated with discomfort. these results are expected to be an extension of independent studies of recurrent negative thinking or even repeated thinking. the importance of this study will extend to more knowledge about the relationship between refraining from catastrophic thinking and social anxiety, fear, generalized anxiety and obsessive-compulsive disorder. these disorders have been chosen because thoughts that are more negative are expected to be developed. the study also aims to explore the hidden factors of psychological symptoms. this study will expand the knowledge of the relationship between refraining from catastrophic thinking and NR such as anxiety, phobia, psychosomatic, depression, and hysteria.

Objectives and Questions

the aim of this study is to explore the relationship between the refraining from catastrophic thinking and repeated negative thinking as a process of control of the neurotic responses and the ability to control them later. the cognitive aspect of the relationship between refraining from

catastrophic thinking and NR factors, Anxiety, Phobia, Psychosomatic, Obsession, Depression, and Hysteria. This study tried to answer the following questions:

1. What are the percentage and the most common indicators of PTQ in the study sample?

2. What are the percentage and the most common indicators of NR in the study sample?

3. Is there a statistical significant relationship between the PTQ and the NR on the overall scale?

4. Is there a statistical significant relationship between the RCT, PTQ and the NR due to the gender variable?

5. Is there a statistical significant relationship between the RCT, PTQ and the NR due to the Cavariable?

Study Limitations

1. This study was limited to three instruments are the repeated negative thinking, the refraining from catastrophic thinking, and the neurotic responses. Therefore, the results of this study is determined by the characteristics of the measurements and their ability to measure what was prepared to measure.

2. The results of this study are determined by the sample that was selected and they are students of Mutah University, representing them from different levels, as well as the extent of the validity of the assessments of the sample members on the parameters of the study.

3. The results of this study accurately determine the cumulative average used as a variable in this study, which was based on tests designed by the professor at the university and not on standardized tests.

Definition of terms

The refraining from catastrophic thinking focuses exclusively on how one relates to negative thoughts; it represents how one relates to spontaneous negative thoughts and assessing the perceived skills to detach from and to suspend negative thinking that were fostered in cognitive behavioral therapy (Sugiuraet al., 2013).

Methodology and procedures

Participants

The study population is composed of students from Mutah University during the spring semester of the academic year 2017/2018. therefore, the target sample for this study consisted of all students from the 15 colleges. the total number of the study sample was (692) students (340 males and 352 females). the average age for the entire sample was 19.14 years (ranging from 18 to 20 years), and they comprised Jordanian students only. Anstudents participated voluntarily in this study.

Instruments