Corporealitive experience as a dispositional component of the self-concept of personality

Yevheniia Kaliuzhna, PhD in Psychology, Associate Professor; Liudmyla Beheza, Doctor of Psychology, Professor of the Department of Psychology, Institute of Personnel Training of the State Employment Service of Ukraine

Abstract

Keywords: personality, self-concept, corporealitive experience, disposition, self-perception, self-identity.

Problem statement

However, it should be noted, that in modern psychology conceptual views on the structure of corporeality remain inconsistent, but also insufficiently clarified issues of verbalization of the bodily Me and self-reflection of bodily potential in the process of becoming a person.

Analysis of recent research and publications

The purpose of the article is to analyze mechanisms of formation and functioning of the self-concept of personality is due to her desire to reflect on l subjective corporealitive experience.

Presenting main material

One time E. Erickson (1968) expressed the idea that the most important feature of a mature personality one's ego-identity - «a subjective sense of continuous self-identity». This is the final stage of ontogeny when person is feeling or integrity provided by the development of all personality traits and their integration or on the contrary, feels despair associated with the realization of the fact irreversible lost opportunities and approaching the end of life. According to epigenetic theory, of human development during adulthood depends on resolving conflicts earlier age periods - the achievement of identity and generativity.

K. Abulhanova-Slavska [3] considered that the ability of man to private life, to resolve its contradictions, to build value attitudes recorded in the concept of «life position», grounded in the concept of «individual life way». For autor, life position - a way of self-identity in life generalized on basis of their value which is agreed with the basic needs and motives. It is a collection of individual attitudes toward life and ways to implement them. If the ratio of the integrated life, then life position is characterized by integrity, harmony, consistency.

The consistent life positions are «responsible», «active», «contemplative», «egocentric». Inconsistent life position is the position of a «double life» (the discrepancy between the proclaimed principles and the actual actions of the individual) and the position of «throwing life» (unstable and contradictory). As a result of the interaction of the individual with its life, lifestyle becomes a potential personal development, a set of objective and subjective features. As an essential building block of life's journey, line of life is the «typical for the individual how to change the time and circumstances of life» [3].

The most important concepts in theory of «individual life way» is the concept of «life strategy» - the ability to combine the individual personality, status, age and the possibility of harassment with the requirements of society. Life strategy doesn't only structure and organize life, but also reflects the vital concept of human conscious and generalized life principle, a way of self-realization. The strategy of life has three main features. The first feature - the mainstream choice and lifestyle, identifying major life goals and steps to achieve them, the realization of individual life position. The second feature - resolving conflicts, achieve life goals and plans that are implemented in the life of the individual lines. The third feature - creativity inventing and creating value and meaning of their lives. Life strategies can be active and passive, optimal and suboptimal, stereotypical and search, in the latter case it is the active life creativity when the living conditions of personality constructs tasks and seeking ways of their solution [3].

At first glance, the existence of the functional aspect of any change in the system of internal characteristics of the individual in the process of adaptive activity has long been established and does not require further argumentation (F. Berezin, F. Vasylyuk, K. Izard, Ye. Kalinin, T. Kyrylenko, A. Krauklis, L. Maryschuk, N. Nayenko, O. Sannikova). V. Petrovsky (1992) has justified in detail that any mental processes, acts, and experiences are adaptively oriented.

It should be noted that the term «mechanism» is often but not always meaningfully used in psychological literature. In general psychological principles the word «mechanism» is interpreted as something that defines the internal interconnection and interdependent elements of any active system - be them naturally or artificially created. The psychological mechanism is a subjective reflection on the subjective level of objective processes and phenomena that provide individual interaction with the environment [4].

Explaining the mechanism of any mental phenomena (or process) is possible by determining the nature of interrelation and interdependence of its structural elements. O. Luriya (1990) believed that by artificially creating a model of a process we can approach the underlying mechanisms.

As S. Maksymenko [5] says, the personality is the implementer and the energizer for the activity. Along with the reactive behavior, active behavior becomes dominant meaning promoted by own conscious goals and motives. In this instance, the active approach becomes the one of major importance in the context of the study of the functional mechanism of the anxiety's onthogenesis according to which the quality and the activating potential of mental formations, and their opportunities in the perceived regulation of the individual's activity are defined (disclosed and limited) by the range and hierarchy of the person's values and needs.

The emotional evaluation plays a crucial role in setting up the goal regardless of the complexity of the decision. An aim picked emotionally is the initial part of the system of self-regulation that defines the whole process of further regulation in its conscious subordination to achieving the desired result as the objective is something that is always actually realized [7, P. 40].

The importance of subjective assessment of the situation was also pointed out by N. Nayenko (1976). He believed that psychological specifics of tension does not depend on external factors but on the sense of personal goals and the evaluation of the situation the person is in although external factors are still strong.

For M. Apter's reversive theory [8], activation is seen as a major aspect of motivation and as the degree of emotional and motivational involvement of the individual into the activity. In contrast to the theory of optimum activation by U. Tompson and D. Hebb, based on the principle of homeostasis, M. Apter's theory, suggests the existence of two alternative activation systems «search - avoid», each of which has its own optimum range.

In the context of adaptive activity, this means that the more important the goal, the shorter the action trigger as achieving the desired result requires some effort. The above lies in perfectly with the established pattern: the greater adequacy influence of the functional state on the regulation system, the more effectively the energy supply function manifests [9].

Consistent perception of facts and events, attempt to predict their further development and take appropriate decisions and allow a person to directly experience the time. While growing a person creates a «time horizon» - the integrative characteristics of temporal perceptions and preferences of the individual, consisting of social activities. Thus, P. Fress remarked (1981), that only realizing their time horizons, analyzing the effects of completed actions, planning the following actions, a person can move forward through life, grow, and not stand still or degrade [10].

The relevance is a category of relativity between the purpose and the intensity of activation, and it indicates the ability of an individual to act in accordance with the specific circumstances and priorities, acting as a sense and measure of the effort's usefulness in the space of subjects. The goal is always correlated with the need, and the need, in its turn with the degree and quality of the expenses needed to fulfill it. There is no absolute connection between motivation for achievement and quality adaptation as individual adaptability's flexibility and variability is its determinant (F. Berezin, 1988). We can say that such correlation reveals the subjective profitability of the aim set and whether its relevant to achieve it.

K. Levin [11] showed that every person creates his own world through «structured one's living space» according to personal experiences. The value and significance of the various components of the environment and the subjective lifetime is determined by individual time perspectives.

According to researchers (L. Sokhan', 1996), psychological structure of the expectations formed components such as emotional background, prognostic assessment and treatment of personality built to forecast. By modality waiting are divided into positive and negative. Estimate reflects the idea of the individual probability of realization of each of the simulated scenarios, most of which are probabilistic and recorded as expectations.

For convictions of Y. Shvalb [12], it is the ability to ensure the integrity of goalsetting and internal unity of the individual's activity, all forms of meaningful behavior. In concentrated form is updated as objective enough defined (chronologically and content) subjective model of the desired result, connected with means for its implementation.

V. Kovalov (1995) introduced the concept of individual time transpective - a specific psychological mechanism by which a person makes a subjective time management. This term, in tune with the concept of «time synthesis» stands for a transparent vision of the past, present and future, that is, the ability of the individual to the contemplation of the passage of time of their lives in any way. A number of psychological studies found that at certain ages are more or less characteristic patterns of subjective models of the past, present and future are closely associated with behavioral, intellectual, emotional, and volitional personality characteristics.

Thus, exploring the social function of memory due to the specific psychological time P. Zhane (1936) showed that during reminiscences never happen completely accurate reproduction events, literal reproduction of their chronological sequence and duration disrupts the normal flow of mental processes in the present and a form of psychopathology memory.

Psychological studies show that growing up with a man trying to build a coherent and consistent identity with their past identities. V. Lyaudis (1976) interprets «the variability» content in the light of past experience of the self-made person. E. Hrinvald (1980) assumes that everyone has their «totalitarian Ego» which reviews the past according to its current views. Memory edits personal memoirs, based on the needs of the present, because of the need to have a certain individual story that would not interfere with a positive self-image.

For P. Fress (1981), subjective probability between events links gives a person confidence that one event leads to another. F. Dolto [13] remarked that the advantage of past human experience is to be less vulnerable in future trials, even if the «deleting life situations» there is no «once and for all».

As points of T. Tytarenko [14], sometimes an event is crucial for humans, sharing life into «before» and «after». If the interpretation of events is positive, then the person sees own life as a series of successful solutions and achieving their goals despite obstacles and setbacks. If the interpretation is negative, then the perception of life in the colors of the pessimistic is not dependent on how people actually successful in their actions.

A. Leontyev [15] argued that modified free person appeals for help to the past, integrating past experience, looking for support in the memory and often appeals to the future in search of a goal, but one knows that both are the acts of today. It has no power over objective time; however, their psychological time structures them.

Cognitive psychologists use the term «circuit» - cognitive representations of past experience, which organizes and directs the information on an individual's personality affects the evaluation process events and arrangements in general. In the sense of personal problems as a consequence of «distortion circuits» appropriate to its «alignment» are understanding and criticism of «their own reality».

A. Maslow [16] considered that causal explanation undoubtedly important in terms of science is insufficient because of a mental relativity of space and time, which is a prerequisite for causality. The causality itself - is some form of subjective perception inherent to a person. Having observed this approach, we can clearly see another aspect of each event - its purpose and meaning.

The relevance is a category of relativity between the purpose and the intensity of activation, and it indicates the ability of an individual to act in accordance with the specific circumstances and priorities, acting as a sense and measure of the effort's usefulness in the space of subjects. The goal is always correlated with the need, and the need, in its turn with the degree and quality of the expenses needed to fulfill it. We can say that a correlation reveals the active «return» the purpose and feasibility of achieving it. Such correlation reveals the subjective profitability of the aim set and whether its relevant to achieve it [10].

Considering that there is no absolute connection between motivation for achievement and quality adaptation as individual adaptability's flexibility and variability is its determinant (F. Berezin, 1988), we highlight the most representative characteristics of adaptive personality functioning, such as: expediency, commitment, and effectiveness of self activation. In the context of the adaptation model introduced selfactivation is viewed as initiated by the individual dispositional and behavioral activation, aimed at achieving the full realization of the need with minimal psychological and physical effort [10].

The meaning of any event becomes apparent only through analysis that allows to understand for what it had happened. A. Adler (1969) said that no events experienced before, not the cause of success or failure: the man gives them value according to his purpose. The same as an intuitive exaggeration, so as a euphoric impairment degree of influence of external events, are leading to the increasing in irrelevant arsenal of defense mechanisms that prevent the normal development of the individual [14].

According to scientists [17], a developed system of psychological defense is characterized by factors such as the adequacy, flexibility, maturity. Among the psychological defense mechanisms of the most common are:

- projection (attributing to others their own traits, intentions, motivations, which denied into yourself),