A study of influence of mental and physical load on the indicators of heart rate variability in students with different dominant types of autonomic regulation

Notes: * - differences in the values of the indicator obtained before and after the loads are reliable according to the Wilcoxon criterion (p<0,05)

According to Table 1, it can be noted that in students with type I autonomic regulation, the mental load used for students did not cause significant changes in the indicators. This can be explained by the fact that mental activity is a common activity for university students in this group, and they already have a stereotype of response to it. Students with type II autonomic regulation showed a significant decrease in HR, AM0 and an increase in RRNN, Mode and deltaX. These results indicate an increased influence of the autonomic circuit and the parasympathetic nervous system, which indicates high adaptation-compensatory mechanisms. In particular, students with type III autonomic regulation showed a significant decrease in RRNN and a significant increase in heart rate indicators, and students with type IV autonomic regulation showed a significant decrease in the value of Mode. Thus, in students with types III and IV of autonomic regulation, SDNN, RMSSD, pNN50 and deltaX significantly decreased, indicating a decrease in the role of the autonomous regulation circuit, a decrease in heart rate variability, and accordingly, an increase in the tension of adaptation-compensatory capabilities of the students' bodies. However, the value of AM0 increased in representatives of these groups after mental load, confirming an increase in the mobilizing effect of the sympathetic division of the nervous system.

However, a different reaction of students is observed after physical load. In all groups, except for group II, which is characterized by a pronounced predominance of central regulation, the indicators of RRNN, SDNN, pNN50, Mode and deltaX decreased significantly. In particular, the values of heart rate and AMO significantly increased in all groups, except for group II. It should be noted that the RMSSD index values significantly decreased in all groups. The obtained results indicate a decrease in heart rate variability, which is a sign of an increase in the influence of the central circuit and the sympathetic nervous system, and this is a manifestation of the state of stress of adaptation-compensatory mechanisms. However, it should be emphasized that the smallest impact of physical activity was observed in representatives of group II, which was confirmed by the absence of significant changes, except for RMSSD.

Table 2 presents the average values of the integral indicators characterizing the peculiarities of regulation of the cardiovascular system in students of four groups before and after mental and physical loads.

Table 2 Values of integral indicators of the cardiovascular system regulation of students before and after loads (Me; 25%, 75%)

Notes: * - differences in the values of the indicator obtained before and after the loads are reliable according to the Wilcoxon criterion (p<0,05)

Comparison of the integral indicators of the functional state of the body of students with different types of autonomic regulation before and after mental load allows us to note that in all groups, except for the 1st, the values of all indicators have changed significantly. Students with a significant predominance of central regulation (type II) showed a significant decrease in all studied indicators - IVR, VPR, RPAI and SI, which indicates an increase in the activity of the parasympathetic division and the autonomic circuit after mental activity. Thus, students with a moderate predominance of autonomous regulation (type III) and with a pronounced predominance of autonomic regulation (type IV) showed a significant increase in all indicator values, which indicates an increase in the activity of the sympathetic division and the degree of centralization of heart rhythm control.

In particular, after physical load, representatives of all types of autonomic regulation, except for type II, showed a significant increase in all HRV indicators. That is, in students with moderate predominance of the central regulation (type I), with a moderate predominance of autonomous regulation (type III) and pronounced predominance of autonomic regulation (type IV), a significant increase in all HRV indicators indicates an increase in the activity of the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) and an increase in the role of the central link in controlling the work of the sinoatrial node. It should be noted that in representatives with a significant predominance of central regulation (type II), significant changes were absent after the influence of the load, but there was a tendency towards an increase in all indicators, which also indicates an increase in sympathetic activity of the vegetative nervous system.

Table 3 presents spectral indicators of HRV, which provide important information about the cardiovascular system of the four groups before and after mental and physical loads the load are reliable according to the Wilcoxon criterion (p<0,05)

Table 3The values of spectral indices of HRV in students before and after loads (Me; 25%, 75%)

After mental exertion, significant changes in spectral indicators compared to the initial state were not observed in students with moderate predominance of central regulation (type I) and with moderate predominance of autonomic regulation (type III), as mental activity is habitual for representatives of these groups, and they have developed a stereotype of response, which is confirmed by minor changes in the indicator values. In particular, students with a significant dominance of central regulation (type II) showed a significant increase in TP and VLF, which indicates an increase in the adaptive capacity of the cardiovascular system and a hyperadaptive response of the body. After the load, the VLF value was significantly higher than normal, which can be interpreted as a hyperadaptive state. Thus, students with a significant dominance of autonomic regulation (type IV) showed a significant decrease in TP, LF, HF and an increase in the value of LF/HF. After load, the LF value was significantly higher than normal. The results obtained indicate a shift in the autonomic balance towards the predominance of the central regulation of the heart, a decrease in the role of autonomous regulation and a decrease in the adaptive capabilities of the cardiovascular system.

In particular, after the loads, representatives of all types of autonomic regulation, except for the second, showed a significant decrease in the values of all HRV indicators, with the exception of LF/HF (the value increased). Thus, a decrease in the values of TP, VLF, LF, HF and an increase in LF/HF indicates a decrease in the level of activity of the vasomotor center, an increase in the activity of the central control circuit, a decrease in the adaptive capabilities of the cardiovascular system, and post-exercise energy deficiency. It should also be noted that in all groups of students, the VLF values were above the norm, which can be interpreted as a hyperadaptive state. Thus, in groups of students with II and III types of autonomic regulation, LF values were within the normal range, with type I regulation it was less than normal, and in representatives of type IV it washigher than normal. In particular, the results of HF in all groups were significantly lower. This confirms a significant advantage of sympathetic activity in regulating the cardiovascular system.

Conclusions

1. After a mental load, the statistical, temporal, integral and spectral indicators did not change significantly in students with moderate predominance of the central regulation (type I), indicating the formation of adaptation mechanisms to such a volume of mental activity. Representatives with moderate predominance of autonomous regulation (type III), showed significant changes in statistical, temporal and integral indicators, which indicates an increase in the activity of the sympathetic division, degree of centralization of heart rate control and tension of adaptive- compensatory capabilities of students' bodies. Students with a significant predominance of central regulation (type II) and significant predominance of autonomic regulation (type IV) showed significant changes in statistical, temporal, integral and spectral parameters. This indicates an increase in the influence of the autonomous circuit, high adaptive-compensatory mechanisms, an increase in the adaptive capabilities of the cardiovascular system and a hyperadaptive response of the body in the type II group of students. In particular, the results of the representatives of the IV group indicate a decrease in the role of the autonomous regulation circuit, a decrease in heart rate variability, a decrease in the adaptive capabilities of the cardiovascular system and, accordingly, tension of the adaptive- compensatory capabilities of students' bodies.

2. After exercise, representatives of all groups, except for students with a significant predominance of central regulation (type II), showed significant changes in indicators indicating an increase in the influence of the central circuit, sympathetic nervous system, the presence of manifestations of tension in adaptive-compensatory mechanisms and post-exercise energy deficiency. Thus, in the representatives of group II, significant changes were observed in the RMSSD, HF, LF/HF indicators, which indicates an increase in the activity of the central control loop.

3. The obtained results can be used in the distribution of students into sections (within physical education classes in universities), which will correspond to individual physical and psychological needs of students.

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