Features of leadership qualities in adolescents

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Features of leadership qualities in adolescents

Introduction

From the point of view of development, adolescence is characterized as extremely important in the formation of personality. During this period, there is an expansion of living space, social environment. This is primarily manifested in the emergence of a special set of needs, which is expressed in the desire to join the lives of adults. A new need becomes very important for the internal position of a teenager - to find and take a satisfactory position in the group of peers, to gain the authority, respect, sympathy and attention of peers. This leads to an increase in the reaction of conformity of the adolescent to the reference group (the desire not to stand out among peers, to be «like everyone else»), to increase the grouping reaction (the desire of the adolescent to a group of peers, the need to unite with them) and imitation someone from the same age, more often - more popular, successful, leader). American researchers have scientifically confirmed the influence of the quantitative composition and sequence of birth on the formation of the child's personality. The number of children in the family also affects the child's position. T. Martinek, T. Schilling and D. Hellison indicate that the position of the only child differs from the position of the child in a large family, as well as the first from the youngest [1]. Also, S. Smruti notes that a special position between the only girl among the brothers and the only boy among the sisters [2].

The feeling of belonging to the adolescent community and to a certain group in it is often distinguished not only by interests and by forms of leisure, but also by clothing, language, etc. This is essential for the development of the adolescent's personality, influencing the formation of his norms and values. In this situation, the leader becomes the reference person who has the greatest authority and popularity. The leader can directly influence the formation of the orientation of his micro group, to form norms and ideals in comrades.

Presenting main material

The problem of raising adolescents in modern conditions is particularly acute. P. Ward points that the shortcomings of family upbringing create difficulties in school, conflicts with teachers and, as a consequence, the social disadaptation of the adolescent [3]. One of the urgent problems of modern age and pedagogical psychology has been the study of the nature and development of leadership qualities in adolescents. In order to shed light on the phenomenon of leadership among adolescents in a particular group, a study was conducted.

The first stage is related to the theoretical understanding of the problem. At this stage, the psychological and pedagogical literature on the problem of research was studied, conceptual approaches to the development of the topic were determined, the scientific apparatus of the research was determined.

The second stage is the study of the phenomenon of leadership and its specifics in adolescence through the methods selected for this study.

The third stage - processing and analysis of the results; development of recommendations for students, teachers and parents for the full development of leadership qualities in adolescents.

We used research methods:

a) sociometry «Methods of diagnosis of interpersonal and intergroup relations» J. Moreno;

b) test-questionnaire «Leader»;

c) test «Scale of assessment of the need to achieve». J. Moreno, who introduced the term «sociometry», which means the measurement of interpersonal relationships in a group, developed the method [4].

Sociometric method is carried out by group method, its implementation does not require large time costs (15 minutes). It is very useful in applied research, especially in work to improve relationships in the team. Nevertheless, it is not a radical way to solve intragroup problems, the causes of which should be sought not in the likes and dislikes of group members, but in deeper sources.

The technique allows you to make a slice of the dynamics of intra-group relations in order to subsequently use the results to restructure groups, increase their cohesion and efficiency.

Grade 9 was chosen as the surveyed group. There are 31 people in the class, including 14 boys and 17 girls. J. Moreno can find data on the interaction between students in the class in a sociometric survey. Sociometric test is designed to diagnose emotional connections, namely mutual sympathy between group members and the following tasks:

- measuring the degree of cohesion-disunity in the group;

- identification of the relative authority of group members on the grounds of sympathy-antipathy (leaders, stars, rejected);

- identification of intra-group cohesive entities led by informal leaders.

This technique also allows you to identify explicit leaders who are distinguished by group members and outsiders who are not accepted by the group.

Sociometric method is carried out by group method, its carrying out does not demand major expenses (15 minutes). Equipment: sociometric survey form, list of group members, sociomatrix, pen.

A group of people of any age, starting from preschool, who has some experience of interaction and communication, can be examined. Depending on the tasks to be solved by the research and the peculiarities (age and professional) of the studied groups, the criteria of sociometric choice are formed. A criterion is a type of activity for which an individual must select or reject one or more members of a group. It is formulated in the form of a specific question of the sociometric test. In terms of content, the criteria can be formal or informal. With the help of the first measures are measured about the joint activities for which the group was created. The second is used to measure emotionally personal relationships that are not related to joint activities (for example, choosing a friend for leisure).

Depending on the orientation, the criteria are divided into positive («Who would you like to work with?») And negative («Who would you like to work with?»).

After selecting and formulating the criteria, we compiled a questionnaire that contains instructions and a list of criteria. The order of the study. Before the survey, instruct the test group (sociometric warm-up). During it is necessary to explain to group the purpose of research, to underline importance of its results for group, to show how it is necessary, to carry out tasks, to guarantee safety of answers.

Approximate text of the instruction: «When forming your group, of course, your wishes could not be taken into account, because you were not familiar enough with each other. Now the relationship in the group is quite defined, and for you and your management it is advantageous to take into account your wishes when organizing the activities of your team. Try to be honest in your answers. Researchers guarantee the secrecy of individual answers».

Methodical instructions. It is necessary to try to establish an atmosphere of trust in relations with the group. Lack of confidence in the experimenter, suspicion that the results of the survey can be used to the detriment of the subject, leads to a refusal to perform the task as a whole or to a refusal to make a negative choice.

After that, we proceed directly to the survey. All members of the group are exposed to it. Respondents should write the names of the members of the group chosen by them on one or another criterion in a questionnaire and indicate their last name. During the survey, the researcher must ensure that respondents do not communicate with each other, constantly emphasize and remind about the need to answer all questions. It is not necessary to hurry, to adjust subjects with answers. At the same time, if the subjects do not have a list of group members, they should not interfere with eye contact. It is desirable to write the names of the absent on the board. teenage community leadership potential authority

There are three main ways to choose:

- the number of elections is limited to 3-5;

- complete freedom of choice is allowed (everyone can write down as many decisions as he wants);

- the subject ranks all members of the group depending on the proposed criterion.

From the point of view of simplicity and convenience of processing of results, the first way is more preferable. From the point of view of reliability and reliability of the received results - the third.

In addition, the method of ranking can remove fears: for a negative choice.

Thus, the compilation of a sociomatrix based on the results of the study. The socio-matrix is a table in which the results of the survey are entered. Based on the results of the survey, summary socio-matrices can be constructed, which give a picture of elections according to several criteria, and single ones - according to one criterion. Analysis of the socio-matrix for each criterion gives a very clear picture of the relationship in the group.

The indicator of good group cohesion is in the range of 0.6-0.7.

For the analysis of results of sociometric interrogation, quantitative definition of relations in-group, we will give the general data of a sociometric circle (Drawing 1).

As we can see, there is some cohesion among the boys, demonstrated by the number of elected leaders. Compared to the results of girls, many of them received not so many votes, but the wide range of selected in the table of the sociometric survey, allows to confirm the high desire for society among boys and the isolation of small groups of girls.

Thus, if boys use the possibility of choice in many ways, namely can choose up to nine different people, then girls in the three situations tend to carry only three or four people in each.

However, an objective picture of the fact that there are leaders and outsiders in the class is visible. It is also important to note that the student head of the class was not among the leaders of the class, but was included in the second round of the sociometric survey.

Nevertheless, remarkably, among the leaders there is more than one excellent pupil. In addition to the girl already mentioned in the previous section, there are other leaders with high success. However, since sociometry cannot give us a complete picture of leadership, other methods are needed, the results of which are analyzed below.

The main advantage of the socio-matrix is the ability to present elections in numerical form, which, in turn, allows you to rank the members of the group by the number of received and given elections, to establish the order of influence in a particular group.

Number of elections received (217) - sociometric status of the group, which is compared with the theoretically possible number of elections (31 (number of group members) x 9 (number of possible elections) = 279).

There is also such a sociometric parameter as the «index of group cohesion»:

Index of group cohesion = the sum of mutual elections (33) / theoretically possible number of elections (279) = 0.12.

This indicates an underdeveloped team, most likely students feel emotionally closed. This may be because the class was recently formed from two classes, and many fellow students were forced to move to other classes. In any case - this indicates a lack of attention of the class teacher. It is necessary to hold meetings with children, trainings, possibly excursions.

In such an atmosphere, it is much more difficult to bring up full-fledged developed children with leadership qualities. Therefore, it is necessary now, to work with children, to involve them in social work, participation in group competitions, and actions of physical competitions with participation of all school.

According to the «Leader» methodology, the purpose of which is to assess a person's ability to be a leader. Issues related primarily to models of situations in human life are based on situational and motivational theories. The respondent in this survey is more likely to assess for himself how much he can be a leader.

In this technique, the subject answers 50 questions, and from his answers to these questions it is concluded whether he has the personal psychological qualities necessary for a leader. Of the two proposed answers to each question, you need to choose and mark only one.

As a result, the following results were obtained in the class among the surveyed children: 2 people are prone to dictation; 3 people with bright leadership qualities; 18 people have average leadership qualities; 8 people whose leadership qualities are weak.

The third method was the survey «Scale for assessing the need to achieve», which allows you to measure the level of motivation to achieve, motivation for success with the help of the developed scale - a small test-questionnaire. This technique was chosen because children need power, motivation to be a leader, most interested in their own prestige. Which is directly related to the motive in the achievement.

Motivation to achieve - the desire to improve results, dissatisfaction with what has been achieved, persistence in achieving their aims, the desire to achieve their goals in any case - is one of the nuclear properties of the leader's personality that affect all human life.

The scale consists of 22 judgments, about which there are two possible answers - «yes» or «no».

The following results were obtained: a high level of motivation to succeed on a ten - point scale from 8 to 10: 1 pupil. 9 students have an average level of motivation. Low level of motivation to achieve in most respondents: 21 pupils.

It should be noted that most members of this group have a low level of motivation to achieve, on a scale only one student has a high level of motivation - pupil № 3.

However, given the tendency to doubt, insecurity and low self-esteem among adolescents, the results are not contradictory. Self-doubt is common in adolescent leaders, and communication is a means of self-disclosure.

Among pupils, we can identify two undisputed leaders who have the highest level of motivation to achieve, high leadership skills, as well as the distinction as leaders among pupils - pupils number 18 and 3. This confirms the assumption of the relationship between motivation and real leadership.

Nevertheless, at the same time, other class leaders do not meet this criterion at all. The separation of a group of some pupils from others is most likely due to external impressions. Therefore, 27, 22, 30 and 2 have an attractive appearance, neatly and expensively dressed (there is no standard of uniform at school), have new expensive electronic equipment.

Thus, we can say that in the adolescent group leaders can be those participants who do not have a strong motivation to achieve, but on the contrary less motivated to achieve something in the group. However, research shows that this aspect of leadership is important. It can be assumed that low motivation is due to the lack of common external problems and tasks to be solved by the group. Such situations arise when the apparent friendliness among students is nothing more than the absence of conflicts between internal participants and external people. In addition, as we know, any progress occurs in the presence of contradictions. It is typical for teenagers to fight, for them it is important to have a leader who will lead the crowd behind them, although this young group has not developed motivation to learn and has no other objective goals, despite the fact that the group was formed recently.

Based on the study data, we see a group of poorly motivated students who do not have common aims. The class, despite its weak group cohesion, has leaders.

Nevertheless, on the example of the two leaders of the twin brothers, we already have the right to believe that their motivation to achieve and the level of leadership qualities have an impact on the position in the group. Pupils number 4 and 3 have different levels of need to achieve and different levels of leadership qualities, pupil 3, who has high performance and motivational scope and personal qualities in his position in the group is much more successful than his brother.

Thus, the assumption about the relationship between leadership and human motivation in the group is confirmed, but also affects the position in the group of adolescents, social security, human charisma and some other factors.

Conclusions

For a teenager to be a leader is first to be able to communicate widely, as well as to be the center of attention. After all, these moments are very important for teenagers. In order to understand what influences leadership potential, this paper highlights the main points of view in understanding the problem of leadership in adolescence: the theory of personality traits; motivational theory; situational theory of leadership. As expected, there were several leaders in the class among boys and girls. In addition, among girls there are less leaders as it is connected with features of style of communication: boy's friendly rivalry and development of small dyads and triads at girls. Children from different families, complete and incomplete, with different social wealth, different nationalities, with different levels of academic achievement and different interests. As the results show, the leaders in this group are quite diverse. Leaders are students with a number of different qualities: communication, good looks, economic security compared to others, intelligence is higher than average in this group, high physical development. Low motivation to achieve is most likely due to a high desire to stand out, but a low desire to manage the environment. Since children of this age still have a poor understanding of the mechanisms of human management. Low motivation can also be associated with the underdevelopment of the team, perhaps not feeling comfortable in a group of classmates. Because the class was formed not so long ago - many children became friends in small groups, but the interaction between these groups has not yet been formed. Summing up, we would like to note that for a full-fledged existence in society, a growing child needs to have communication skills, but in order to achieve social success you need to be a leader. Nevertheless, leaders are not born. It is necessary to develop these qualities in yourself. In addition, the problem of growing up and development is not only a problem of a teenager - it is a problem of both parents and schools.

References

1. Martinek, T., Schilling, T., & Hellison, D. The development of compassionate and caring leadership among adolescents. Physical Education and Sport Pedagogy. 11(2). 2006. Pp. 141 - 157.

2. Smruti Shah Exploring Important Leadership Qualities and Characteristics among Adolescent Students. Journal of Humanities and Social Science. Volume 20. Issue 9. 2015. Pp. 46 - 52.

3. Peter J. Ward Characteristics of Youth Leadership that Influence Adolescent Peers to Follow. Journal of Park and Recreation Administration. Volume 26. Number 2. 2008. Pp. 78 - 94.

4. Moreno, J. L. Who shall survive? Foundations of Sociometry, Group Psychotherapy and Sociodrama. Beacon, N.Y.: Beacon House Inc. 1978. 763 p.

Аннотация

Особенности проявления лидерских качеств у подростков

С точки зрения развития подростковый возраст характеризуется как чрезвычайно важный в становлении личности. В этот период происходит расширение жизненного пространства, социального окружения. В первую очередь это проявляется в появлении особого набора потребностей, который выражается в желании приобщиться к жизни взрослых. Очень важной для внутренней позиции подростка становится новая потребность - найти и занять удовлетворительное положение в группе сверстников, завоевать авторитет, уважение, симпатию и внимание сверстников. Это приводит к усилению реакции соответствия подростка референтной группе (стремление не выделяться среди сверстников, быть «как все»), к усилению реакции группирования (стремление подростка к группе сверстников, потребность объединиться с ними). и подражание кому-то из ровесников, чаще - более популярному, успешному, лидеру).

Американские исследователи научно подтвердили влияние количественного состава и последовательности рождения на формирование личности ребенка. Количество детей в семье также влияет на положение ребенка. Т. Мартинек, Т. Шиллинг и Д. Хеллисон указывают, что положение единственного ребенка отличается от положения ребенка в многодетной семье, а также первого от младшего [1]. Также С. Смрути отмечает особое положение между единственной девочкой среди братьев и единственным мальчиком среди сестер [2].

Ощущение принадлежности к подростковому сообществу и определенной группе в нем часто отличается не только интересами и формами досуга, но и одеждой, языком и т.д. Это существенно для развития личности подростка, влияя на формирование его норм и ценностей. В этой ситуации лидер становится референтной личностью, обладающей наибольшим авторитетом и популярностью.

Лидер может напрямую влиять на формирование ориентации своей микрогруппы, формировать нормы и идеалы у товарищей.

Выводы. Для подростка быть лидером - это, прежде всего, уметь широко общаться, а также быть в центре внимания. В конце концов, эти моменты очень важны для подростков.

Чтобы понять, что влияет на лидерский потенциал, в данной статье освещаются основные точки зрения на понимание проблемы лидерства в подростковом возрасте: теория личностных качеств; мотивационная теория; ситуационная теория лидерства.

Как и ожидалось, в классе было несколько лидеров среди мальчиков и девочек. Кроме того, среди девочек лидеров меньше, так как это связано с особенностями стиля общения: дружеским соперничеством мальчиков и развитием небольших диад и триад у девочек. Дети из разных семей, полных и неполных, с разным социальным достатком, разными национальностями, с разным уровнем успеваемости и разными интересами.

Как показывают результаты, лидеры в этой группе довольно разнообразны. Лидеры - это студенты, обладающие рядом различных качеств: коммуникабельностью, приятной внешностью, экономической обеспеченностью по сравнению с другими, интеллектом выше среднего в этой группе, высоким физическим развитием.

Низкая мотивация к достижению, скорее всего, обусловлена высоким желанием выделиться, но низким желанием управлять окружающей средой. Поскольку дети этого возраста еще плохо понимают механизмы управления людьми.

Низкая мотивация также может быть связана с неразвитостью коллектива, возможно, они чувствуют себя некомфортно в группе одноклассников. Поскольку класс сформировался не так давно - многие дети подружились в небольших группах, но взаимодействие между этими группами еще не сформировалось.

Подводя итог, хотелось бы отметить, что для полноценного существования в обществе растущему ребенку необходимо обладать коммуникативными навыками, но для достижения социального успеха нужно быть лидером. Тем не менее лидерами не рождаются. Необходимо развивать в себе эти качества. Кроме того, проблема взросления и развития - это проблема не только подростка, это проблема как родителей, так и школы.

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