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Приложение А

Аннотация

Кто и почему ищет государственной поддержки в новой России? Василий Александрович Аникин - кандидат экономических наук, PhD (Sociology), доцент, старший научный сотрудник, Национальный исследовательский университет «Высшая школа экономики». Адрес: 101000, Москва, Мясницкая ул., д. 20; ведущий научный сотрудник, Институт социологии ФНИСЦ РАН.

Юлия Павловна Лежнина - кандидат социологических наук, доцент, старший научный сотрудник, Национальный исследовательский университет «Высшая школа экономики». Адрес: 101000, Москва, Мясницкая ул., д. 20; старший научный сотрудник, Институт социологии ФНИСЦ РАН.

Светлана Владимировна Мареева - кандидат социологических наук, заведующий центром стратификационных исследований, Национальный исследовательский университет «Высшая школа экономики». Адрес: 101000, Москва, Мясницкая ул., д. 20; ведущий научный сотрудник, Институт социологии ФНИСЦ РАН.

Екатерина Дмитриевна Слободенюк - кандидат социологических наук, доцент, научный сотрудник, Национальный исследовательский университет «Высшая школа экономики».

В статье анализируется вопрос о том, какова природа запросов россиян на содействие государства в сферах занятости, социального инвестирования и материальной поддержки. На основании современной теории изучения общественного мнения, социальной стратификации и рынка труда был протестирован вклад четырех механизмов: (а) демографических особенностей населения, (б) доходов домохозяйств и располагаемых ресурсов, в том числе нематериальных активов, включая человеческий и социальный капитал, (в) индивидуальных интересов, а также (г) социально-психологических установок. По итогам эконометрического анализа, проведенного на базе Всероссийского мониторинга ФНИСЦ РАН 2018 года, авторы пришли к выводу, что запросы на содействие государства имеют сложную природу и существует всего лишь один универсальный фактор - доход, однако его влияние носит неоднозначный характер. Данные показывают, что с повышением дохода вероятность запроса на помощь государства в области материальной поддержки только возрастает, что корреспондирует с недавними выводами зарубежных исследователей об «альтруизме богатых». Тем не менее с ростом дохода она снижается только у россиян, которые не испытывают нужды в помощи государства в сфере занятости. Таким образом, социальная политика, построенная исключительно на монетарных инструментах, без необходимых институциональных мер на рынке труда обречена на провал с точки зрения реализации гетерогенных потребностей и интересов населения.

Ключевые слова: социальная политика, государство всеобщего благосостояния, социальное инвестирование, политика занятости, материальная поддержка, новая Россия

Abstract

The Factors behind the Demand of Russians for the State Support.Vasiliy Anikin - PhD in Economics, PhD in Sociology, Assistant Professor, Senior Research Fellow, National Research University Higher School of Economics. Address: 20, Myasnitskaya St., Moscow, 101000, Russian Federation; Leading Research Fellow, Institute of Sociology of the Federal Center of Theoretical and Applied Sociology of the Russian Academy of Sciences.

Yulia Lezhnina - PhD in Sociology, Assistant Professor, Senior Research Fellow, National Research University Higher School of Economics. Address: 20, Myasnitskaya St., Moscow, 101000, Russian Federation; Senior Research Fellow, Institute of Sociology of the Federal Center of Theoretical and Applied Sociology of the Russian Academy of Sciences.

Svetlana Mareeva - PhD in Sociology, Director, Center for Stratification Studies, National Research University Higher School of Economics. Address: 20, Myasnitskaya St., Moscow, 101000, Russian Federation; Leading Research Fellow, Institute of Sociology ofthe Federal Center of Theoretical and Applied Sociology of the Russian Academy of Sciences.

Ekaterina Slobodenyuk - PhD in Sociology, Assistant Professor, Research Fellow, National Research University Higher School of Economics. Address: 20, Myasnitskaya St., Moscow, 101000, Russian Federation; Research Fellow, Institute of Sociology of the Federal Center of Theoretical and Applied Sociology of the Russian Academy of Sciences

This paper addresses the underlying nature of the demands of Russians for the welfare state, specifically the demand for state support in the labor market and employment, social investments, and material support. Based on the recent findings from social policy studies, we test four different mechanisms: (a) the demographic features of the population,

(b) household incomes and disposable assets, including human and social capital,

(c) interests, and (d) locus control and cultural settings. Drawing on data of the all- Russian representative Monitoring survey conducted by the Institute of Sociology of the Russian Academy of Sciences in 2018, we argue that people's demands for state support are very complex. In particular, we reveal a paradox in the relative impact of income. On the one hand, the Russian data confirm the hypothesis of `altruistic reach' developed in recent studies, according to which, in highly unequal societies, higher economic standing is associated with higher demand for redistributive policies. On the other hand, higher economic standing also fosters state escapism of those affluent Russians who do not regard the state as a reliable agent capable of solving their problems.

Key words: social policy, welfare state, statist society, state and society, social investments, employment policy, material support, modern Russia

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