Urban accessibility in Moscow: new technologies to improve the city (experience of people with reduced mobility)

Interviews helped to establish a specification for the prototype. Participants who use baby carriages agreed that accessibility map, along with accessible routes, should provide information about children-friendly public spaces and places where parents can use baby carriages. Participants #3, #4 and #12 mentioned that mobile application should provide information about parking and accessible toilets. It was decided to indicate two types of streets and places: accessible and not accessible (Table 2). An accessible element is a place which met all minimum accessibility requirement for a wheelchair user; for the not accessible place, the description should be provided as PRM have different body conditions, and not accessible route for one group can be accessible to another group. As were mentioned by participants, information can help to prepare emotionally for barriers. During the interview, it also was decided to have a rating and comment section for public spaces; as were discussed before, friendliness from the staff can reduce the effect of the physical barrier. Business owners showed their willingness to create accessible routes from the public transportation stop to their space and share it in the mobile application.

Figure 9. Accessibility map of the Timiryazevskiy district.



As a result of urban analysis, the accessibility map of the Timiryazevskiy district was developed (Figure 9). Pavement has potholes and cracked paving; the potential reason for the low- quality road can be in the material. The problem of high thresholds is common for the Timiryazevskiy district. Based on online urban research, the needs of PRM have been ignored in the design of space in the Timiryazevskiy district; however, the district has accessible routes and places. Results of urban analysis going to be used in the prototype as the accessibility map.

To conclude, not all categories from the interview analysis were possible to reflect in the prototype; however, categories such as right to the information, accessible toilets, activities in the city, physical barriers, public transportation, transport barriers and building accessibility were used as a carcase of the first development. Overall, PRM have the wiliness to explore the city and be part of social life: "Our needs are no different from the needs of other people. Imagine you cannot go somewhere just because you cannot change it in yourself.”, "I like to see new places, walk around.

I do not like to sit at home or constantly visit one place.” Urban accessibility is perceived as a right which should not be taken away. According to the study, the first step of providing information about accessibility can help PRM feel welcome in the urban environment.



Chapter 3. Project Proposal

3.1 Concept of the prototype

The results of the interview analysis (Table 3) identified the barriers for PRM in the urban environment: physical, attitude, social, transport, programmatic, regulation and negligence barriers. The problems, which were discussed commonly, are lack of information about urban accessibility, stereotypes and stigma around different PRM groups and independence in the city. Therefore, ABLE should address the existing problems. ABLE is a mobile map application, which aims to provide information about urban accessibility considering the needs of PRM. The main feature of the application is information about physical barriers in streets and accessibility of public spaces, semi-public spaces and essential services. As was discussed in section 2.1, the problem of accessibility can be explored through the Pathetic Dot Theory: any phenomena are regulated by four forces, such as law, social norms, market and architecture. Architectural force can be presented in a shape of technology, for example, mobile application. Potentially, by pushing on one force, in case of the current study architectural force, the social problem can appear. A social problem was defined by Blumer (1971, p. 301) as: are not the result of an intrinsic malfunctioning of a society, but are a result of a process of definition in which a given condition is picked out and identified as a social problem. A social problem does not exist for society unless it is recognized by that society to exist.” Hence, if ABLE will provide needed information for PRM and by that will increase the interaction of PRM with the city, this can push other forces by recognising the social problem of urban accessibility.

Another aspect of ABLE potential is to become a connection point between PRM and local authorities, as mobile application aims to collect reviews about city accessibility. The collected and analysed data can help decision-makers to get understanding of PRM needs.



3.2 Specifications for prototype ABLE

The gathered data from the research study created a foundation for the high-fidelity prototype of the mobile application. It is important to mention that in current research, ABLE is presented as horizontal prototypes, as it is more about interface level rather than technical parts. The final result can be seen as an evolutionary prototype because at the start it has minimal functionality (Specification 1,2,3,4,5); however, further development can bring new functions (Specification 6).

The prototype ABLE is based on the results of in-depth interviews with PRM. During the interviews, participants shared their urban experience and discussed which information can help to navigate in the city. Some participants tested the first mock-up of the ABLE in Figma and shared

their suggestions on how to improve it further. The urban analysis of the Timiryazevskiy district will be used to create an accessibility map for the prototype. Specifications below illustrate the main features of ABLE considering the needs of PRM and prototype capabilities.

Specification 1: functionality of register user.

Users can register in ABLE by using the email address and nickname. (S1.1)

Nickname will be visible to other users. (S1.2)

The registered users has a profile where she/he can upload a photo, add the link to personal social media or share some information. (S1.3)

Registered users can comment and review places and routes according to personal experience. (S1.4)

Registered users can use the rating system to provide a mark to route and places. (S1.5)

Registered users can report mistakes in the application and provide feedback by using form inside the application. (S1.6)

Registered users can create personal routes and share them with the public. The custom route can be provided in the shape of a CSV file. (S1.7)

If the user does not want to provide personal information, she/he can use the accessibility map; however, the function of rating, comment and create routes will be not available. (S1.8)

Specification 2: Block of suggestions.

The section "What is near you” provides information about important spaces such as accessible toilets, parking, pharmacy, places with baby changing tables and others. (S2.1)

The section "What is near you” also providing suggestions about where to go in the Timiryazevskiy district. (S2.2)

The custom routes are available at "Routes by users” section. (S2.3)

Specification 3: interaction with streets and routes information.

Routes are built based on information which user provided: the final destination, the start point or current location. (S3.1)

If the user start point is outside of the Timiryazevskiy district, the start point automatically will become the closest transportation point to a final destination inside the district. (S3.2)

Users will be able to choose any start point inside the district boundary. (S3.3)

Route builds upon the information about streets; therefore, it can be a mixture of red and green parts. (S3.4)

Red part means that the street does not meet the minimal requirement of street accessibility (Table 2). (S3.5)

Green part means that the street is accessible. (S3.6)

Users have an opportunity to check the information about the physical barriers of red streets. (S3.7)

Users can leave comments, rank or report mistakes about the street and route. (S3.8)

If the information available, the map can suggest a different route for the final destination (S3.9).

Specification 4: interaction with POI information.

POI is any essential services, public and semi-public places; it can be red or green. (S4.1)

Green POI means that place is accessible. (S4.2)

Red POI means that the place does not meet the minimal requirement of space accessibility (Table 2). (S4.3)

Users have an opportunity to check the information about the physical barriers of red POI. (S4.4)

Users can choose an option to show children-friendly POI on the map. Both accessible and not accessible POI can be in a children-friendly category. (S4.5)

Users can leave comments, rank or report mistakes about POI. (S4.6)

Specification 5: interaction with transportation information.

Transportation information is data about public transport in the district, accessibility of transportation stops and availability of parking in the area. (S5.1)

Public transportation is not judged according to accessibility information and only illustrates the options. (S5.2)

Transportation stops can be red or green. (S5.3)

Green transportation stops means that place is accessible. (S5.4)

Red transportation stop means that the place does not meet the minimal requirement of space accessibility (Table 2). (S5.5)

Information about parking illustrates the availability of parking spots. (S5.6)

Wireframe and mock-up of ABLE

Based on the specifications, a wireframe of the prototype was developed, then the final mock- up was designed in Figma. Figure 10-a and 10-b illustrate the first screen and interaction of the user with the registration option (S1.1; S1.2; S1.3). After registration the user is not able to edit the user name; however, other parameters can be changed. The registered user has an opportunity to upload the personal routes in CSV shapefile and share it with other users, as shown in Figure 10-c (S1.7). segregation urban mobile application



Figure 10. (a) Wireframe of the user registration process. (b) Mock-up of the registration process and example how the user will see their personal profile. (c) The process of uploading route and example of the result.



Figure 11 illustrates the interaction of the user with a block of suggestions. The user has an opportunity to search for a needed place by using the search bar at the top or can explore the suggestions such as essential and popular places near the user, and routes by other users (S2.1; S2.2: S2; 3). The user has an opportunity to share a personal opinion about route or space by providing review (Figure 11-b); alternatively, the user can report a mistake as shown on Figure 12 (S1.4; S1.5; S1.6; S3.8; S4.6).



Figure 11. (a) Wireframe of user interaction with application features: important spaces, chose of the application, routes created by other users, information about places. (b) The mock-up of “What's neat you” section and an example of the review section.



Figure 12. (a) Wireframe of user interaction with the review section and reporting mistakes. (b) Example from mock-up how the user can report a mistake about POI information.



As were shown in Figure 12, each POI has an information section which shows the rating of place, review from users, address, web page or phone number if applicable. POI also can be red or green: red indicates that place has a physical barrier, and green indicates that place is accessible (S4.2; S4.3) (Figure 13-b). Users have an opportunity to check the information about the physical barriers (S4.4). After POI is chosen, the application automatically shows different routes so that the user can have a choice (S3.9). Routes can have red sectors as well, which means that it has physical barriers (S3.4; S3.5; S3.6), the information about it also can be found in the mobile application (Figure 13-c).



Figure 13. (a) Wireframe of user interaction with routes. (b) Wireframe of user interaction with the red location. (c) Mock-up of user interaction with red routes and process of reporting mistakes. (d) Mock-up of user interaction with green routes.

Some routes can include the usage of public transport or private transport (Figure 14). Public transportation method (metro, bus, tram, trolleybus, train) are not judged according to it accessibility; however, transportation stops can be red or green: red means that transportation stop does not meet the minimal requirement of space accessibility, green indicates that stop is accessible (S5.2; S5.3; S5.4; S5.5). In case of usage of private transport, the application will indicate the parking close to the final destination (S5.6).

Figure 14. Wireframe of user interaction with public transportation.

Design of logotype

The process of logotype development is presented in Figure 15. The final version of the prototype logo is given in Figure 16. The colour pattern was chosen with reference to colours of International Day of Persons with Disabilities, which is celebrated every year on the third of

December. The idea of such a colour pattern is to reflect an understanding that the urban environment should be accessible for everyone. The current study focuses only on a group of people with reduced mobility; however, further research is needed to build a knowledge base to understand the needs of other groups and potentially to improve ABLE.



Figure 15. The process of logotype development for mobile application ABLE. The first idea was a simple blue colour which associates with wheelchair users and a capital letter A (icon 1). However, after consultation with interview participants, was decided to work on colours and symbol. The symbol at icon 7 was chosen as the prior option--the colours pattern of logotype chosen regarding official colours of

International Day of Persons with Disabilities.

Figure 16. The final version of logotype for the ABLE prototype. The goal was to make a visually pleasant and meaningful logotype.

Gamification

According to Deterding et al., (2011, p.2), "gamification is the use of elements of game design in non-game contexts.” Studies about gamification in education indicate higher engagement in the learning process when elements of games are introduced (Alsawaier, 2017; Khaddage, 2014). Moreover, marketing studies claim that gamification tactics help to increase engagement for a product (Hofacker, 2016; Lucassen, 2014; Hamid, 2017).

In order to attract users, points and levels are introduced into ABLE. As illustrated in Table 5, the user has an opportunity to reach new levels by earning points. Points can be earned by doing actions in the application (Table 6); users can get points by exploring places, creating routes, providing feedback and correcting mistakes. Such actions can help to collect and update information inside the application.

Table 5. The rank of levels in ABLE.

Level	Points	Level name
1	0 - 100	First steps
2	101 - 500	Explorer
3	501 - 1200	Local
4	1201 - 3000	Travel guide
5	3001 - ...	City export

Table 6. The system of points collection in ABLE.

Action	Points
Registration provide first bonuses for user	30
Review of place	10
Place ranking	10
Add photo	10
Report mistake	30
Creation route	150
Each positive review of created route also brings points to creator	5
Add POI	80

The interview with business owners showed that business would participate in such an application as this can be a way of promotion. Potentially, users can get symbolic gifts from business as a reward for achieving new levels; also, a business can organise missions for users (Figure 17).

Missions will help a business to promote the place, while the mobile application can get data and users will have an opportunity to get gifts by exploring the city.

Figure 17. The example of the mission to users from a business.

Further development

The prototype ABLE is the first step of application development; therefore, further improvements are needed. Firstly, the enhancement of the mechanism of sharing routes should be developed. Creating and sharing a CSV file requires time, and this significant application feature should be user-friendly and less time-consuming. Preferably, the mobile application should have the in-build function of producing routes, where users can plan, modify and create. For this step, the consultation with programmers and mobile application developers is needed.

Secondly, ABLE should provide features for other groups of people, who also experience urban barriers. Therefore, further studies are needed to understand needs, problems and possible solutions for people with visual, mental hearing or other disorders.

Thirdly, the design of ABLE can be improved with further development. However, the concept of ABLE can be introduced into existing mobile map services. Specification 6 discusses the possible features which can improve the mobile application.

Specification 6: elements for further development.

Expanding the map on other districts with help from users. (S6.1)

Introduce computer vision for automatic urban analysis and recognition of physical barriers and barriers created by climate. (S6.2)

The function of the route creation which is a build-in inside the application. (S6.3)

The application should provide information about special parking spots for people with disabilities. (S6.4)

Mobile application should provide a design option for users with visual disorders. (S6.5)

For further development, GPS navigation should be introduced in the application. (S6.6)

The application should automatically calculate the needed time for the route by considering PRM and other groups. (S6.7)

Consideration of seasonal barriers such as ice and show in route planning. (S6.8)



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Appendix

The topics which were discussed in in-depth interviews were varied depending on the participant. Moreover, because interviews were semi-structured, new topics also were coming up during the interview. This guide presents general topics.

Timiryazevskiy district or place of current	Public spaces
living	Which public or semi-public spaces are
A day in the district	important?
Places to visit	Favourite places
Places to avoid	Essential services
Emotions	How to get information about accessibility?
Lightening of the district	Staff willingness to help
Mental map of the district	Friendliness
Accessibility of district	Politeness
Comparison with other districts in Moscow	Accessible toilets
Neighbours	Where you can get help?
What is missing in district? Transportation	How places improved over time?
How district improved over time?	Communication with authorities
	Any cases?
Moscow	Process
Stories about city and central part	How long
Time management	How is experience
Transportation	Result?
Taxi	Any changes?
Importance of climate
How Moscow improved over time?	Mobile application "ABLE”
	Is this needed?
Travelling	Design
Other countries and cities - accessible?	Usability
Comparison to Moscow to home district	Additional functions
	Any analogues - how it was? What you
	liked about it? What were negative? What you use at the moment?

Table present in-depth interview with Participant #3, who is wheelchair user. The table shows the raw data and coding.

RAW DATA / P3	INITIAL CODING	FOCUSED	CATEGORIES
		CODING
I: Thank you for taking part in the research. The aim of the interview is to get an understanding of your experience in Moscow. I know you travel a lot, so it also will be interesting.
P3: Thank you, no problem... my pleasure	Place where P3
	lives mostly
I: Firstly, I want to ask about the	accessible, only old
place where you living at the	buildings have a
moment: how is the accessibility of	lack of
essential services and public places	accessibility.	Not accessible	Buildings
there?	Usually P3 visits shops on the	old buildings	accessibility
P3: Well, it is my personal opinion,	district. Moscow
my wife already told you hers. in	oblast, in the
general, all social objects, if in	opinion of P3, less
percentage, 60% is accessible.	accessible then
Places like pharmacy, shops. especially chain shops. it is rare when it not accessible, mostly in old buildings I guess. an overall majority is accessible. at least where I live.	Moscow city.
I: usually what you visit in your
district?
P3: Maybe shops to buy food.

I: If compare your place with another part of Moscow, do you see any advantages or disadvantages?
P3: Closest Moscow Oblast, even Sberbank can be not accessible, sometimes office in the 5-floor building and only stairs, no ramp.
I: Right, so Moscow Oblast seems
less accessible then Moscow?
P3: Maybe yes
I: If you had a chance to change something in your current place of living, what it would be?
P3: Well, maybe in our district we	Shopping malls,
need big shopping mall like	like AviaPark,		Important urban
AviaPark. I think a big shopping mall	provides an	Importance of	elements
in plans, it supposed to have a huge	accessible	parking spots
bus stop and shopping mall in one	environment with		The importance
place. I do not know how accessible	parking.	New shopping	of personal
and comfortable it will be, but I think	P3 drive a car and	mall expected to	transportation:
all modern buildings are accessible,	it is crucial to have	be accessible	practical and
so I guess it will solve our wishes.	the opportunity to park a car.	Personal	psychological
I: why shopping mall?		transport as a
		forced measure	The
P3: Usually shopping malls			requirements
accessible, AviaPark has a lift, so we		Personal	for personal
can go to eat after shopping. Also, I		transportation	transportation
drive the car, people get surprised		and stigma
that a man in a wheelchair has a car
and can use it. That's why I need

accessible parking and shopping malls always have plenty of space. I: Right, D also told me about AviaPark. Maybe there any particular reason why are you living at a particular place? P3: It happened randomly, actually now we with the wife at parents' house, house quite big and prepared for our needs. Before I lived at Kolomenskoe. I: How is Kolomenskoe? P3: It was okay, it is closer to the	Before P3 lived at Kolomenskoe, metro there not accessible, however, it was possible to travel
centre... metro is not really	by bus to other	Public
accessible but new station	accessible metro	transportation:
TechnoPark is okay, accessible and	station. Also, bus	the
comfortable.	routes were	unpredictable	Public
I: Is TechnoPart only way to leave Kolomenskoe? P3: Kind of, we used the bus till it and then going where we need. I: How is bus routes and buses there? Does it have ramps? P3: Yes, it has. Routes are okay, I guess. I: Is it comfortable to use metro?	suitable for P3.	accessibility	transportation

P3: I have a car, and I prefer to not	P3 prefer personal
use public transport but if I need, I	transport over the
prefer ground transportation.	public. However,
	ground
I: If compare Kolomenskoe and	transportation is
place where you live now?	usable.
P3: Kolomenskoe is close to the		Importance of
park, which is accessible. But here...	Park Kolomenskoe	Personal
also park; however, it more like a	is accessible, it has	transport
forest and it's not adapted for	good roads and
comfortable use of people in	accessible toilets.
wheelchair.
I: How is Kolomenskoe adapted?		Quality of the	Physical barrier
		roads
P3: Everything is accessible, they			Accessibility of
have special toilets with ramps, it is		Importance pf	essential
very comfortable. It is comfortable.		accessible toilets	services
They have different areas, this area	Toilets mostly
for children, this for adults, roads	accessible,		Accessible
there useable, you also can walk	however, PRM can		toilets
along the river.	experience
	difficulties due to
I: Right, the toilets are very	steep ramps or
important. in the perfect world, how a	thresholds.
public toilet should be done to be
comfortable for you?
P3: Well, toilets in shopping malls		Problems of
mostly accessible. especially big.		steep ramps	Physical barrier
they have norms, rules and other
accessible stuff. but toilets in parks	P3 physically	Thresholds
usually standard. Its comfortable	developed so his	creating physical
inside but too high or the ramp is	perception of	barrier
very steep, I am strong so I can	accessibility can be	The segregate
access it, but others cannot go there	different from other	role of physical
without help. Also, sometimes you	wheelchair users.	barrier

open the door and see tall threshold, which hard to cross on a wheelchair. I do not know why they doing it that way. Sometimes, toilets very comfortable, good ramp, no threshold and inside is good. I saw it		Different
at Poklonnaya Hill actually.		perception of accessibility due
I: Is threshold is a common problem		to different body
for you?		conditions
P3: I think it all depends on door construction; a lot of doors have it... actually now doors can be made without threshold. But it is common problem, for me, it is not hard to cross it as I have strong arms, but other wheelchair users cannot cross it without external help, need to ask for help all the time. I see threshold all the time, just I do not see it as a	People who do not
problem personally because I can	experience
cross it. It is the same as healthy	reduced mobility
people do not notice stairs,	can do not realise
especially when 2-3 stairs. I guess D	the struggles of
told you, you ask the staff about	PRM, as they do
stairs, they do not remember, for	not notice small
them its normal. I remember my self, when I was able to walk, I never	physical barriers.		Perception of
noticed it, it is normal.			urban
			environment
I: For how long you use a	When P3 only got	Experience of
wheelchair?	injured he	low mobility and
	experience	it impact on city
P3: This year, on 31 May will be 20	difficulties to enter	perception
years, I think. In 2002 I got injury; I	shops or other
was 17 years old. I sitting in wheelchair longer then I was	places.

walking. So, I can compare, I remember when I just arrived at the	P3 was not able to
hospital it was hard, no shops, no	travel around the
pharmacy, no banks, no accessibility	city alone.
at all. It was impossible to go	However, Moscow
anywhere, tall thresholds, friends	developing over
always pushed me. A lot of things	time and it is
changed over the years.	getting better.
I: Great that its positive change
P3: Yes, especially in Moscow... I do			Independence
not know about other regions, but Moscow changed a lot.			in the city
I: If compare your perception of the
city before wheelchair and after, how		Importance of
it changed?		independent traveling
P3: I think it changed, I guess not after but during wheelchair
I: Right, sorry, I mean during
P3: I guess if I will walk again it also will be interesting to compare. of course, it changed. At past. city	P3 notices that city
made for healthy people at the start,	made for "healthy
who use two legs, everything done	people who use
for it. If somewhere ramp, it mostly	two legs”. Ramps
for mothers with babies, or suitcases	mostly suitable for
in hotels, for some other stuff. not special stuff for us. before I never noticed people in wheelchair. When I	baby carriages.	City made only
was in metro and saw people in the		for a group of	Indirect
wheelchair, I thought it is from		people, not for	discrimination
childhood, some disease, I never thought you can just get an injury		everyone	from the city

and sit in a wheelchair, I never	Before injury P3	Ramps not	Physical barrier
thought about it. I never paid	believed that	suitable for
attention to ramps or ... other stuff.	people in	wheelchair users
For healthy and mobile people, it	wheelchair born
is. they never faced problem. or	with health	"Healthy people”
faced it rarely, he might think it is a	problems, he never
minor problem. Or you have a busy	thought that he can
life and no time to notice it. Now I	also become a		Stigma
understand that for me every stair is	wheelchair user.
important. Now I take it easy, at the	Before P3 never	Inattention
start when I also get an injury I were	were looking at
always stressed, it was hard to	ramps or other	Ignorance about
accept yourself, that you in	accessibility	disabilities
wheelchair... psychological, I guess.	elements. However		Information
I needed to check in advance is	now every step is
place is accessible, is it have toilets,	important.
if something will happen, need to ask		Fear because of
someone. I had fears in my head.		lack of
Now we going anywhere, without		information
knowing is it accessible or not, is it	Now P3 more
have parking or toilet. If not	relaxed in the city
accessible, I will try another place	environment, but
then, no problem. Now we have	before he was
more experience, also people. now	stressed. It also
it is not as hard to ask for help. Here	was due to the fact
more people with kind-heart that	that he needed to		Mental health
others.	accept himself in a
	wheelchair.
I: So, with experience it easier to
navigate?
	P3 had fears about	Psychological
P3: Yes, but also Moscow becomes	the city	pressure
more accessible. If we going to the	environment. Now,
theatre, it is rare if place not	due to experience,	Acceptance of
...

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