Analysis of Manchu dwellings in northeast China based on grounded theory

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Analysis of Manchu dwellings in northeast China based on grounded theory

Abstract

Chinese Manchu traditional residence is a unique product of the residence of the Manchu people after historical precipitation. It reflects the daily life style and unique cultural phenomenon of the Manchu people, so it is necessary for the protection of Manchu dwellings. This paper attempts to take the villagers' housing needs as the research object from the perspective of Manchu villagers. Firstly, it introduces the origin and characteristics of Manchu folk houses, as well as the current problems, and then conduct in-depth interviews with the villagers living in Manchu villages, using the grounded theory method establishes the villagers' housing demand system through level by level coding. Through the four main categories and the other 146 initial categories, this paper establishes the theoretical model of the influencing factors of the housing needs of Manchu villagers in Northeast China. Finally, through the analysis of the main categories, this paper puts forward relevant suggestions at the levels of economy, region, culture and technology. heritage protection manchu traditional

Keywords: heritage Protection, manchu traditional houses, grounded theory, housing demand, code.

АНАЛИЗ ЖИЛИЩ МАНЬЧЖУРОВ НА СЕВЕРО-ВОСТОКЕ КИТАЯ НА ОСНОВЕ ОБОСНОВАННОЙ ТЕОРИИ

Абстракт. Китайская маньчжурская традиционная резиденция является уникальным местом проживания маньчжурского народа после исторических переселений. Она отражает повседневный образ жизни и уникальный культурный феномен маньчжурского народа, поэтому необходима для защиты жилищ маньчжуров. В данной статье предпринята попытка рассмотреть жилищные потребности сельских жителей в качестве объекта исследования с точки зрения жителей маньчжурских деревень. Во-первых, в ней рассказывается о происхождении и характеристиках маньчжурских традиционных домов, а также об текущих проблемах. Затем проводятся углубленные интервью с жителями деревень, проживающих в деревнях Маньчжурии. И с использованием метода обоснованной теории устанавливается система спроса на жилье жителей деревни посредством кодирования по уровням. С помощью четырех основных категорий и других 146 начальных категорий в этой статье излагается теоретическая модель факторов, влияющих на жилищные потребности жителей маньчжурских деревень на северо-востоке Китая. В итоге, на основе анализа основных категорий в этом документе выдвигаются соответствующие предложения по улучшению на уровнях экономики, региона, культуры и технологии.

Ключевые слова: охрана наследия, маньчжурские традиционные дома, обоснованная теория, спрос на жилье, кодирование.

Introduction

In recent years, with the rapid development of rural economy and the transformation of people's lifestyle, as well as the influence of Han folk houses, the shape of Manchu traditional folk houses has undergone great development and change, which is specifically reflected in its building materials, structure, function, space and so on. On the one hand, the change of architectural form meets the needs of local villagers' production activities, on the other hand, it is also the product of the integration of Manchu culture and Han culture. However, due to the rapid development of rural construction in recent years, the lack of research on the residential function of Manchu culture and the analysis of villagers' housing needs, blindly following the modern housing of rural homogenization and integration, which leads to a series of serious problems in Manchu villages, such as separation from regional culture, rough construction technology, random use of materials and so on [1, J. 176]. These problems not only destroy the regional nationalization of local rural areas, but also lead to the ambiguity of cultural identity and the lack of sense of belonging of residents living here. From the perspective of Manchu villagers, this paper attempts to take the living needs of villagers as the research object. Local villagers are the main users of Manchu traditional buildings. The protection of Manchu buildings cannot stay at the macro level. Starting from the inner needs of residents, we should have a deeper understanding of the influencing factors of villagers' sense of belonging and cultural identity.

1. Origin and characteristics of Manchu traditional folk houses. Manchu is mainly distributed in Northeast China. It is the main nationality in Changbai Mountain. Its long history and tradition is an indispensable part of Chinese national culture. Manchu traditional folk houses are one of the representative forms of folk houses in Northeast China. They have strong ecological and regional characteristics and bear the weight of the nation Cultural spirit and belief. The development of Manchu folk houses can be traced back to the semi cave period. After a long time, it has gradually developed into a complete and practical Manchu traditional architectural form of mud wall thatched houses. In the process of this development, the accumulated experience of building construction in cold areas has also been providing guiding opinions for the construction of folk houses of various nationalities in Northeast China.

According to Chinese historical records, the ancestors of the Manchu can be traced back to the Qinshen people in the pre-Qin period for more than 2000 years, so that the later Wuji and Nvzhen were also the predecessors of the Manchu. The main religious belief of Manchu and its ancestors was Shamanism, which promoted the unity of Nvzhen nationality and the establishment of the regime of the Qing Dynasty. Due to differences in religion, culture, customs and other nationalities, it is also reflected in folk houses. For example, in Han folk houses, the east side of the square is used as the upper house, the elders live in the east house and the younger generations live in the Westinghouse. In Shaman culture, the direction pointed out by the Heavenly Mother abuka goddess to the world is the west, takes the west side of the square as the upper house, and has the concept of "the west is precious". The elders live in Westinghouse and the younger generations live in the east house. The West Kang dedicated to God is set on the west side of the house. It embodies its strong national culture.

Manchu courtyard takes Heyuan as the basic unit of Manchu village. From the unification of Nvzhen nationality to the later Manchu nationality, the location of folk houses developed from mountains to hills, and finally transitioned to plain areas[2, J. 11]. In this process, the architectural layout developed from free layout to regular layout, forming a horizontal and parallel residential layout mode, and then taking the mature "San- heyuan" and "Siheyuan" as the basic unit of Manchu villages.

The spatial sequence of folk houses is controlled by the deep north-south axis. Manchu folk houses are distributed horizontally according to the orientation of sitting South and facing north. According to the level, the courtyards are divided into one-way courtyard, two-way courtyard, three-way courtyard and above. The north-south axis is used to control the changes of architectural layout and spatial sequence. The space of folk houses presents a development pattern of one-way in-depth sequence. [3, M. 64]

The courtyard is in a gradually rising spatial layout along the depth axis. The Manchu folk houses developed from the mountains. According to the idea of "close to the water is ancient and close to the mountain is home", the courtyard is built according to the elevation of the mountain, which can not only protect against the cold in the cold area of Northeast China, but also rely on the natural barrier formed by the mountain as a defense against the invasion of foreign enemies. Later, when they moved to the Central Plains, the dignitaries still retained this idea, so that they deliberately raised their houses along the depth axis, forming the characteristics that the deeper the courtyard, the higher the house.

The courtyard is large and the proportion of buildings is small. The land in Northeast China is vast, and the land for residents to build houses is unrestricted. Therefore, the scale of residential courtyards is large, so that cars and horses can enter the hospital. However, due to the cold climate in Northeast China, the scale of buildings should not be too large, so as to reduce energy utilization and energy loss in heat preservation and cold resistance.

The plane features can be summarized by the sentence "pocket room, Wanzi Kang and chimney standing on the ground"[4, M. 129]. Pocket room refers to a "one" shape on the plane of the building. The kitchen and bedroom connect two or three bays, and the door is set on the right side of the building to form a pocket space. Wanzi Kang means that the entrance and exit of the bedroom is located in the East, and the three directions of the west, South and North are connected with Kang to form a "U" shape. Among them, the North Kang and the South Kang are used for the rest of the owner, while the West Kang is used to worship the gods. The chimney of Manchu folk houses is high and large, thick at the top and thin at the bottom. Because its early roof was built of thatch, the chimney was isolated from the building for the sake of fire prevention, and this feature was inherited .

The facade is mainly divided into wall body and roof. Most of the roofs are in the form of "hard mountain", and they are built into grass roof or tile roof with grass or tile. The front eave wall in the wall body opens doors and windows in a large area to meet the needs of day lighting and ventilation, while the gable and rear eave wall are relatively closed and basically do not open windows to resist the cold climate in Northeast China. In terms of materials, Manchu folk houses use a wide range of materials, including soil, earth blank, stone, brick, wood and grass.

2. Analysis on Influencing Factors of Manchu residential demand in Northeast China. Research methods and application of grounded theory this paper explores the research methods based on grounded theory to meet the housing needs of villagers. Grounded theory research method is a germplasm research method proposed by sociologists Glaser and Strauss in 1976. Aiming at a special phenomenon, it establishes a theoretical method through repeated induction and deduction on the basis of data and data collection. Without theoretical assumptions, researchers collect basic data and data through unstructured interviews, semi-structured interviews and structured interviews, conceptualize their contents, summarize the relevant categories of concepts, analyze their systematic elements, and then establish a bottom-up targeted theory [5, J. 46].

Through a large number of literature review and on-site investigation, this interview outline is designed. Based on the respondents' cognition and living experience of Manchu folk houses, understand the respondents' expectations and dissatisfaction with the existing Manchu folk houses, and formulate "what dissatisfaction do you feel about the current living environment and what you want to improve?" And "in your eyes, what should the ideal Manchu folk house look like?" As an interview outline. In order to make the interview more authentic, before the interview, start from daily life and chat with the villagers about some interesting topics to make the interview atmosphere harmonious, and use open-ended Q & A in the process of conversation to avoid guiding the respondents.

From the perspective of occupation, education level, research direction Village residence and so on are selected from Manchu architecture students (living in Manchu villages and having architectural sensitivity), Manchu architect practitioners (participating in the construction practice of Manchu folk houses in long-term practice and having a full understanding of the architectural structure of Manchu folk houses), and Manchu sociological experts (study the traditional culture and development history of Manchu, and have sufficient research on the living customs of Manchu villagers), middle-aged and elderly Manchu villagers (living in Manchu villages for a long time and objectively reflecting the demand for the existing living environment) four types of people with obvious differences and representativeness are the interviewees. The semi-structured interview method is adopted to flexibly grasp the content and progress of the interview. The interview time is concentrated in 30 to 40 minutes. The collected data are recorded by recording and writing, and theoretical analysis is carried out at the same time, when the data theory reaches saturation, the interview with this kind of population is ended. The actual number of samples finally collected is 19, and the effective sample is 18, including 5 Manchu architecture students, 4 Manchu architects, 2 Manchu sociologists and 7 Manchu middle-aged and elderly villagers.

The author preliminarily arranges and summarizes the 18 interview records and recordings collected, and deletes and arranges the information irrelevant to this study. The samples are coded in an open manner to label, conceptualize and categorize the sample content, and then the data are encoded by the main axis. The main categories are found out through the analysis of the categories, and then the core categories are found out by selective coding [6, J. 46].

Tablel. Open coding process

Open coding refers to the process of labeling, conceptualizing and categorizing the sorted data. Tagging refers to the screening and analysis of each sentence in the interview to screen out the contents related to this study and mark them one by one. Conceptualization refers to the abstract generalization of the selected phenomena and the conceptualization of the phenomena reflected in the labels, so as to prevent the situation that multiple labels represent the same phenomenon. Categorization refers to the deeper induction and refinement of concepts, and the integration of these concepts into more directional categories through classification. In this study, 626 tags, 310 preliminary concepts and 150 categories were obtained through open coding (Table 1).

On the basis of open coding, spindle coding analyzes the summarized categories to determine the primary and secondary categories in many categories, and connects the primary and secondary categories according to causal conditions, context and situation, behavior and interaction, phenomenon, intermediary conditions and results, so as to find out the related generic relationship between different categories. In this paper, the main categories are "individual differences", "national culture", " place spirit " and " construction regeneration " (Table 2).

Table2. Spindle encoding

Selective coding refers to the analysis in the core category to extract the corresponding keywords, select a core category in the core category as the core category, and provide a story line to connect it with other core categories. In the text, "individual difference", "national culture", " place spirit ", " construction regeneration " are the main categories, Through research and analysis, "construction regeneration" is taken as the core category to guide the other categories, and 18 key points are extracted (Table 3).

The story line can be summarized as "construction regeneration" to enable "individual difference" interviewers to protect "place spirit" and "inherit national culture".

Table3. Key point description

Through the previous coding, the theoretical model of villagers' housing demand is constructed (picture 1).

3. Analysis of villagers' housing demand. Because the respondents have different occupations, educational levels, research directions and village living time, and their understanding and living experience in Manchu traditional houses are different, they have their own views on their expectations and dissatisfaction with Manchu houses. For example, A1 Manchu architecture student expects that the building frame can be restored from brick concrete structure to traditional wooden frame. D2 is an old villager of Manchu village. He believes that the current homogeneous building lacks "fireworks", and expects that the pits and chimneys in folk houses can be preserved all the time. Through the analysis of respondents, it is found that most respondents want to protect and continue the traditional style of Manchu villages, but they are worried about the protection of Manchu folk houses because of practical problems such as economy and Technology (wood is no longer as cheap as before, lack of skilled carpentry, new floor heating and air conditioning are more environmentally friendly, etc.).

Manchu is a nation with strong history and culture, inheriting many sacrificial activities, commemorative activities and entertainment activities with national characteristics. In the study, it is found that the homogenized buildings can not fully meet the space requirements of Manchu residents for these cultural activities, which leads to some Manchu festivals being gradually forgotten. For example, there is no space for placing shrines at home during the mountain opening Festival, there is no separate granary during the granary filling Festival, and there is no space for placing shrines due to the small yard.

Picture 1. Model of factors affecting villagers' housing demand

The spirit of place refers to the sense of identity and belonging nurtured by the living environment such as geography, climate, customs and architecture in the residential villages where the respondents live [7, D. 123]. In the residential houses, it shows the height of a row of houses, building materials, roof form, wall color and quality, internal spatial layout, etc, For example, "although the houses in the village are dilapidated, I see that these houses have a sense of home, which will not bring me this sense of belonging in other villages", "we feel very warm sitting on the Kang chatting and eating", "I feel very free in the courtyard", etc.

Construction regeneration refers to the expectation for the regeneration of Manchu traditional houses by understanding the respondents' dissatisfaction with the current residential areas. Including building space, building skills, building materials, repair methods, architectural modeling, etc., such as "I hope the fire prevention and durability of the house are better", "I hope to use some economical materials to repair the house" and "I hope to make the environment of the village more harmonious".

1. Put forward suggestions according to the needs of residents. In the interview, individual differences are mainly reflected in the current interviewers' economic categories such as "gap between the rich and the poor", "village economy" and "construction cost". The solution to this problem should focus on the perspective of building materials and technology. In the selection of materials, it should be considered to select materials that are more convenient and economical to obtain locally, such as soil, soil blank, wood, masonry and other materials. The use of these materials in buildings not only has the effect of economic application, but also makes the residential environment have the ecological characteristics of sustainable development. Through the application of modern technology, the folk houses can have better thermal performance, reduce energy consumption, and make them become traditional Manchu folk houses with economic and energy saving and certain ecological characteristics.

Manchu culture is an indispensable part of Chinese national culture. Manchu traditional folk houses carry its national cultural spirit and belief, and intensively reflect the living state, aesthetic taste and cultural characteristics of Manchu people in Northeast China. In the transformation and protection of folk houses, combining the overall historical value, the spatial intention of the environment and the life characteristics of culture with folk houses and tourism can not only promote the protection and utilization of traditional folk houses, but also inherit and carry forward national culture.

Manchu traditional folk houses are one of the representative forms of folk houses in Northeast China. They have strong ecological and regional characteristics, mainly reflected in facade modeling, spatial layout and house structure. The roof of the building is mostly a single-layer hard mountain type. Due to the heroic and simple character of the Manchu nationality, the building has few pure decorative components, showing the characteristics of thick and natural facade. Therefore, in its protection, we must avoid unnecessary decoration and restore the authenticity of folk houses. The spatial layout of folk houses is mostly rectangular and L-shaped. This centralized spatial layout should be retained in the protection. The frame of folk houses mostly adopts wood frame with light weight and strong support. Therefore, modern technology needs to be used to make up for the shortcomings of poor fire resistance and corrosion prevention of wood frame.

Due to some problems such as construction techniques, lack of traditional craftsmen, limitations of materials and shortage of resources, it is difficult to transform Man- chu folk houses, so that some respondents questioned whether their traditional folk houses can be constructed and regenerated. The architectural form and construction method of any traditional folk house are not invariable. On the basis of maintaining the rectangular plane of the single-layer sloping roof of the Manchu traditional folk house, the new functional logic, construction logic and technical logic are used to endow the building with new functions, forms and structures, and the compound construction method with Manchu regional characteristics is used to organize the architectural language of the traditional folk house, Carry out purposeful planning, protection and redevelopment of the village, so as to realize the appropriate demand level.

Conclusion

This study discusses the housing needs of Manchu villagers from the perspective of Manchu residents and research participants, explores 310 concepts and 150 basic categories by using the method of grounded theory, and summarizes four main categories (individual differences, place spirit, national culture, construction regeneration), And further refine a core category (construction regeneration) as the main line to connect the other categories. Through the direct impact of the main category on the living needs of Manchu villages, relevant suggestions are given at the economic, regional, cultural and technical levels. Further systematic practical research is needed on how to implement the renewal and protection of residential buildings.

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