Social security of the city: content, impact factors and evaluation indicators

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Borys Grinchenko Kyiv Metropolitan University

Social security of the city: content, impact factors and evaluation indicators

Shlapak Alla Doctor of Economic Sciences, Associate Professor,

Ivashchenko Oksana Candidate of Economic Sciences, Associate Professor,

Nykoniuk Kateryna Lecturer

Abstract

The article focuses on the importance of developing the theoretical foundations and practical aspects of the city's social security management. It was emphasized that cities play a significant role in the growth of the national economy and the socio-economic development of regions, being centers of productive forces cultivation, engines of innovative changes in the economy and the life of the population, centers of education, culture and art. At the same time, they can accumulate problems related to ensuring the social and economic security of their residents.

This article reveals the content of national security according to Ukrainian legislation, the essence of the state's economic security and social security as its integral part.

The approaches of scientists to the interpretation of the essence of the concept of «social security of the region» have been analyzed. A conclusion was made about the insignificant number of definitions of the category «social security of the city» in the scientific literature.

The content of the term «social security of the city» is proposed to be understood as the state of development of the city's economy and social sphere, achieved by building effective management subsystems (economic, social, environmental), that ensure the social interests and social needs of the city's residents, their quality of life at the level of the relevant state social standards.

The set of factors affecting the level of social security of the city is divided into four groups in the article: economic, financial, social and environmental. It is recommended to form a set of social security indicators for defined groups. Examples of indicators for assessing the level of social security are given. It is proposed to carry out a comprehensive assessment of the level of social security of the city by calculating an integral indicator.

To do this, using the method of expert evaluation, it is necessary to establish weighting coefficients for the selected indicators and determine reference or limit values for each indicator and, on their basis (using the selected methodology), calculate the integral indicator of social security of the city.

Keywords: social security of the city, social interests, social needs, state social standards, quality of life, evaluation indicators, integral indicator.

Анотація

Соціальна безпека міста: зміст, фактори впливу та індикатори оцінювання

Шлапак Алла, Іващенко Оксана, Никонюк Катерина

Київський столичний університет імені Бориса Грінченка

У статті акцентується увага на важливості розробки теоретичних засад та практичних аспектів управління соціальною безпекою міста. Наголошено, що міста відіграють значну роль у розвитку національної економіки країни та соціально-економічному розвитку регіонів, являючись центрами розвитку продуктивних сил, двигунами інноваційних змін в економіці та житті населення, осередками освіти, культури та мистецтва.

Водночас у них накопичуються проблеми, пов'язані із забезпеченням соціально-економічної безпеки їх жителів. Розглянуто зміст національної безпеки відповідно до законодавства України, сутність економічної безпеки держави та її складової - соціальної безпеки.

Проаналізовано підходи науковців до трактування сутності поняття «соціальна безпека регіону».

Зроблено висновок про незначну кількість у науковій літературі визначень категорії «соціальна безпека міста». Запропоновано розуміти зміст терміну «соціальна безпека міста» як стан розвитку економіки та соціальної сфери міста, досягнутий шляхом побудови ефективних підсистем управління (економічної, соціальної, екологічної), за якого забезпечуються соціальні інтереси та соціальні потреби жителів міста, якість їх життя на рівні, не нижче відповідних державних соціальних стандартів. У статті розглянуто фактори, які впливають на рівень соціальної безпеки міста, і які згруповано наступним чином: економічні, фінансові, соціальні та екологічні. За цими ж групами рекомендовано формувати набір показників (індикаторів) для оцінки рівня соціальної безпеки. Наведено приклади показників оцінки рівня соціальної безпеки.

Запропоновано здійснювати комплексну оцінку рівня соціальної безпеки міста шляхом розрахунку інтегрального показника. Для цього за допомогою методу експертної оцінки необхідно встановити вагові коефіцієнти для обраних показників та визначити довідкові чи граничні значення для кожного показника та на їх основі (за обраною методикою) розрахувати інтегральний показник соціальної безпеки міста. За результатами оцінювання рівня соціальної безпеки міста проводять пошук та обґрунтування напрямів її зміцнення.

Ключові слова: соціальна безпека міста, соціальні інтереси, соціальні потреби, державні соціальні стандарти, якість життя, індикатори оцінювання, інтегральний показник.

Introduction

Statement of the problem. The problems of economic security of the state are gaining more and more importance in modern conditions. World practice shows that the stability and viability of the state largely depends on the level of socio-economic security of its administrative- territorial units and cities in particular. Cities play a significant role in the development of the country's national economy and the socio-economic development of regions, they are the centers of the productive forces' cultivation, engines of innovative changes in the economy and the life of the population, centers of education, culture and art. At the same time, cities, especially large ones, accumulate negative problems related to ensuring the social and economic security of their residents. In this connection, the development of theoretical foundations and practical aspects of the city's social security management becomes important.

Analysis of the recent studies and publications. Several publications by domestic scientistsare devotedtothestudyofinterpretation, evaluation and provision of social security at various levels. In the article by M.A. Kalnytska, modern approaches to the definition of the category "social security" were analyzed and four levels of its formation were distinguished: nano-level, micro-level, meso-level and macrolevel. The subject of research by O. A. Melnikova, V. K. Antoshkin [3] and T. Lunyova [4] is the essence of social security in the region and ways to ensure it. Yu. A. Romanovska [5] interprets the content of social and economic security of the city and analyzes its characteristic features. However, a few theoretical aspects of this topic remain insufficiently disclosed, which has determined the relevance of the study.

Research objectives. The purpose of the article is to determine the content of the category "social security of the city", to outline the factors affecting its level, and to characterize the evaluation indicators of the social security level.

Presenting main material

From a philosophical point of view, security is a state of protection of existence, values and interests of the subject (object) from threats and dangers, that provides optimal conditions for its life activity, development and self-realization [6]. Both countries and individual regions, cities, and territorial communities recognize security as a necessary condition for their existence.

Ukrainian legislation defines the content of national security as "protection of state sovereignty, territorial integrity, democratic constitutional system and other national interests of Ukraine from real and potential threats" [7]. One of the components of the state's national security is economic security, which is interpreted in normative documents as "the state of the national economy, which allows maintaining resistance to internal and external threats, ensuring high competitiveness in the global economic environment, and characterizes the ability of the national economy for sustainable and balanced growth." [8]. Economic security includes social security, which is defined as "the state of state development, in which the state is able to ensure a decent and high-quality standard of living of the population, regardless of age, gender, income level, and promote the development of human capital as the most important component of the country's economic potential" [8].

Social security in society is formed at several levels: nano-level (social security of an individual), micro-level (social security of an enterprise), meso-level (regional social security), macro-level (national social security) [1, p. 568].

The social security of the region is formed at meso-level including cities, villages, towns, and united territorial communities. A review of scientific sources on the topic of meso-level social security has proved a small number of interpretations of the concept of "city social security". Researchers pay more attention to the analysis of social security of regions and communities. We will analyze several definitions of the content of social (socio-economic) security of the region. This concept means:

- "a dynamic system that reflects the interaction and coordination of subjects and objects of the state's social policy with the aim of managing socio-economic processes, maintaining social stability in the region, countering external and internal hidden and existing threats, ensuring social development at the regional level and improving the life quality of the population in the region" [2];

- "such a state of legal protection of human rights and freedoms, in accordance with the Constitution of Ukraine, vital social interests of a person and financial support of officially established social standards and guarantees that ensure the sustainable development of society (including preventing the rise of social tension, which may cause social explosion)" [3, p. 19];

- "the ability of the regional government to ensure competitiveness, stability, sustainability, progressive development of the territory's economy, as well as guaranteed legal and institutional protection of the vital social interests of the population living in a certain region" [4, p. 48].

As seen from above scientists have different approaches to defining the essence of the region's social security. This term characterizes the state of legal protection of the rights and freedoms of the population, the ability of regional authorities to ensure the protection of important social interests of people, and a dynamic system that reflects the interaction of subjects and objects of the state's social policy. social security economic population ukrainian

These definitions include common objects of social security such as the quality of life of the population, its social interests and social standards.

The interpretation of the essence of the concept of "social and economic security of the city" was carried out by Yu. A. Romanovskaya.

She defines this category as "a set of various conditions that ensure the positive characteristics of the population's residence in the city and the activities of economic agents, the satisfaction of their needs, the observance of interests and rights because of balanced interests of the elements of such socio-economic system as "city", the effective use of its potential, which is the result of security-oriented management of the city, effective communications between the state, city authorities, the population and business entities" [5, p. 183]. In our opinion, the researcher's interpretation of the category essence is quite successful and meaningful. The only objectionable thing is the vagueness, which refers to a "combination of various conditions" and requires more detailing.

We propose to use the following definition: the social security of the city is the state of development of the economy and social sphere of the city, achieved through the construction of effective management subsystems (economic, social, environmental), which ensures the social interests and social needs of the city residents, their quality of life at the level of the relevant state social standards.

According to Ukrainian legislation, state social standards are defined as "social norms and standards established by laws, other normative legal acts, or their complex, on the basis of which the levels of basic state social guarantees are determined" [9].

According to Art. 4 of the Law of Ukraine "On State Social Standards and State Social Guarantees", social regulations are divided into:

- consumption standards: the amount of consumption in natural terms for a certain period of food products, non-food products and some types of services;

- standards of provision: the specified number of items of long-term use available for personal consumption, as well as the provision of a certain territory by a network of health care institutions, education, enterprises, institutions, organizations of social and cultural, household, transport services and housing and communal services;

- income standards: the amount of personal income of a citizen or family, which guarantees them a sufficient level of satisfaction of needs, which is calculated on the basis of the value of a set of consumption and provision standards [9].

The basic state social standard is the subsistence minimum established by law, which determines state social guarantees and standards in the fields of population income, housing and communal services, household, social and cultural services, health care and education [9].

Let's consider the factors that affect the level of social security of the city (Fig. 1).

We have defined four groups of the main factors influencing the level of social security of the city: economic, financial, social and be included in the group of environmental indicators: the volume of emissions of pollutants into the atmospheric air per 1 km², the amount of generated waste per 1 person of the population, the share of costs for environmental protection in the total expenditures of the city budget.

Figure 1. Factors influencing the level of social security of the city Source: compiled by the authors

Table 1

Examples of city social security evaluation indicators

Source: compiled by authors

It is proposed to evaluate the level of social security of the city by calculating the integral indicator. For this purpose, using the method of expert evaluation, weighting factors should be established for the selected indicators and reference or limit values should be determined for each indicator and based on them (using the selected methodology) the integral indicator of social security of the city should be calculated. According to the results of the evaluation of the level of social security of the city, search and substantiation of directions for its strengthening are carried out.

Conclusions

Under the term "social security of the city" it is proposed to understand the state of development of the economy and social sphere of the city, achieved through the construction of effective management subsystems (economic, social, environmental), which ensures the social interests and social needs of the city's residents, their quality of life at the level of relevant state social standards. Researching the content of this concept, determining the factors affecting the social security of cities, and developing appropriate evaluation indicators are key to supporting sustainable development and the well-being of urban communities. A deep understanding of these aspects allows for the development and implementation of effective management strategies aimed at improving the quality of life and ensuring the social security of all city residents. Ensuring the social security is an important determinant of the sustainable development of urban areas and the formation of a favorable environment for living and working, which is an important factor for the preservation and development of urban communities.

References

1. Kalnytska M. (2017) Sotsialna bezpeka: poniattia ta rivni doslidzhennia [Social security: concepts and levels of research]. Hlobalni ta natsionalni problemy ekonomiky- Global and national economic issues, vol. 17, pp. 566-571.

2. Melnykova O. (2018) Sotsialna bezpeka rehionu: sutnist ta sposoby protydii zahrozam [Social security of the region: essence and methods of countering threats]. Efektyvna ekonomika, vol. 5. Retrieved from http://www.economy.nayka.com.ua/pdf/5_2018/84.pdf (accessed February 22, 2024).

3. Antoshkin V. (2014) Sutnist sotsialno-ekonomichnoi bezpeky rehioniv ta yii zviazok z natsionalnoiu bezpekoiu derzhavy [The essence of socio-economic security of regions and its connection with the national security of the state]. Berdyansk Berdyan University of Management and Business, vol. 3, pp. 17-23.

4. Lunova T (2022) Sotsialno-ekonomichna bezpeka rehionu: metodychni pidkhody do otsiniuvannia ta zabez- pechennia [Socio-economic security of the region: methodical approaches to assessment and provision]. Scientific Bulletin of the National Academy of Statistics, Accounting and Audit, vol. 1-2, pp. 47-54.

5. Romanovska Yu. (2021) Sotsialno-ekonomichna bezpeka mista: analiz kharakternykh rys [Socio-economic security of the city: analysis of characteristic features]. Scientific Notes of the University "KROK", vol. 4(64), pp.182-192.

6. Pasichnyk V. (2011) Filosofska katehoriia bezpeky yak osnova novoi paradyhmy derzhavnoho uprav- linnia natsionalnoiu bezpekoiu [The philosophical category of security as the basis of a new paradigm of state management of national security]. Demokratychne vriaduvannia - Democratic governance, vol. 7. Available at: http://nbuv.gov.ua/DeVr_2011_7_7 (accessed February 22, 2024)/

7. Pro natsionalnu bezpeku Ukrainy: Zakon Ukrainy vid 21.06.2018 № 2469-VIII [On the national security of Ukraine: Law of Ukraine dated June 21, 2018 No. 2469-VIII]. Available at: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/ show/2469-19#Text (accessed February 22, 2024).

8. Pro zatverdzhennia Metodychnykh rekomendatsii shchodo rozrakhunku rivnia ekonomichnoi bezpeky Ukrainy: Nakaz Ministerstva ekonomichnoho rozvytku i torhivli Ukrainy vid 29.10.2013 № 1277 [On the approval of Methodological recommendations for calculating the level of economic security of Ukraine: Order of the Ministry of Economic Development and Trade of Ukraine dated 10/29/2013 No. 1277]. Available at: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/ rada/show/v1277731-13#Text (accessed February 22, 2024).

9. Pro derzhavni sotsialni standarty ta derzhavni sotsialni harantii: Zakon Ukrainy vid 5.10.2000 № 2017-III [On state social standards and state social guarantees: Law of Ukraine dated October 5, 2000 No. 2017-III]. Available at: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/2017-14#Text (accessed February 22, 2024).

Список використаних джерел

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2. Мельникова О.А. Соціальна безпека регіону: сутність та способи протидії загрозам. Ефективна економіка. 2018. № 5. URL: http://www.economy.nayka.com.ua/pdf/5_2018/84.pdf

3. Антошкін В.К. Сутність соціально-економічної безпеки регіонів та її зв'язок з національною безпекою держави. Вісник Бердянського університету менеджменту і бізнесу. 2014. № 3. С. 17-23.

4. Луньова Т.С. Соціально-економічна безпека регіону: методичні підходи до оцінювання та забезпечення. Науковий вісник Національної академії статистики, обліку та аудиту. 2022. № 1-2. С. 47-54.

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6. Пасічник В. Філософська категорія безпеки як основа нової парадигми державного управління національною безпекою. Наук. вісник «Демократичне врядування». 2011. Вип. 7. URL: http://nbuv.gov.ua/ DeVr_2011_7_7

7. Про національну безпеку України: Закон України від 21.06.2018 № 2469-VIII. Верховна Рада України: офіційний вебпортал. URL: https://zakon.rada.gov.Ua/laws/show/2469-19#Text

8. Про затвердження Методичних рекомендацій щодо розрахунку рівня економічної безпеки України: Наказ Міністерства економічного розвитку і торгівлі України від 29.10.2013 р. № 1277. Верховна Рада України: офіційний вебпортал. URL: https://zakon.rada.gov.Ua/rada/show/v1277731-13#Text

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