Pedagogical aspects of monitoring the physical fitness of athletes

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Pedagogical aspects of monitoring the physical fitness of athletes

Viktor Koryahin

Introduction

According to the legislative acts, Ukraine's course towards European integration requires restructuring the system of physical education and giving physical culture and sports a leading role as an important factor in a healthy lifestyle, disease prevention, the formation of humanistic values, creating conditions for the comprehensive harmonious development of a person, promoting the achievement of physical and spiritual perfection of a person, identifying the reserve capabilities of the body (Law of Ukraine on Physical Culture and Sports).

The landmarks of such restructuring involve rethinking the doctrine of physical education at the level of European quality, its corresponding modernization of the content and optimization of its technological support to achieve a new quality. This is in line with the Resolution of the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine "On Ensuring sustainable development of the sphere of physical culture and sports in Ukraine in the context of decentralization of power" of October 19, 2016 [19], which defines and approves strategic directions for modernization of the physical education system taking into account international experience and domestic realities in order to form the health of the young generation, preserve the gene pool of the nation and strengthen the defense capability of the state. The same resolution, as part of the reform of the educational system, states the need to ensure a clearer regulation of the procedure and the organization of control of physical education to ensure the effectiveness of this process.

The relevance of our study is determined by the fact that in accordance with the Resolution of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine of December 15, 2016 No. 1045 "On Approval of the Procedure for Conducting an Annual Assessment of The Physical Preparedness of the Population of Ukraine", the Ministry of Youth and Sports of Ukraine approved the order "On approval of tests and standards for conducting an annual assessment of the physical preparedness of the population of Ukraine" [19]. Among the main tasks of the Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine of the current time in the field of physical education, along with the development and approval of recommendations on recreational motor activity as a document containing specific guidelines on the volume, intensity, forms and types of motor activity to strengthen the health of persons of different sexes and ages, the need to substantiate a set of indicators to control the level of physical health of different segments of the population and the procedure for their assessment is determined. According to the Government Resolution No. 1045 of December 15, 2016 [19, 20], the mechanism for conducting an annual assessment of the physical fitness of the population of Ukraine is determined: "Starting from 2017, the annual assessment should become the main indicator of control over the state of physical development and health of the population of Ukraine".

The improvement of the quality of physical training in the process of physical education and sports is due to the action of a number of factors, in the list of which control occupies an important place. Control in physical education and sports is positioned as an important component of the management of the physical training process. The effectiveness of this management depends on the objectivity and reliability of the control information, which is the basis for further planning, and, consequently, its effectiveness [3].

Ensuring a high level of efficiency of physical education and sports training causes the need for scientific research in order to find ways to improve the means and methods of implementation of control procedures.

Teachers, instructors of physical education, and trainers can effectively plan the content of their activities only if there is constant information about its course. Processing and analysis of this information gives grounds for a reasonable choice of directions of work, high-quality planning and programming of further classes [1]. This is important for specialists in physical education and sports, as it allows you to solve the issue of admission to recreational and training classes, adjust the measure of motor load, taking into account the level of physical fitness and the state of health of the participants of these classes. This knowledge is also important for self-control of those who are engaged in physical culture and sports.

One of the promising areas of improvement of control is the development and practical implementation of new, highly effective means, methods, technologies of integrated control and management of this process. Progress in the field of knowledge on the theory and methods of physical culture and sports, increasing the significance of the scientific component in it require the development of control methods that allow you to get the maximum result with minimal time [3].

The need of implementation of innovations, fundamentally new approaches to the development of test control theory in physical education and sports that would meet modern scientific ideas is due to the requirements of innovative development, and the global development of information and communication technologies (ICT) causes the need for significant changes in the forms of organization of physical education and sports training. The implementation of innovations is the evidence of their real value, an indicator of relevance and efficiency, which are manifested in specific, qualitatively new sporting achievements.

The modern stage of the reorganization of physical education in the higher education system as an important link in social policy is characterized by active evolutionary changes. Informatization of modern education predepends the need to develop a new model of physical education based on interdisciplinary integration processes for the use of ICT.

Integration of innovative approaches to the control of physical training as a result of physical education and sports activities on the basis of improving the technological foundations of this process is a requirement of time. Using the potential of modernization in the modern scientific space, it is possible to significantly enhance the informatization of physical training through the use of ICT. This makes it possible to introduce new controls into this process in order to increase its effectiveness [3].

The significance of finding and implementing innovative approaches to test control and improving the technological foundations of this process is dictated by time. The use of achievements of scientific-and-technological progress in physical education and sports has now become a reality that cannot be reckoned with [13]. The problem of creating means of control on the basis of these achievements in the process of physical training is discussed in this work.

The this study we attempted to solve a number of issues that inescapably accompany control operations. Taking into account the fact that innovations are now gaining the status of the knowledge industry, one of the promising areas in this field is the development and practical implementation of new innovative highly effective ICT-based control technologies. The integration of ICT into the training process will allow to comprehensively solve the issues of current control, which is the basis of scientifically justified purposeful correction of it in order to increase the training effectiveness.

The monograph touches on the basic knowledge on the issue of test control in physical education and sports and, at the same time, represents innovative methods of organizing this process using modern ICT achievements. The applied value of the materials presented in the work is due to the proposed specific devices, the function of which is to carry out control. Their purpose is to provide opportunities to determine with a high level of reliability the necessary parameters. We hope that the results will be useful for specialists in the practice of physical education and sports. monitoring physical fitness athletes

Presentation of the main material

The semantic essence of control

Effective management of the process of physical training involves the possession of information about the dynamics of indicators of psychophysical state, obtained according to the results of test control. In general, the effective implementation of the target direction of physical education and achievements in sports activities requires an effective control system. It is the results of control operations, the procedure of which provides for the classification of the state of motor and functional preparedness, is the basis for making a decision in the management of the process of physical training [21].

This is quite in tune with the state regulations. According to the Resolution of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine "On the list of areas in which specialists are trained in higher educational institutions at the educational qualification level of bachelor" [3], the implementattion of national standards in the education system is aimed at improving the quality of training of students, in particular on the basis of regularizing the control system. According to the Government Resolution No. 1045 of December 15, 2016 [19], the mechanism for conducting an annual assessment of the physical fitness of the population of Ukraine is determined: "Starting from 2017, the annual assessment should be the main indicator of the system of control over the state of physical development and health of the population of Ukraine", the Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine emphasizes. Among the main tasks of the Ministry of Education and Science in the field of physical education, along with the development and approval of recommendations on recreational motor activity as a document containing specific guidelines on the volume, intensity, forms and types of motor activity to strengthen the health of persons of different sexes and ages, it is determined the need to substantiate a set of indicators to control the level of physical health of different segments of the population and the procedure for its assessment [19].

The scientific substantiation of the theory of complex control and testing in physical education and sports was formed in the early 30's of the twentieth century. At this time, the USSR began large-scale mass physical culture and scientific-methodical work, the fight against physical unenlightenment. On the initiative of Komsomol leaders launched all-Union tests for the right to receive the badge "Ready for work and defense". The theoretical basis of the formation of the complex were the concepts of control of the development of motor abilities, set out in the fundamental works of B. Rogers "Tests of physical abilities in the process of physical education" and M. Bryce "Measurement of physical abilities" [7].

The first attempt to differentiate the use of motor tests for determining the level of physical fitness of different groups of the population of our country was the introduction in 1931 of the All-Union physical educational complex "Ready for work and defense of the USSR". The expediency of this innovation was justified by the need to create a single criterion for assessing the physical fitness of young people, developed on the basis of permainance [27].

Research development in the USSR of testing in physical education began in the 60's with scientists' active search in the field of control issues [3]. Theoretical bases of pedagogical methods of research are found in the works of V.P. Filin "Pedagogical research methods in physical culture and sports" and D.D. Donskoy "Research methodology in physical culture". They summarized and systematized the existing experience of using tests in physical education and sports, substantiated the theoretical foundations of pedagogical research methods and created directions for further methodological development of the problem. The monograph "Age features of physical education" (1962) contains a large list of control exercise complexes (tests) for different age groups. These tests were the result of numerous search physiological, medical and biological, pedagogical studies [2]. V.P. Filin differentiated the types of control depending on the goals and objectives, believing that the effectiveness of the training of students largely depends on the

professional use of the proper norms and the implementation of requirements, the fulfillment of which is mandatory for the successful achievement of the planned result [24].

Later, V.M. Zatsiorsky made a significant contribution to the development of complex control and testing theory [27, 28]. The development of metrological bases of the theory of pedagogical control, the presentation of methods for processing and analyzing the results of control and using them in the planning of the training process belongs to him. The scientist also studied the question of test results registration technology.

In the same direction later worked P.K. Blagush [3], E.A. Bondarevsky [4], M.O. Godik [8], H. Bube with co-authors [25]. In fact, these works are the main sources that reveal the theoretical and methodological principles of comprehensive control in physical education and sports. The works of these authoritative scientists carefully lightened the concept of control, the main provisions of the theory of tests and evaluation, their content, structure, theoretical and methodological aspects of testing, research of the integrity of tests.

In theory and practice of physical culture and sports, effective management of the training process requires: 1. The presence of a unified system for accounting and analysis of physical activity. 2. Determination of the most effective means and methods of training. 3. Optimization of the construction of the training process, that is, finding ways of the most rational distribution of means and methods of training. 4. Availability of a unified control system [13].

Thus, it is determined and proved that control is an integral element of physical training. To conduct the study, we further consider it reasonable to determine the essence of control in physical education and sports, and this requires an analysis of its content and the process of its implementation. The processing of the available scientific and methodological literature has established that there is no clear generally accepted approach to determining the concepts of terms "control", "diagnosis", "monitoring" and others associated

with them. These concepts are combined, interchangeable, used as synonyms in the same, or in different meanings. However, the general concept is still "control". In this aspect, it should be noted that "the definition of a concept can be effective in one system of concepts and ineffective - in another" [23], considered it appropriate to specify this definition in terms of the terminology system of our research from general scientific positions.

The essence of control in physical education and sports is understood as activities to determine the effect of pedagogical actions, that is, comparing the planned and actually achieved [14]. Control is considered as a type of activity of a specialist, a necessary component of the appropriate construction of the process of physical training and management of its effectiveness [15]. First of all, let's turn to the interpretation of this definition offered by the interpretive dictionary. Thus, control is:

- verification, accounting, observation;

- reporting;

- final management function [3].

In the thesaurus of our study, addressing the definition of control as the main management apparatus to check the adequacy of influences and their appropriate correction in the course of physical education, we consider it as the process of establishing, measuring and evaluating acquired knowledge, skills and, at the same time, a systematic process of obtaining information about the physical condition. Its main didactic function in the process of physical training is the feedback function. The results of control, the procedure of which provides for the classification of the state of motor and functional preparedness, depends on the decision-making [3].

As the basis of any method of exposure, control through scientific design, prediction and accurate reproduction of these processes ensures a high level of effectiveness of physical fitness. The entire set of control procedures provides the information necessary for a comparative analysis of the impacts and the dynamics of the resulting indicators of the total effectiveness of

these impacts [3].

Therefore, on the basis of summarizing the available information on the issue under study, we believe that control is a systematized activity consisting of measuring, testing or evaluating one or more parameters and comparing the results obtained at different stages of physical training to determine the effectiveness of this process. It provides management, is a factor in the effectiveness of management and interconnects the inspection and evaluation. In the absence of control and analysis during physical training, this process becomes unmanageable.

Therefore, as the basis of any method of influence, control ensures the design, anticipation and accurate reproduction of processes that guarantee a high level of physical training. The implementation of control functions consists in consistent, targeted management actions of the following cycle: analysis - planning - implementation of proposals - measurement of results - analysis. It was determined that control is an integral part of the management link - making adjustments to the process of physical training in accordance with the tasks set, and its results are the basis for making a decision in the course of managing this process [3].

The physical training process is an holistic managed system in which several types of control are logically distinguished. According to modern theory, control is divided into types, depending on the place of implementation, quantity, time, etc. [6]. In accordance with the tasks and deadlines of implementation, the following types of control are distinguished:

Preliminary control: usually carried out at the beginning of classes to determine the psychophysical state of the body before class, its results are the basis for further long-term planning.

Operational control: designed to determine the urgent training effect within one session and provides information on the extent of tasks, is carried out by monitoring certain parameters of operational status such as heart rate, respiratory rate, general physical performance (GPP), well-being, etc. - readiness to perform the next exercise or next attempt, to repeat the distance, etc.

Current control: is carried out to determine the reaction of the student's body to the load after class. This determines the recovery time of GPP after various (in size, orientation) physical exertion. This type of control reveals the degree of execution of the planned material at the control stage [13].

The timing of the current control is determined by two factors. First: the rate of changes of different parameters of the psychophysical state is not the same. In particular, the increase and decrease in flexibility and speed occur faster than strength and endurance. Therefore, it is more often necessary to control those parameters that are more prone to change. Second: the planned tasks need to be adjusted based on the current results [17]. It is believed that such control will ensure the sufficiency (approximately once a month from each test) of information and enable timely adjustment.

Stage control: is carried out to obtain information about the cumulative effect achieved over a long time (semester, year, etc.). In the course of such control, the correctness of the choice of means and methods is determined, which makes it possible to integrate, holistically assess the quality of classes within a certain period of classes. In addition to the operations typical to control in general, stage control involves:

- retrospective generalized processing of operational and current control materials obtained in the aggregate and accumulated in this way the summary data that reflect the general features and parameters of the controlled process;

- testing at the end of a certain period of classes to determine the overall cumulative effect of changes in the state of the studied parameters;

- comparative analysis of the results of operational and current control, their assessment and identified trends with conclusions on further actions.

Final control: is carried out after the end of classes to determine the success of the plan, the degree of solving the tasks, identifying the positives and negatives of the process of physical training and its components. Such control is necessary to assess the final results or results at certain completed stages of physical education. The results of this type of control are the basis for further planning [13].

The terms "operational control" and "current control" in the special literature often have different meanings. Some authors [20, 22] consider control narrowly - only as a control of the psychophysical state (bypassing the control of the factors that affect this state by changing it) and very conditionally denominating the operational state and current state (in fact, the state, which implies the term, constantly goes from one to the other).

Instead, other authors [8, 16] believe that the concept of "operational-current control" in the formed sense has a broader meaning, and the term itself emphasizes the mobility and logical connection of control operations performed during classes and in intervals between them.

The concept of "operational-and-current control" in this context applies to all control operations that are constantly carried out during classes. In this way, an urgent assessment of relatively fast-changing signs of controlled phenomena is provided. In the course of operational-and-current control, specific tasks are solved, the main of which are as follows:

- emergency assessment of the prerequisites for the tasks planned for a particular lesson: training exercises, mastering loads, etc.;

- establishing the dynamics of performance, fatigue and recovery during the lesson to avoid body's negative reactions;

- control of the actions of the directed influences during the lesson, the main features of influences, the parameters of loads and rest, and all aspects of these influences in general, on which, mostly, the effect of a particular lesson depends;

- formation of a general conclusion on the quality of the lesson and its content;

- establishing the dynamics of indicators of psychophysical state in the interval between the current and the next lesson in the aspect of assessing the aftermath of the last lesson and the course of restorative processes, on which the effect of the next lesson depends [3].

Solving these problems involves the mobility of control operations, since their subject is rather dynamic features of controlled processes and phenomena (operational changes in functional state, current inpacts, transitional and immediate effects of impacts, etc.). For operational and current control, the most suitable methods that allow to get the necessary information with minimal time losses. It is also important that control operations do not require significant additional efforts from participants, do not distract them from the lesson, do not create breaks in it, but are organically integrated into its integral structure. All these are due to the peculiarities of the methodology of operational-and-current control [3].

As fixed data of operational and current control accumulate, preconditions are created to identify general trends in the course of classes, which is the basis for managing pedagogical actions, ensuring increased objectivity of control results. Accordingly, the main tasks of its implementation during classes are as follows:

- first, assessment of the dynamics of indicators to be monitored in real time - direct and instrumental monitoring (in particular, timing), self-observation, surveys, self-analysis, etc.;

- secondly, obtaining estimated information on the results of control motor tasks with measuring current results in standardized conditions: basic and preparatory exercises are performed, which consist of the content of non-specific control type classes (educational, training), in accordance with the logic of holistic construction of the lesson, which allows only partial standardization of conditions for their implementation [3].

However, control is continuous process and is characterized by the consistent execution of control operations during each each lesson, in the intervals between classes, and in addition, after completing their stages on the way to the target results. The task of specialists during the control is to give it a permanent and comprehensive character on the basis of a strong relationship of testing and in-depth diagnostics of complex long-term changes occurring in the body.

The term "diagnosis" is widely used today by many industry specialists mainly to refer to control procedures that provide the most clear detection of the effect of pedagogically oriented influences and changes caused by them. In fact, this concept has been replaced by the word "control", which, in addition to testing, has another meaning - "the ability to recognize" (this is how the word "diagnosis" is translated from Greek). At the same time, diagnostics from the standpoint of the general methodology is allocated to a separate specialized complex system that covers the theory and methodology for determining the state and level of preparedness, as well as the principles of determining and formulating the diagnosis. From these positions, "diagnostics" organically fits into the integral control system in physical education and sports as a method that combines the functions of control, modeling and predicting. In general, it is believed that although both of these concepts are organically related to each other, they interact and have a common basis - testing, but each of them claims to have its own meaning.

Obviously, control will be more effective only if it is preceded by an objective diagnostics based on the accumulation of statistically processed information, which forms the basis for comparing and evaluating the results of the last test with similar individual or group ones. Retrospective analysis is of paramount importance in the diagnosis (in establishing an accurate diagnosis) of a psychophysical condition.

The diagnosis in many cases is static, which is often limited to a statement, in fact - this is information "at the entrance" about the psychophysical condition. Control over its changes in onogenesis and during classes is usually dynamic. This is a process that encourages action and correction where possible. A full cycle of control is the only process that synthesizes the diagnosis and control itself.

Specifically, the complex nature of control is manifested in such moments:

- accurate determination of a set of the most informative diagnostic parameters sufficient for control in specific conditions;

- careful selection from an extensive array of recommended control methods, the most appropriate in each case;

- the use of portable high-speed diagnostic equipment, which in recent years has been actively improving, integrating the achievements of technology and adapting to the needs of practice;

- use in complex testing not abstract functional samples, but of control tests that correspond to the content of classes and, at the same time, satisfy the requirements of the test theory [8, 27, 28].

The whole set of control procedures provides the information necessary for a comparative analysis of the dynamics of influences during classes or their specific stage and the dynamics of the resulting indicators of the total effectiveness of these effects on the psychophysical state of the subjects of the training process.

Control is an integral part of the management- the process of making adjustments in accordance with the tasks. In the course of physical training, the subject and the object of management exchange information. The management process involves the transmission, accumulation, storage and processing of information that characterizes the object being managed. During the physical training, management is discrete, transformed depending on the results of control.

The initial stage of control in physical education and sports is the control of the initial level of psychophysical condition and functional readiness of the body of the subjects of the training process for the implementation of the tasks. It is carried out even before the start of the next cycle of classes, being a prerequisite for

the organization of the physical training process, which is planned in accordance with the individual capabilities of the subjects of the training process and the conditions for specificizing the training program. It should be noted that before the start of classes, a special examination is carried out to identify and assess the status of a number of necessary parameters that specifically characterize the following:

-- functional state of the body;

-- individual level of physical development, in particular (and especially) in terms of indicators of the level of development of basic motor abilities, the formed fund of motor skills, abilities and related knowledge;

-- integral parameters of physical preparedness (according to the assessment of control test exercises);

-- the state of the main parameters of psychophysiological functions;

-- motivation and individual attitudes.

The obtained data is the basis for specifying the training program.

The control of the psychophysical condition of the subjects of the training process before the beginning of each regular annual cycle of classes has a similar content. However, its difference is that they evaluate the dynamics of the results, matching them with the indicators recorded in previous cycles. Peculiarities of initial state control in cycles and individual classes consists in the fact that unstable, relatively fast-changing signs are evaluated, characterizing, in particular, the state of operational working capacity, the short- consequential effects of previous classes, direct readiness for further impacts. It is possible to form an objective idea of them only with the help of operational-and-current control.

In general, the control traces the relationship and correspondence between pedagogically directed actions, between planned results and actually received. In case of their noncompliance, the necessary decisions and the adjustments to the process of physical training are made.

The target direction of control is to analyze the relationship between the dynamics of pedagogically oriented actions and pedagogically determined changes during physical training. The inconsistency of real relations with the planned target results determines the need to clarify the direction and parameters of pedagogical actions and make appropriate adjustments to the pre-planned plan.

In all types of control, measurements or tests are used to form judgments about the progress of the physical training. Testing is defined as activities for the collection, systematization, analysis and storage of information on the progress of physical training. As a system of tasks of a specific form, directed content and an adequate level of complexity for a reliable measurement and 'objective assessment of the psychophysical state, test control is an integral element, an important tool and a functionally relevant means of managing the process of physical training [3].

Testing allows to determine the state of the most informative indicators of the functional state of the body and its preparedness at a certain training stage or more widely - a model of physical capabilities, which allows to determine the target tasks of training and its prospects [22]. All test requirements are aimed at achieving a common goal: the test must give accurate information about the parameters under study. The purpose of the test control is to ensure the management of the physical training on the basis of prompt receipt of objective and reliable data on determining the effect of impact and the degree of effectiveness of achieving the goal [11].

Knowledge of test methods of measuring, calculating and evaluating the obtained indicators, in the case of their regular and systematic use, will ensure monitoring of the most important indicators of psychophysical condition and provide information on the methodological effectiveness of physical training at a certain stage of training.

Testing, for the most part, should be considered as an auxiliary tool for planning the training process. The objective basis of any plans through which decisions are implemented is the information obtained as a result of control [13]. At the same time, they are the methodological basis for managing the process of physical training.

Tests have a control and evaluation value: by their implementation or non-fulfillment, it is possible to draw conclusions about how the tasks of physical training are implemented; about the effectiveness of the means and methods used; about how much it was possible to influence (due to their application) on the dynamics of physical development and preparedness. In general, the feasibility of testing consists in obtaining reliable comprehensive information as a result of objective assessment at all stages of training [24].

Thus, testing is one of the most effective means of monitoring and evaluating the parameters of a psychophysical state. If the test process is properly constructed, the simplicity and availability of the tests achieve the following:

- objectivity of assessment;

- efficiency of the results obtained and their evaluation;

- suitability of test control results for automated processing and use of statistical methods;

- large heuristic evaluation resources;

- specificity of control of the necessary parameters [3].

The main purpose of the test control is to ensure reasonable management of the physical training process on the basis of prompt receipt of objective and reliable data on the effect of influences [3]. It is considered as a step-by-step implementation of specific tasks, which consists in obtaining information about the characteristics of objects. Not the object itself is measured, but only its properties or distinctive features. At the same time, there is no unified approach to this process based on test results. The essence of testing is to find a "weak link" that could be defined as the purpose of training. It should be planned in such a way as to reflect the requirements due to the specifics of a certain type of physical-and-sports activities. All test requirements are aimed at achieving a single general goal: the test should give the most accurate information about the phenomenon under study [13].

Test control combines the achievement of the following goals:

- management: implementing it, the tests perform their direct purpose - managing the process of physical training;

- improvement: being an organic part of physical exercise, tests have a training effect on the body;

- control: its essence is in obtaining quantitative indicators for assessing the quality of physical training and forming on the basis of this judgement on the effectiveness of the applied pedagogical impacts [3].

The role of testing is in the following aspects:

- obtaining initial information for the formation of individual training programs that focus on the identified "weak links";

- providing "feedback": the ability to evaluate the effectiveness of the training program used.

The functioning of the test control must comply with certain general and specific scientific principles - guiding governing provisions that determine the requirements for the organization and conduct of test control and compliance with which guarantees its effectiveness. Among the first:

- systematicity - involves the implementation of test control as a system with a certain structure, interrelation and relations of various elements;

- scientificity - requires that the methodology used reflects the achievements of modern science and its research;

- informativeness - involves the use of test control methods that ensure the highest quality information on the studied parameters;

- optimization - involved the choice of possible test control options that will ensure the maximum possible efficiency.

The main specifically scientific principles of test control are as follows:

- objectivity - the implementation of this principle implies the need to ensure during the control the standardization of organizational forms, forms of registration, analysis, evaluation according to scientifically based objective criteria and interpretation of control results;

- substantiatiation - it should be clear what parameter is being investigated and why it is evaluated;

- systematicity - requires control at all stages of physical training and assumes that each stage of control is logically and organically connected with the next one;

- comprehensiveness - provides comprehensive monitoring and evaluation during the physical training and research of its relationship for the completeness and objectivity of the study;

- differentiation - involves the variability of the implementation of the content of comprehensive control and its dosage;

- variety of forms and methods - involves the use of various forms, methods, techniques and methods of control.

Many tests have already been developed and are now used in the practice of physical education and sports, especially many of them are designed to control motor qualities. If the testing organically fits into the training process, the tests not only allow you to receive data on the state of physical fitness, but are also effective means of increasing functionality and improving the psychological state. From the above we can conclude that testing integrates a dual function. On the one hand, the tests perform their direct purpose, and on the other hand, as an organic part of physical exercise, have a training effect on the body. Testing the level of physical fitness is recommended to be carried out so that it is an organic component of the training process [13].

Tests are used to solve the following tasks:

- identifying the level of development of certain parameters;

- establishing the effect of the training tools and methods used;

- determining the level of preparedness.

The main factor in implementing tests into practical work is the deliberate and reasoned choice of them. To do this, following should be determined:

- what should be the tests for the evaluation of certain parameters;

- how many tests are needed to obtain the necessary information;

- whether the selected test methods meet the basic requirements of the test theory [13].

In practice, it is recommended to use only those tests that are authentic and ensure the effectiveness of the testing program. The suitability of specific tests is a very difficult issue. Tests must be scientifically substantiated and meet the requirements of the test theory, the basic concept of which is the reliability of the results obtained, their clarity and objectivity [4, 5].

The purpose of the test measurements is to obtain information about the object. Not the object itself is measured, but only its properties or distinctive features. In physical diagnostics, the quality of measurement results is determined. All test requirements are aimed at achieving a common goal: the test should provide an accurate information about the phenomenon under study, that is, in practice it is recommended to use only those tests that ensure the effectiveness of the testing program. This is of paramount importance for physical education specialists, as it allows to solve issues of professional orientation and selection, as well as to plan the regime of motor load taking into account the level of psychophysical state. This knowledge is also important for those who are engaged in physical culture and sports, in order to execute a self-control during training [13].

The rational choice of tests is justified by certain requirements. They should:

- objectively reflect the parameters to be evaluated;

- be understandable to those for whom they are intended;

- naturally fit into the training process, as its construction and control of efficiency are interrelated and interdepended and cannot be properly implemented separately;

- be available for wide use without significant time wast and impaired quality of training.

The following factors of effectiveness of use of tests in physical education and sports are determined:

- the use of knowledge in related fields (sports medicine, psychology, etc.);

- the use of tests from related fields of knowledge;

- the level of scientific validity of testing;

- the information support;

- the level of training of specialists conducting testing.

Based on the generalization of analytical material on this issue [3], it was found that, depending on the goals, test control performs the following functions in physical education and sports:

- diagnostic - is to obtain primary and current information on the state of the main parameters that are monitored during physical training;

- evaluating - based on the results obtained, evaluate the effectiveness of the impact of training sessions;

- managing - providing "feedback": the possibility of making management decisions taking into account the results obtained at each stage of training;

- predictive, regarding the functionality of the body, to solve the problems of selection, admission to classes, planning the amount of motor load, self-control in the process of physical training;

- organizational -is the implementation of control and planning mechanisms for the formation of individual training programs that focus on the identified "weak links";

- motivational-stimulating - is implemented through motivation and stimulation, which are formed on the basis of test control results; the latter act as a motivational stimulus, which encourages further systematic training;

- developmental - is implemented by improving the psychophysical state of students, developing the ability to perform test tasks better;

- researching - analysis of test control results gives grounds for scientific research.

A thorough analysis of the functions of test control made it possible to identify the most significant of them. We are inclined to the position that these are diagnostic and developmental, which provide corrective control [3].

The effectiveness of testing largely depends on three groups of factors. These include the quality of the following:

- the content of tests - ensuring during the formation of test tasks an adequate level of complexity, taking into account the diseases of students;

- testing organizations;

- adequate norms and requirements;

- objective differentiated assessment of the studied parameters, which is provided by apropriate assessment scales [28].

Thus, the management of the physical training process is based on the study and analysis of the current state and the adoption of operational corrective decisions on this basis. The tool in this case is a well-chosen test program. Therefore, the availability of dynamic information, processing and analysis of control data make it possible to effectively plan this process by compiling high-quality programs. It is possible to ensure high test efficiency only in case of systematic comprehensive control and, according to its results, adjustment of the content of physical training [13].

Control of speed and strength abilities

To determine the level of speed and strength abilities, a variety of test exercises are used, in particular, determining the height of the jump. The degree of jumping is an important characteristic of the physiological state of the body, as its indicators shows the level of functioning of the cardiorespiratory and other physiological systems, which is a correlator of somatic health. It is most often suggested to use the "jump" test (Abaakov's test) - jumping up with or without a measuring tape: moving the torso or its individual segments in space in a relatively short period of time [8]. Measuring tape - a device with an elastic clamp firmly attached to the floor. The methodical feature of this test is that the subject of control after jumping should land in a square of 40*40 cm, which makes it difficult to perform the test. This method has a significant disadvantage associated with the inertial properties of the tape during the jump.

Fig. 1. Jumping Test Assessment Device:

1 - belt, 2 - cord, 3 - centimeter, 4 - plate, 5 - slit, 6 - fasteners, 7 - moving clamp

To determine the jump height without a measuring tape (Fig. 2), there is a method using a board with ticks, which is fixed on the wall [25]. The subject in the standing position touches the board as high as possible, then jumps upright and touches the markup again. The distance between the two points of contact is the result - the height of the jump.

Fig. 2. Determining the height of the jump without a measuring tape

According to the test results are evaluated following:

- absolute height - the distance between the floor and marks made on the wall during the jump;

- relative height - the distance between the floor and the feet - the "jumping phase".

The use of this test also allows you to measure jumping endurance. The test involves performing a series of jumps at intervals of three seconds. Quantitative evaluation of the test is carried out by performing an ergometric analysis, the description of which is given below. The test result is a number of indicators characterizing jumping endurance.

The complexity of these tests lies in the need for strict standardization of reference positions: standing facing the board with arms raised upwards, as well as a semi-squat position (the angle at the knee joint should be 90 degrees), which can be standardized only using an electrogoniometer. There is a possibility of error in evaluating the results of these test exercises [13].

To create a means of controlling the parameters of speed and strength capabilities, we used capacitive sensor devices based on a combination of modern nanotechnology and microprocessor systems, including smatphones, tablets, PCs, etc. The basis of these devices are electronic measuring systems of human spatial position based on capacitive sensors [10].

Sensor devices are one of the most dynamically advancing classes of modern electronics. Modern microsensorics, as a formed direction of development of electronic means of measuring the parameters of physical quantities, combines traditional measuring techniques, solid-state electronics, circuitry and microprocessor technology. Among the main advantages of modern sensor devices we can mention: versatility, high conversion accuracy, thermal stabilization, ease of use, minimal power consumption with the ability to function with low-voltage power supplies [9].

The informative signal of capacitive sensors is the electrical capacity between the electrodes, which changes under the influence of external factors. In our device, it is the distance between the moving body of the subject of the study and the system of stationary electrodes. A significant advantage of capacitive type sensors is the contactlessness of the measurement process.

To create the electrodes, "intelligent textiles" with nanofibers were used, which are made by filling traditional fibrous polymers with nanoparticles of conductive materials, which ensures their high elastic and electrical characteristics. Carbon nanotubes are considered to be one of the most promising materials. Electrical conductivity of filled with them fibers compared to copper, and mechanical stability - with steel. At the same time, the proportion of nanotubes is hundreds of times less than that of traditional materials.

The production of conductive fabrics has already been mastered by the industry, in particular, by HaNa Elecom. Some of these materials are shown in Fig. 3. The basis of fabrics are polyester fibers, the surface of which is covered with ultra-thin layers of copper, nickel or gold [13].

Fig. 3. Conductive textiles (a) and flexible profiles (b) made by HaNa Elecom

To control the speed and strength abilities formed one-dimensional matrix of active strip electrodes glued to the display wall (Fig. 4). The active electrodes are connected to the signal converter by a signal line (electric cable harness). The passive electrode is contactless, which ensures that there are no cables between it and the signal converter.

Fig. 4. Structural diagram of the means of control of speed and strength abilities

In addition to the electrodes, the developed device includes: a signal line, a signal converter, an interface, a communication line and a mobile communication system, in particular, a smartphone or a PC.

The signal converter provides switching of the electrode matrix to one analog information input and conversion of the "electrode capacity - digital code" type. The digital signal through the interface (in this case, a USB interface) and the communication line, in particular, an infrared or radio frequency, is transmitted to the mobile communication system, where it is recorded and visualized graphically.

In the system of measuring the jumping parameters, the electrode matrix forms a set of signals by which it is possible to determine the highest and lowest point of the body of the object of control, its grouping and dynamics of movement at a time resolution ща 0,01 s. Electrodes in the form of flexible conductive tapes are glued to the display wall up to 3 m high. The width of the tapes and the distance between them is 5 mm, which determines the resolution of measurement the spatial position of the object of control, in particular over the floor level.

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