Pedagogical aspects of monitoring the physical fitness of athletes

Fig. 5. Signal converter connection diagram

The signal converter is implemented on an PSoC integrated circuit - a programmable system on a Cypress crystal. The connection diagram of the PSoC signal converter is shown in Fig. 5, showing Capacitance Sensor Lines (capacitive sensor belt lines), LED indicators (height or distance indicators on LEDs or LED monitors), Molile PC (personal computer - mobile communication system). The appearance and structure of the system on the PSoC crystal is shown in Fig. 6, and the software of the system on the PSoC crystal - in Fig. 7 [13].

Fig. 6. Appearance and structure of the system on a crystal PSoC

Fig. 7. Software of the system on a crystal PSoC

An example of the signal form and its limits are shown in Fig. 8 and Fig. 9, showing the signal, its lower and upper limits, and the trigger threshold for operation to confim the correctness of the exercise.

Fig. 8. Example of the signal form and its limits: 1 - lower signal limit,2 - signal, 3 - upper signal limit, 4 - trigger threshold to confirm the correctness of exercise

Fig. 9. Example of the signal form during a test exercise

A method for controlling the speed and power abilities has been developed: a matrix of active capacitive electrodes with a digital output registers the signals coming from the marker. The marker is attached to the part of the body of the control subject, the position of which changes during the test exercise. The matrix records the start time of the exercise, the process of execution and the moment of completion (Fig. 4).

The digital signal is then sent to the signal converter through the interface and communication line, where it is processed and transmitted by wireless devices to the PC. On the monitor screen, the result of the test exercise is displayed digitally, the value of which draws conclusions about the level of speed and strength abilities [18].

Control of the development of speed and strength abilities only by the results of the jump up does not fully characterize their level.

The use of ICT for control allows to determine not only the maximum height of jumping, but also with a high degree of accuracy to detect the level of jumping endurance, which is also an essential component of speed and strength abilities. The importance of these abilities as a kind of special endurance increases significantly during the competitive activity in those who have achieved a high level of sportsmanship.

To test the development of jumping endurance, the tested must perform jumps to the maximum possible height for him "before failure". The device quickly fixes the height of all jumps. For a quantitative assessment of jumping abilities and jumping endurance, ergonomic analysis of the obtained data is carried out (Fig. 10). The jump height measurements are analyzed as a function of the number of jumps performed. This functional dependence corresponds to the the "power - time limit" dependence commonly used in the ergonomic analysis. As a result of such analysis, a number of indicators characterizing the manifestation of jumping endurance are obtained:

- maximum jump height indicator when performing a series of jumps (hm);

- an indicator of the number of jumps to the maximum height (Nm);

- rate of decrease in the height of jumps due to fatigue (Ку).

The graph illustrates the technique and sequence of calculation operations:

- the indicators of the jump height of all the performed serial jumps is marked on the semi-logarithmic graph in front of their ordinal value;

- through the points of the highest jumps, a middle line parallel to the abscissa axis is carried out, and at the place of crossing this line with the vertical y-axis set the value of hm;

- through the points at which there was a noticeable decrease in the height of jumps, draw a middle sloped line to the intersection with hm. The value of the segment AB obtained by crossing the sloping line with a straight line on the graph corresponds to Nm (the number of jumps performed at the maximum height);

- when calculating the speed indicator of reducing the height of the jump due to fatigue (Ky), it is necessary to determine the angle of inclination of the BC line, which can be calculated based on the recommendations [26].

Fig. 10. Graphic calculation of jumping ability and jumping endurance indicators: on the vertical axis (logarithmic scale) - the height of the jump in conventional units, on the abscis axis - the number of jumps

Control of speed abilities

The ability to carry out movements and actions with maximum speed - speed abilities are important for physical training. To control these abilities, a fairly simple procedure using a stopwatch is usually used. The probability of error in detecting the time of the exercise, which is fixed with a stopwatch on separate segments of the distance, makes it impossible to obtain reliable test results.

Significant progress in this matter was the methodology of V. Vsevolodov (1969), which involves the use of a "photo finish". With this setting, you can register parameters that to some extent characterize the speed abilities. This method controls the speed of starting acceleration, the maximum speed of running at the distance, the starting force, the explosive force of the legs and torso. The method consists in determining the time at which the tested has overcome the distances of 20, 30, 40 and 100 m with the maximum speed, and the establishment of individual indicators using mathematical statistics [12]. The main disadvantage of this method was the accuracy of measurements, which could not be provided by the equipment of that time. In addition, compliance with the test requirements is visually established by a specialist who performs the assessment, that is, the result to a certain extent depends on his subjective perception.

When creating a device for controlling speed and strength abilities, we needed to be able to fix with an accuracy of thousandth of a second of time overcoming certain intervals of distance. The developed device for determining the level of development of speed abilities (Fig. 11) includes: starting pads, three installations that are able to record and quickly transmit to the PC information about the time of overcoming the intervals of the distance, with a resolution of 0.01 s. Capacitive motion sensors are placed on the starting pads, along the distance at the installations and on the object himself (section 3.1). An informative signal between two sensors that occurs when the tested one passes the distance, allows you to register the start time, the time of overcoming each interval of the distance and the finish. The signal received by the sensors is transmitted to the microcontroller, where it is processed and transmitted via wireless communication devices (Bluetooth) to the PC [13].

The use of the developed device makes it possible to significantly increase the accuracy of the results of test control of speed abilities. Obtaining information with a high degree of accuracy allows not only to determine the time of overcoming the intervals of the distance, but also to calculate the speed of the starting acceleration, the maximum speed and the starting force. On the basis of the results of mathematical calculations of indicators, it is possible to accurately and differentiately assess the speed and strength abilities [13].

Fig. 11. Constructive scheme of the means of control of speed abilities:

1 - subject of control; 2 - capacitive motion sensors; 3 - microcontroller; 4 - PC

Conclusions

1. When building the training process of athletes for certain periods or several years, it is important to choose the criteria by which you can determine the course of training in terms of changing the technical, physical and other aspects of athletes' training.

2. To date, in sports and, in particular, sports games have developed a certain system of pedagogical control, but the current state of sports development necessitates the development of new forms and methods of pedagogical control based on the use of integrated processes using information and communication technologies.

3. The paper presents new approaches to pedagogical control using modern nanotechnology and microprocessor systems, in particular, smartphones, personal computers, etc. The basis of these devices are electronic measuring systems of spatial use of sporsmen on the basis of capacitive sensors. Developed and proposed recommendations aimed at improving the effectiveness of pedagogical control.

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