The EU's foreign policy on its nuclear program

The European Union’s handling of the Iranian nuclear crisis. The nuclear problem as an example of European Union’s handling international crises. The prospects of EU approach in the final solving of the Iranian case and in future international crises.

Рубрика Международные отношения и мировая экономика
Вид курсовая работа
Язык английский
Дата добавления 21.06.2016
Размер файла 56,6 K

Отправить свою хорошую работу в базу знаний просто. Используйте форму, расположенную ниже

Студенты, аспиранты, молодые ученые, использующие базу знаний в своей учебе и работе, будут вам очень благодарны.

The EU obviously lacks coherence and military power to act as a traditional actor of international relations. The situation in Libya, besides the demonstration of the lack of coherence, once again proved its military weakness, though did not force the EU to contribute more to common defense and security policy. Yet the Member States, which are shaping the EU CFSP, are traditional actors and they are using the EU framework to amplify their capabilities. It could be said that the EU tries to be a traditional actor in a realist perception, but lacks resources and thus needs to find other ways to pursue its interests. Libya showed that separate military action is not an option for the EU, even as a measure of last resort, which is a serious limitation to its scope of actions. Here, the Iranian case presents an “other way” with severe economic sanctions as a biggest stick, and since this way worked out, it should not be denounced as completely ineffective.

Iranian case is important because it demonstrated that despite all its shortcomings, all the problems the EU has acting together, it can achieve certain results even without deepening the integration in the sphere of CFSP. The European approach, uniting some common visions of European Member States about the crisis handling, demanded better cooperation, but not integration and thus, may be a way out of a dilemma between preservation of sovereignties and effectiveness.

However, crisis management demands quick and unilateral actions and EU capabilities may not be enough for some situations since the EU often fails to come up with single positions (Iraq and Libya as examples), or to back up this position with some serious coercive measures - like in Ukraine.

It may be further investigated, whether the European CFSP will continue to serve as an amplification of capabilities for the leading Member States and the triumvirate of France, the UK and Germany will keep its leading role in coming crises. The analysis of present and future crises may also note any changes to the EU line of action, assess its effectiveness and outline, whether the Union will be developing into a stronger crisis management actor, keeping the same internal structure of its CFSP, or the Iranian case will remain an exception.

Sources and Bibliography

Sources

1. European Union (2012) `Consolidated version of the Treaty on European Union'. Official Journal of the European Union, C326/13, 26 October 2012.

2. European Security Strategy (2003) `A Secure Europe in a Better World'. Brussels, 12 December.

3. Report on the Implementation of the European Security Strategy (2008) `Providing Security in a changing World'. Brussels, 11 December, S407/08.

4. The European Union Strategy against the Proliferation of Weapons of Mass Destruction (2008) `Effective multilateralism, prevention and international cooperation'. Council of the European Union, November 2008.

5. Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of nuclear Weapons (NPT) (1968)

6. Basic Principles on the Use of Restrictive Measures (Sanctions) by Council of the European Union, Brussels, 7June 2004 URL: http://register.consilium.europa.eu/pdf/en/04/st10/st10198-re01.en04.pdf

7. The United Nations Security Council resolutions # 1696 (2006), 1737(2006), 1747(2007), 1803(2008), 1835(2008), 1929(2010), 1984(2011), 2049(2012), 2105(2013).

8. European Commission - Restrictive measures (sanctions) in force (Regulations based on Article 215 TFEU and Decisions adopted in the framework of the Common Foreign and Security Policy) (updated: 29.1.2014) URL: http://eeas.europa.eu/cfsp/sanctions/docs/measures_en.pdf

9. Speech by HR Catherine Ashton, at the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) Review Conference/ EU A 68/10 - New York, 3 May 2010

10. EU Statement by Mr. Jacek Bylica Special Envoy for Non-proliferation and Disarmament European External Action Service - at the General Debate of the 68th Session of the UN General Assembly First Committee on 7th October 2013

11. Elements of a proposal to Iran as approved on 1 June 2006 at the meeting in Vienna of China, France, Germany, the Russian Federation, the United Kingdom, the United States of America and the European Union S202/06 - 2006

12. Statement on Iran by EU High Representative Catherine Ashton on behalf of the E3/EU+3 (Brussels, 21 September 2011 A 369/11).

13. Remarks by EU High Representative Catherine Ashton following the meeting of E3+3 Foreign Ministers with the Iranian Foreign Minister/ New York, 26 September 2013, 130926/02

14. Remarks by EU High Representative Catherine Ashton following the meeting of the E3/EU+3 with Iran, 15/16 October 2013; Geneva, 16 October 2013, 131016/05

15. Fact sheet: The European Union and Iran/ Brussels, 14 October 2013, 131014/01

16. Joint plan of Action, Geneva 24 November 2013

17. Joint Statement by EU High Representative Catherine Ashton and Iran Foreign Minister Zarif, Geneva, 24 November 2013

18. Speech by HR Catherine Ashton, at the League of Arab States/ A Commitment to Peace - the European Union and the Middle East/ Cairo, 15 March 2010/ EU A36/10

19. The Future of the United Kingdom's Nuclear Deterrent URL: https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/27378/DefenceWhitePaper2006_Cm6994.pdf

20. Lutte contre la prolifйration nuclйaire, Ministиre des Affaires Etrangиres de France. URL :http://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/fr/politique-etrangere-de-la-france/desarmement-et-non-proliferation/la-france-et-la-non-proliferation/article/lutte-contre-la-proliferation

21. France TNP, Non-prolifйration, premier axe : la rйponse aux crises de prolifйration. URL : http://www.francetnp.fr/spip.php?article23

22. Leading international efforts to resolve concerns about Iran's nuclear programme. URL: https://www.gov.uk/government/policies/leading-international-efforts-to-resolve-concerns-about-irans-nuclear-programme

23. Implementation of the Iran Nuclear Deal/ Testimony before the Joint Middle East and North Africa as well as Terrorism, Nonproliferation, and Trade Subcommittee, January 28, 2014, The Honorable Mark D. Wallace URL: http://docs.house.gov/meetings/FA/FA13/20140128/101679/HHRG-113-FA13-Wstate-WallaceM-20140128.pdf

24. Monitoring and Verification in the Islamic Republic of Iran in relation to the Joint Plan of Action, report by the Director General, GOV/2014/2

25. Council Regulation of 20 January 2014 amending Regulation (EU) No 267/2012 concerning restrictive measures against Iran (2014/42/EU) URL: http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2014:015:0018:0021:EN:PDF

26. Implementation of the Joint Plan of Action from November 24, 2013 in Geneva Between the P5+1 and The Islamic Republic of Iran and Provision of limited, Temporary, and Targeted Sanctions Relief, media note by Office of the Spokesperson, Washington DC, January 20, 2014 URL: http://www.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2014/01/220054.htm

27. Franзois Hollande Conference de presse a l'issue du Conseil europeen 14 decembre 2012

URL: http://www.elysee.fr/conferences-de-presse/article/conference-de-presse-a-l-issue-du-conseil-europeen/ /

28. Europe's Iran Diplomacy. European Union Center of North Carolina, EU Briefings, March 2008

29. The EU3 statement about Iran nuclear's threat, 23 September 2005

URL: http://www.voltairenet.org/article128534.html

30. Council of the European Union, Foreign Affairs, Luxembourg, 14 and 15 April 2014 Press Release URL:http://www.consilium.europa.eu/uedocs/cms_Data/docs/pressdata/EN/foraff/142228.pdf

Bibliography

1. Attinа, F., (2013) `Merging policies as strategy against emergency threats. The EU's institutional response to disasters, risks and emergencies'. ReShape Online Papers Series, Paper no 01/13

2. Behr, T. (ed.) (2010) `Hard Choices. The EU's options in a changing Middle East'. FIIA Report 28

3. Blockmans, S., Waizer S. (2013) `E3+3 coercive diplomacy towards Iran: Do the economic sanctions add up?' CEPS, No. 292

4. Blockmans, S. (2012) `Beyond Entrenchment over Iran: Can the EU offer a framework for regional security?' CEPS, 3 September 2012

5. Blockmans, S. (2013) `Curbing the circumvention of sanctions against Iran over its nuclear programme: Afrasiabi'. Common Market law Review, Vol. 50, No. 2 April 2013, PP.623-640

6. Blockmans, S., Kolarova, M. (2013) `Does the key to a WMD-free Middle East lie in a nuclear Iran?' CEPS, 10 June 2013

7. Blockmans, S. (2013) `The EU's External Action towards the Middle East: Resolution required'. CEPS, 7 January 2013

8. Bretherton, C., Vogler, J., (2013) `A global actor past its peak?' International relations 27 (3), pp.375-390

9. Caponetti, L., (2014) `European Union's WMD Non-proliferation policy: the competence-sharing between EU institutions', Reshape Project Paper no.7/14 - February 2014

10. Chelotti, N. (2013)` Analysing the Links between National Capitals and Brussels in EU foreign policy'. West European Politics, 36:5, 1052-1072, DOI: 10.1080/01402382.2013.799310

11. Edwards, G., (2013) `The EU's foreign policy and the search for effect'. International relations vol.27 no.3, pp.276-291

12. Emerson, M., Balfour, R., Corthaut, T., Wouters, J., Kaczyсski P.M., Renard T. (2011) `Upgrading the EU's Role as Global Actor'. CEPS, 25 January 2011

13. Emerson, M., Hollis, R., Naumkin, V., Riedel, B. `Between Baghdad, Tehran, Riyadh and Jerusalem: Is there a way for the Greater Middle East?' ESF Working paper No. 26, July 2007

14. Esfandiary, D. `Assessing the European Union Sanctions Policy: Iran as a Case Study'. EU Non-Proliferation Consortium, Non-Proliferation Papers No.34 December 2013

15. Everts, S. (2004) `Engaging Iran: A test case for EU foreign policy'. Centre for European Reform Working Paper, March 2004

16. Helwig, N., Ivan, P., Kostanyan, H. () `The New EU Foreign Policy Architecture: Reviewing the first two years of the EEAS'. CEPS

17. Heisbourg, F., Clawson, P., Sazhin, V. `Iran. The Moment of Truth'. ESF Working Paper No.20, June 2005.

18. Hug, A. (ed.) `Europe in the world: Can EU foreign policy make an impact?' Foreword by Rt. Hon. Douglas Alexander MP, The Foreign Policy Centre, 2013

19. Hyde-Price, A. (2006) `Normative' power Europe: a realist critique'. Journal of European Public Policy, 13:2, 217-234, DOI: 10.1080/13501760500451634

20. Kayhan, B., “Iran-EU Relations: time for restoring negotiations” Available at: http://en.merc.ir/default.aspx?tabid=73&ArticleId=300

21. Kienzle, B. (2013) `The role of ideas in EU responses to international crises: Comparing the cases of Iraq and Iran'. Cooperation and Conflict 48 (3) 424-443

22. Krotz, U. (2009) `Momentum and Impediments: Why Europe Won't Emerge as a Full Political Actor on the World Stage Soon'. Journal of Common Market Studies, 2009 Volume 47. Number 3. pp.555-578

23. Larivй, M. (2014) `Debating European Security and Defense Policy. Understanding the Complexity'. Ashgate, 2014.

24. Mazzucelli, C. (2007) `EU3-Iranian Nuclear Diplomacy: Implications for US Policy in the Middle East'. EUMA Vol. 4 No.

25. Mix, D.E. (2013) `The European Union: Foreign and Security Policy'. Congressional Research Service, April 8, 2013

26. Mueller, P. `Europe's Foreign policy and the Middle East Peace Process: The Construction of EU Actorness in Conflict Resolution'. Perspectives on European Politics and Society, vol.14, n.1, 2013, pp. 20-35

27. Niemann, A., Bretherton, C. (2013) `EU external policy at the crossroads: The challenge of actorness and effectiveness'. International relations vol.27 no.3 261-275

28. Pakfar, Sh. (2011) `Dealing with Iran: How can the EU achieve its strategic objectives?' DIIS Report 2010:11

29. Pollack, M.A. `International Relations Theory and European Integration'. Journal of Common Market Studies, June 2001, Vol. 39, No. 2, pp.221-44

30. Portela, C. (2004) The Role of the EU in the Non-proliferation of Nuclear Weapons: The Way to Thessaloniki and Beyond. PRIF Reports No. 65

31. Posch, W. (2010) Iran and the European Union

32. Risi, C. `The Middle East as weapons of mass destruction free zone. A proposal to overcome the deadlock'. ReShape Online Papers Series, Paper no.6/13

33. Seeberg, P. (2009) `The EU as a realist actor in normative clothes: EU democracy promotion in Lebanon and the European Neighbourhood Policy'. Democratization, 16:1, pp.81-99, DOI: 10.1080/13510340802575858

34. Seeberg, P. (2013) `The Iranian presidential election, EU sanctions and the regional perspectives'. Center for Mellemшststudier, February 2013

35. Shelala, R.M. II, Fite, B., Kasting, N. `US and Iranian Strategic competition: the impact of the EU, EU3, and non-EU European States'. Center for strategic and international studies/ Burke Chair in Strategy, April 4, 2013

36. Stavridis, S. and Fernбndez Sola N., `Conceptualizing the EU as an international actor after enlargement, constitutionalization and militarization', University of Zaragosa, 2004

37. Tocci, N.(2007) `Profiling Normative Foreign Policy: The European Union and its Global Partners' CEPS Working Document No.279, December 2007

38. Wagner, W.(2003) `Why the EU's common foreign and security policy will remain intergovernmental: a rationalist institutional choice analysis of European crisis management policy'. Journal of European Public Policy, 10:4, 676-595, DOI: 10.1080/1350176032000101262

39. Walt, S.A. (1985) `Alliance Formation and the Balance of Power'. International Security, Vol.9 No.4 (Spring.1985), PP.3-43

40. Waltz, K.,(2012) `Why Iran Should get the Bomb', Foreign Affairs, July/August 2012

41. Zielonka, J. (2011) `The EU as an International Actor: Unique or Ordinary?' European Foreign Affairs Review 16: 281-301

Размещено на Allbest.ru

...

Подобные документы

  • The causes and effects of the recent global financial crisis. Liquidity trap in Japan. Debt deflation theory. The financial fragility hypothesis. The principles of functioning of the financial system. Search for new approaches to solving debt crises.

    реферат [175,9 K], добавлен 02.09.2014

  • A monetary union is a situation where сountries have agreed to share a single currency amongst themselves. First ideas of an economic and monetary union in Europe. Value, history and stages of economic and money union of Europe. Criticisms of the EMU.

    реферат [20,8 K], добавлен 06.03.2010

  • The study of the history of the development of Russian foreign policy doctrine, and its heritage and miscalculations. Analysis of the achievements of Russia in the field of international relations. Russia's strategic interests in Georgia and the Caucasus.

    курсовая работа [74,6 K], добавлен 11.06.2012

  • Currency is any product that is able to carry cash as a means of exchange in the international market. The initiative on Euro, Dollar, Yuan Uncertainties is Scenarios on the Future of the World International Monetary System. The main world currency.

    реферат [798,3 K], добавлен 06.04.2015

  • Natural gas is one of the most important energy resources. His role in an international trade sector. The main obstacle for extending the global gas trading. The primary factors for its developing. The problem of "The curse of natural resources".

    эссе [11,4 K], добавлен 12.06.2012

  • Content of the confrontation between the leading centers of global influence - the EU, the USA and the Russian Federation. Russia's military presence in Syria. Expansion of the strategic influence of the Russian Federation. Settlement of regional crises.

    статья [34,8 K], добавлен 19.09.2017

  • A peaceful Europe (1945-1959): The R. Schuman declaration, attempts of Britain, government of M. Thatcher and T. Blair, the Treaty of Maastricht, social chapter, the treaty of Nice and Accession. European economic integration. Common agricultural policy.

    курсовая работа [47,4 K], добавлен 09.04.2011

  • Regulation of International Trade under WTO rules: objectives, functions, principles, structure, decision-making procedure. Issues on market access: tariffs, safeguards, balance-of-payments provisions. Significance of liberalization of trade in services.

    курс лекций [149,5 K], добавлен 04.06.2011

  • Organisation of the Islamic. Committee of Permanent Representatives. Conference International Islamic Court of Justice. Independent Permanent Commission on Human Rights. Cooperation with Islamic and other Organizations. Peaceful Settlement of Disputes.

    реферат [22,2 K], добавлен 21.03.2013

  • The essence of an environmental problem. Features of global problems. Family, poverty, war and peace problems. Culture and moral crisis. Global problems is invitation to the human mind. Moral and philosophical priorities in relationship with the nature.

    реферат [41,3 K], добавлен 25.04.2014

  • Presence of nominal rigidity as an important part of macroeconomic theory since. Definition of debt rigidity; its impact on crediting. The causes of the Japanese economic crisis; way out of it. Banking problems in United States and euro area countries.

    статья [87,9 K], добавлен 02.09.2014

  • Review the history of signing the treaty of Westphalia. Analysis of creating a system of European states with defined borders and political balance. Introduction to the concept of a peaceful community. Languages and symbols of the League of Nations.

    презентация [506,1 K], добавлен 13.04.2015

  • Enhancing inter-ethnic conflict over Nagorno-Karabakh in 1989, and its result - forcing the Soviet Union to grant Azerbaijani authorities greater leeway. Meeting of world leaders in 2009 for a peaceful settlement on the status of Nagorno-Karabakh.

    презентация [730,7 K], добавлен 29.04.2011

  • Legal regulation of the activities of foreign commercial banks. Features of the Russian financial market. The role and place of foreign banks in the credit and stock market. Services of foreign banks in the financial market on the example of Raiffeisen.

    дипломная работа [2,5 M], добавлен 27.10.2015

  • Сингапур как наименее коррумпированная страна Азии, анализ эффективности политики и государственного регулирования. Оценка индекса восприятия коррупции в Сингапуре и России согласно рейтингу Transparency International. Пути уменьшения мотивов коррупции.

    презентация [127,3 K], добавлен 03.04.2017

  • Діяльність Міжнародного банка реконструкції та розвитку, його основні функції та цілі, механізми кредитування. Спеціальні права запозичення. Бреттон-Вудські інститути. Організаційна структура International Bank for Reconstruction and Development.

    лекция [489,5 K], добавлен 10.10.2013

  • Integration, globalization and economic openness - basical principles in attraction of capital inflows. Macroeconomic considerations. Private investment. Problems of official investment and managing foreign assets liabilities. Positive benefits from capit

    курсовая работа [52,4 K], добавлен 25.02.2002

  • История создания Международной финансовой корпорации (International Finance Corporation). Оперативное руководство и страны-члены, которые коллегиально определяют политику МФК, в том числе принимают инвестиционные решения. Ее финансовые продукты и услуги.

    презентация [478,7 K], добавлен 23.10.2013

  • The history of Human Rights Watch - the non-governmental organization that monitors, investigating and documenting human rights violations. Supportive of a diverse and vibrant international human rights movement and mutually beneficial partnerships.

    презентация [1,6 M], добавлен 12.03.2015

  • The value of cultural behavior for a favorable business environment at the international level. Proper negotiations between the companies. Short-term or Long-term the Attitude. Formal or Informal. Direct or Indirect. Punctuality, stages of negotiation.

    реферат [12,2 K], добавлен 24.02.2016

Работы в архивах красиво оформлены согласно требованиям ВУЗов и содержат рисунки, диаграммы, формулы и т.д.
PPT, PPTX и PDF-файлы представлены только в архивах.
Рекомендуем скачать работу.