Еволюція зовнішньополітичної стратегії Республіки Індія у постбіполярний період

Доведено, що зовнішньополітичний курс Республіки Індія є поєднанням певних ідеальних підходів (гандизм) та практицизму, зумовленого необхідністю всебічного захисту національних інтересів. Проаналізована еволюція стратегії країни у постбіполярний період, що вирізняється передусім посиленням реалістичних підходів та переходом до практичних кроків з метою підвищення міжнародного статусу Індії.

Узагальнено досвід Індії з ефективної багатосторонньої дипломатії, миротворчої діяльності, регіонального співробітництва, розбудови відносин стратегічного партнерства з провідними світовими центрами сили.

Подано авторське бачення факторів, що зумовили основну мету зовнішньополітичного курсу країни: входження до клубу великих світових держав. Визначені головні чинники, які уможливлюють досягнення такої стратегічної мети у середньостроковій перспективі.

Ключові слова: зовнішньополітична стратегія, цивілізаційна специфіка, єдність у відмінностях, гандизм, курс Неру, неприєднання, принципи мирного співіснування, програма „Індія-2020”, глобалізація, регіональне лідерство, стратегічне партнерство, концепція єдиного світу, багатополярна система міжнародних відносин.

Бордиловская Е.А. Эволюция внешнеполитической стратегии Республики Индия в постбиполярный период. - Рукопись.

Диссертация на соискание ученой степени доктора политических наук по специальности 23.00.04 - политические проблемы международных систем и глобального развития. - Институт международных отношений Киевского национального университета имени Тараса Шевченко, Киев, 2011.

В диссертации впервые в украинской политической науке исследуются особенности внешнеполитической стратегии Индии, а также ее эволюция в период по окончании «холодной войны».

Специальный фокус сделан на цивилизационном факторе формирования стиля международного общения Индии. Традиционные социально-этические приоритеты - ненасилие, толерантность, осознание собственного величия и, в то же время, уважение к другим культурам нашли выражение и в особенностях внешнеполитического курса независимой Индии: нейтралитет и неприсоединение, мирное сосуществование, единство мира при сохранении многообразия его культур. Автор убедительно показывает, что традиционность и преемственность индийской цивилизации точно также проявляется и во внешней политике страны, которая, начиная с оформления «курса Неру» остается предметом национального консенсуса.

Доказано, что внешнеполитический курс Республики Индия представляет собой сочетание определенных идеалистических подходов (гандизм) с практицизмом, обусловленным необходимостью как можно более эффективной защиты национальных интересов. Проанализирована эволюция стратегии страны в постбиполярный период, которая характеризуется прежде всего усилением реалистических подходов и переходом к практическим шагам, нацеленным на укрепление и повышение международного статуса Индии.

Обобщен опыт Индии в области многосторонней дипломатии, миротворческой деятельности, регионального сотрудничества, а также построения отношений стратегического партнерства с ведущими мировыми центрами силы.

Показано авторское видение факторов, обусловивших главную цель внешнеполитического курса страны: присоединение к клубу великих мировых держав. Определены основные составляющие, влияющие на возможность достижения этой цели в среднесрочной перспективе.

Ключевые слова: внешнеполитическая стратегия, цивилизационная специфика, единство в многообразии, гандизм, курс Неру, неприсоединение, принципы мирного сосуществования, программа «Индия - 2020», глобализация, региональное лидерство, стратегическое партнерство, концепция единого мира, многополярная система международных отношений.

Bordilovska O. The Evolution of the foreign policy strategy of Republic of India in the post-bipolar period. - Manuscript.

Dissertation for a Doctoral Degree in Political Sciences in speciality 23.00.04 - Political problems of the international systems and global development. - Institute of International relations, Kyiv National Taras Shevchenko University, Kyiv, 2011.

For the first time in political sciences researches in Ukraine the thesis has been done, dedicated to the evolution of foreign policy strategy of Republic of India.

The thesis presented a new approach to the modern world, which is characterized by rapid development of interdependence and many new changes and challenges. Among those recent important global changes one is a rising of new big players. There is any doubt the Republic of India possessed one of the highest position and it would be improved on next decade. Thus the principal target of investigation is to undermine the main points of India's strategy, both in facts of potential and trends of ambition. The research suggests to overview the Republic of India's strategy in the new global order and deals with new priorities in the post-bipolar world but through the correspondence with the Indian traditions in the international conduct - tolerance, peaceful co-existence, non-alignment. The fact is that the foreign policy of independent India and its global activity had its roots in India's historical development and civilization's essence. India's way to communicate with the world has a deep root in its civilization's specification, mainly determined by the priority of peace, flexibility, self-respectfulness as well as the acceptance of others cultures. The priority of peaceful means in the solution of different types of problems as the part of traditional spiritual wisdom has been strength of India through many ages. Gandhian way of non-violence is the continuation of this wisdom, it is due to this approach the policy of non-alignment was one of the characteristic features of India's inter-state relationship in Cold War period. The principal question, author tries to reply, how it should be possible for the country to keep its traditional peaceful way of foreign affaires conduct to ensure more convenient and justified modern global order.

There are some crucial issues which should be undermined: country's current position in the modern international order; economic, military, scientific and technologic potential; privileges for the further development and integration to the process of globalization; relations with super-powers; level of influence in the regional and global security systems. The main question should be answered at least: Can India become a developed country with huge economic and high-level strategic sectors and what level of influence can India provide in the international agenda?

Another principal point of view has been done to the India's acceptance of the globalization's challenges. Globalization, as an external force, picked up speed since the 1990-s both throughout the world and in India as well. It has done its own impact into changes not only in the economics, but foreign policy and security issues too. Problems of globalization are undermined deeply in India, first of all because of her devotion to the idea of multi-polar international order related to the principle “Unity in diversities” and the ancient Indian concept “Vasudhaiv kutumbakam” - “The whole world is one family”. Now the time for India is to adjust this ancient concept to the modern global competition.

It has been proved, that Indian foreign policy demonstrates the combination of two contradictory trends - Gandhian Way, sometimes called idealism, and realpolitics, which is the condition of national interests' protection. Nuclear status - is one of the most popular and even provocative issues, wide discussed after 1998 tests. Usual question is: how it is corresponded with the ideals of M.Gandhi, principles of non-violence? The possible answer is: a developed India should be able to take care of its strategic interests through its ability to adjust itself to the new realities where strength respects strength only. Through its nuclear tests in May 1998 India repositioned itself from one of the leaders of the Third World to being a serious candidate for major-power status. After tests India has already made it clear that it aims to develop a credible minimum deterrent and it enunciated a nuclear doctrine that pledges no first use of nuclear weapons.

According to the state's development conception, “India - 2020”, the nation is going to transform itself into the high-developed country with a strong self-reliance and big level of influence in the international agenda. A number of attributes are the bases for India's aspiration if not claim, to major-power status:

- India's existing geopolitical status (sub-continental size, huge population and natural resources);

- Hegemonic position in the South Asia region;

- The perception of India's potential economic and military power, fast development of strategic sectors;

- The “Success story” of Indian IT and outsourcing processes, deeply related to adaptations for the challenges of globalization;

- Strong thrust for foreign policy autonomy and the tenacity to achieve it.

The author paid great attention to India's special position in the Southern Asia, that has reasoned its leadership over the region and at the same time it has produced a big number of contradictions in the neighbourhood. India tries to develop more fair relations with smaller countries of sub-continent to reduce these contradictions. Policy towards Pakistan and India's struggle against terrorism also are considered as the major directions of the regional strategy. Indo-Pakistan relationship is still a crucial factor of regional security and stability which directly affects the interests of international community and this fact has to remain in special focus of strategic analyses. South Asian stability has shown in the context of interdependence upon the external factors, strengthening of multi-polarity and the rise of South Asia as one of the poles which is the reality of nowadays.

It is outlined, that searching for major-power status the Republic of India should keep good and multi-faced relations with super-powers - US, Russia and European Union. If relations with India have become a sort of competition for the US and Russian Federation, the EU is a new strategic partner of India. Looking forward the partnership based on shared values and commitment to pluralism India makes it clear that a special attention to the development of the strategic partnership with main poles of the modern world is one of the crucial priorities.

A dialog within the major Asian powers, which should first involve India and Chine, is the same necessity. There are some important issues in this case: competitive character of India-Chine peaceful co-existence because of current position in the modern international order, economic, military, scientific and technologic potential of the both, level of influence in the regional and global security systems. Objective reality is that India and Chine have to coexist in the modern globalized world, both civilizations devoted to the idea of multi-polarity have many common characteristics and really huge potential of cooperation which should be recognized more deeply.

To conclude, two main issues have to be stressed. It is evident that Indian strategy has to adapt to the rapidly changing global scenario. But it is absolutely evident too that India has any idea to reject its traditional peaceful Gandhian priorities.

Key words: foreign policy strategy, civilization's specific, unity in diversity, “Nehru course”, Gandhism, principals of peaceful co-existence, Non-alignment, program “India-2020”, regional leadership, strategic partnership, globalization, the concept “the whole world as the one family”, multi-polar international system.

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