Dictionary meanings of the words "legal", "judicial" and "refereeing" have been studied. A conceptual model has been developed based on the analysis of their characteristics. The impossibility of interchangeable use of these concepts is estimated.

The history of the emergence and spread of fast food, the assessment of modern consumption in different countries. Positive and negative qualities of fast food. Comparative study of the attitude of the population of the USA and Kazakhstan to fast food.

Features of the Eastern policy of Poland. Identification of the main obstacles to the normalization of Polish-Russian relations, the essence of their subjective and objective nature. Consideration of Poland as a hostage of foreign geostrategic concepts.

The absence of reflection and the chances of normalizing relations with Russia as a result of ignoring the national interests of Poland. The asymmetry of power and interests put forward by each party. Poland's participation in the team game within the EU.

Development of recommendations for participants in the international currency market and monetary authorities. Characteristics of the exchange rate model of the digital currency of the BRICS countries, organization of payment and settlement exchange.

The impact of the digitalization of the public sphere on political processes. Use of the Internet in the early 1990s. Transformations in the public sphere. Study of the legitimacy of using the concept to analyze activity in a non-democratic context.

The digitalization process of social services in response to the war in Ukraine. The results prove that although the war in Ukraine is continuing, technologies positively influence the work of social providers and government/non-government organizations.

Deals with such a problem of linguistics as distinction between homonymy and polysemy. Gives the special schemes that reflect the different kinds of connection between polysemes. focused on lexicological and semasiological theories of the matter.

Comparison of East and West in the works of Tanpinar. Presenting classical Turkish music as an image representing Eastern culture, making it sound like a single organism. A symbol of Eastern culture in the East-West conflict during the Tanzimat period.

Grammar as science is a branch of linguistics which studies the grammatical structure of the language, the laws of construction of meaningful speech segments in this language. analysis of the stage of grammar and provides sample tasks for each stage.

The objectives of teaching English at the university level for students of different specialties. The study of two approaches in teaching grammar: analysis and use of grammatical units. Grammar class analysis and assignment description for each stage.

The influence of newspapers on the socio-political and cultural life of Ukrainians, the characteristics of the Lviv edition "Dilo". The study of the newspaper "Dilonews" as the first Ukrainian daily newspaper in Galicia for more than half a century.

Analysis of situational and contextual dimensions of presidential rhetoric during election and administrative periods. Genre and communicative goals of speeches, persuasion and mobilization of the electorate. Use of pejorative and invective lexical units.

The existing problems of management of debts receivable, which economic entities deal with, have been considered in the article and the mechanism of management of debts receivable has been stated, the stages of its implementation have been characterized.

Consideration of the problem of categorization of evaluative relations in the English language as part of the description of evaluation based on the system-functional theory of linguistic research. Learning vocabulary that expresses negative emotions.

An overview of communication in computer-mediated discourse. Linguistic features of scientific network discourse. Peculiarities of electronic communication: main methods of interaction, text forms, overview of compositional and linguistic features.

A list of the main representatives of the Physiocrats, the inner meaning of their doctrine. Examining the nature of capital Quesnay. The technical origin of the circular flow of economic life. Arbitrary and violent diversions of the economic stream.

A common ground between mental health and judicial-legal domains. The discursive peculiarities of a specific socio-cultural context and genre. The discursive construction of the "social dangerousness" of the "mentally-ill". Focus on word "Psychiatric".

The enduring historiographical stereotypes that influence how the nature of the Orthodox academies in the Eighteenth-Century Russian Empire is understood. By pinpointing differences in the interpretation of the characteristic features of academy model.

Stable historiographic stereotypes influencing the essence of Orthodox academies (collegiums) in the Russian Empire in the 18th century. Establishing differences in interpretations of the characteristic features of the model of educational institutions.

Advantages of distance learning using computer telecommunications networks in foreign countries. The problem of the effectiveness of distance teaching of the English language. Web Resources, multimedia, computer disks as carriers of methodical bases.

Relevance of processing technology as a single frame, as well as their sequence. Disadvantages polyadic dimensional phase encoding three-dimensional digital video data. Possibility of development coding. Developing innovative ways to the grows video.

The temperature radial profiles of intracluster gas, and the radial profiles of density and mass for dark matter and intracluster gas for the five galaxy clusters. The Navarro-Frenk-White density profile of the underlying dark matter distribution.

The concept of the divine energies (energeiai) is commonly associated with the late Byzantine theologian Gregory Palamas. In fact, however, it has biblical origins and figures prominently in Greek patristic theology from at least the fourth century.

Communicative models of the world’s states, principles of building state information policy and characteristics of the political system. The role of influence of public policy on the formation of ideas about the state in the external information space.

Palpitation as an indicator of the viability of the fetus, monitoring its performance during pregnancy. Method, block diagram and description of the operating principle of the device being developed. Using digital filters to eliminate interference.

This article analyzes the image of Ivan IV (Terrible) and Muscovites in the chronicles written by Livonian Germans during the Livonian War. Warfare between Livonians and Muscovites was a contest between civilization and barbarism, between good and evil.

The role of IT-service companies in enabling Industry 4.0 transformations. The challenges faced by organizations that attempt to undertake Industry 4.0 transformations without external support. Engaging experienced IT-service providers for Industry 4.0.

The language competences of a public servant are considered from the point of view of pragmatism, examining the meaning of public statements in the context of discussing a particular problem. The causes of the lack of egalitarian respect by officials.

Democracy as one of the effective forms of organization, both of the society and of the state. The local government like the quintessence of elements of social self-organization and regulation inherent in civil society entities with public power.