Репресії проти родин "ворогів народу" в Україні: ідеологія та практика (1917–1953 рр.)

У широкій історичній ретроспективі на основі архівних та опублікованих документів, більшість з яких уперше введено до наукового обігу, проаналізовано ідеологічне та юридичне підґрунтя репресій проти родичів політичних опонентів тоталітарного режиму, наведено докази того, що переслідування “ворожих” сімей мало системний характер, було чітко структурованим, жорстко і цілеспрямовано керувалося партійною верхівкою за участю всіх інститутів радянського правосуддя та органів держбезпеки, спрямовувалося на зміцнення режиму та створення у суспільстві атмосфери всеосяжного страху.

У праці розглянута взаємодія різних ланок механізму політичного терору, встановлено його морально-психологічні наслідки та характер реабілітаційного процесу для кожної групи репресованих сімей.

Ключові слова: політичний терор, репресії, сімейне заручництво, “вороги народу”, ЧСИР, ЖИР, “мінусники”, “позбавленці”, спецпоселенці, “пособництво”, депортації.

АННОТАЦИЯ

Вронская Т. В. Репрессии против семей “врагов народа” в Украине: идеология и практика (1917-1953 гг.). - Рукопись.

Диссертация на соискание учёной степени доктора исторических наук по специальности 07.00.01 - история Украины. - Институт истории Украины НАН Украины, Киев, 2009.

Диссертация является первым комплексным исследованием карательной политики и практики советской власти против семей “врагов народа” в Украине. Вводится научное понятие “семейное заложничество” и предлагается целостная концепция данного явления.

В широкой исторической ретроспективе на основе архивных и опубликованных документов, большинство из которых впервые вводится в научный оборот, проанализирована идеологическая и юридическая база репрессий против родственников политических оппонентов тоталитарного режима, приведены доказательства того, что преследование “вражеских” семей носило системный характер, было чётко структурировано, жёстко и целенаправленно управлялось партийной верхушкой при участии всех институтов советского правосудия и органов государственной безопасности, имея целью укрепление режима и создание в обществе атмосферы всеобщего страха.

В работе рассмотрено взаимодействие различных звеньев механизма политического террора, установлены его морально-психологические последствия и характер реабилитационного процесса для каждой группы репрессированных семей.

Ключевые слова: политический террор, репрессии, семейное заложничество, “враги народа”, ЧСИР, ЖИР, “минусники”, “лишенцы”, спецпоселенцы, “пособничество”, депортации.

SUMMARY

Vronska T. V. Repressions of the relatives of the “people's enemies” in Ukraine: ideology and practice (1917-1953). - A manuscript.

Dissertation for the scientific degree of the Doctor of Historical Sciences on the specialty 07.00.01 - the History of Ukraine. - The Institute of History of Ukraine of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, 2009.

The dissertation presents itself the first in domestic historiography complex research, which within its broad chronological ranges gives the analysis of one of the most tragic periods of the history of totalitarianism - the repressions of the relatives of the “enemies” of the Soviet system in Ukraine. It highlights the origin and perfection of the hostage-retention from families, as well as introduces the scientific determination of this phenomenon.

Using inter-disciplinary theoretical and methodological tools together with multi-level source-base it was proved that manhunt of families of the “people's enemies” was systematic and was implemented by Bolsheviks in line with general strategy of ultimate fight for power and strive to impose this power by all means. Such intentions of central power were in line with the plans of the republican and local bodies of all levels to “rectify” their jurisdictions from those, who were tied up with family relationship with real and fictitious opponents of the totalitarian regime.

The research highlights that while massively punishing innocent civilians, whose only “guilt” was family relationship, the Soviet power demonstrated overt legal nihilism, because it neglected even fundamental principles of law. It conformed with by-laws and departmental directives of punitive establishments, as well as repeatedly tried to broaden the scope of civilians who could be prosecuted under matching Clause of the Criminal Code of Ukrainian SSR. Those institutions of the Soviet Themis which, due to their nature and functions, had to guard the enforcement of law in the State were also actively involved to the violation of fundamental law postulates.

The study of extensive empirical materials allowed to specify the stage-timing of political terror and to insist that the active preparation for the Great terror of 1937--1938 started much earlier to assassination of S. Kirov in December 1934, when the Criminal Code was complemented with the clauses “for the treason of the Motherland” and criminal liability was imposed on the family-members of the said persons. At that time in official social and every-day usage the Russian abbreviations “the parricide's family-member” (PFM, - ЧСИР in russian) and “the wife of the parricide” (WoP, - ЖИР in russian).

It is exposed that, as usual, repressive functions as regard to the families of the “people's enemies” were practiced by non-judicial bodies. The penalties varied within large-scale: deportation to the GULAG (High Department of Concentration Camps and Prisons); exile; dispatch from big cities and prohibition to reside within 50km from the industrial centers of the Ukrainian SSR, which have given into appearance a group of persons named “minusniks”; deprivation of elective rights (such people were called “non-voters”), social and material benefits; expulsion from trade-unions and learning institutions; dismissal from work, etc. Sometimes even conversion of the case for more severe punishment under Criminal Code. By their nature the penitentiary measures for the “enemy” families during various periods of Soviet system were featured as family hostage-retention, as well as were characterized as pure vengeance and follow-up repressions for the actions, attitude, opinion (or even without such grounds) and, moreover, because of the social status of the heads of the said families.

The study of the documents in the departmental archives allows to maintain that the social mixture of the families which fall under repressions was quite diverse. It could vary depending on which groups of society the repressions were pointed at. Upon every punitive action the children suffered most. They were imprisoned to the GULAG camps with the adults and/or distributed throughout special boarding schools.

The dissertation asserts that permanent outrage against the relatives of the real and fictitious opponents to the Soviet power had negative moral and psychological outcome in the society. They have given rise to fatalism and passiveness of the civilians, as well as resulted in immense paralyzing effect combined with dehumanizing impact.

The phenomenon of family hostage-retaining is viewed within the context of restoration of historical fairness concerning the repressed with the proposals to admit that the children of the repressed shall be recognized the victims of the political repressions.

Key words: political terror, repressions, family hostage-retaining, “people's enemies”, PFM, WoP, “minusniks”, non-voters, “abetment”, special settlers, deportations.

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