Security in Turkey

Determination of the main causes underlying the Kurdish issue. Consideration of both internal and regional transformations, such as the Arab uprisings, changed the foreign policy perspective of Ankara. Evaluation of the security policy of Turkey.

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28. Kirisci, Kemal; Winrow, Gareth, “The Kurdish Question and Turkey: An example of a trans-state ethnic conflict”. Frank Cass Publishers, London, 1997L p. 114

29. Aras, Bülent, “The Davutog?lu Era in Turkish Foreign Policy,” Insight Turkey 11, no. 3, 2009, p. 7

30. Aydin, Aysegul; Emrence, Cem, “Zones of Rebellion: Kurdish Insurgents and the Turkish State”, Cornell University Press, 2015; p.44

31. Adler, E., “The Spread of Security Communities: Communities of Practice”, Self-Restraint and Nato's Post- Cold War Transformation, European Journal of International Relations, Vol. 14 No. 2, 2008, p. 13

32. Turkone, Mumtaz'er, “Kurt Kimligi: Cozum Nerede?” (Kurdish identity: Where is the solution?) Turkiye Gunlugu 33, April 1995; p. 31

33. Marcus, Aliza, “Blood and Belief: The PKK and the Kurdish Fight for Independence”, NYU Press, 2007; pp. 2, 277-279

34. Pirim, Oktay; Ortulu, Suha, “Omerli Koyunden Imrali'ya PKK'n!n 20 Yillik Öyküsü” (From Omerli Village to Imrali: 20 years story of PKK), Boyut Kitaplari (Istanbul), 1999; pp. 293-361

35. Entesar, Nader, “Kurdish Politics in the Middle East”, Lexington Books, November 2009; p.85

36. Bilgin, P., “Turkey's Changing Security Discourses: The Challenge of Globalisation.” European Journal of Political Research, Vol. 44, No. 1, 2005; pp. 175-201

A. Davutoðlu, `Turkey's Foreign Policy Vision: An assessment of 2007', Insight Turkey, vol 10, no 1, (2008): 80.

37. Ustun, Cigdem. Turkey and European Security Defence Policy : Compatibility and Security Cultures in a Globalised World. London, US: I.B.Tauris,( 2014): 93

38. Ertan Efegil, “Ortadoðu Ülkelerinin Dýþ Politikalarýný Belirleyen Unsurlar”,(The elements which determines the foreign policy of Middle Eastern countries), Middle East Analyst , Vol. 4, No. 47 (2012).

39. Bern, DE, “Turkish Foreign Policy in the New Millennium”, Internationaler Verlag der Wissenschaften, 2015: p. 17

40. Reynolds, Michael A., “Echoes of Empire: Turkey's Crisis of Kemalism and the Search for an Alternative Foreign Policy”, The Saban Centre for Meddle East Studies, Brookings Institution, 2012: p. 11

41. Davutoðlu, Ahmet, "Turkish Foreign Policy and the EU in 2010", Turkish Policy Quarterly, Volume 8, 2010

42. Ustun, Cigdem. Turkey and European Security Defence Policy : Compatibility and Security Cultures in a Globalised World. London, US: I.B.Tauris,( 2014): 91

43. Freedom House, 2014 Report

44. Tremblay, Pinar, “Turkish press certified “not free””. Al Monitor, 4 May 2014, Available at:

45. http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/fr/originals/2014/05/turkey-press-freedom-davutoglu-report-tension.html

46. Reporters Without Borders, 2012 Report

47. https://rsf.org/en/news/turkey-worlds-biggest-prison-journalists

48. Economist Intelligence Unit, 2017, “Turkey: from majority rule to one-man rule” April 2017, EIU

49. Weitz, Richard, 2014, “Turkey's New Regional Security Role: Implications for the United States”, Strategic Studies Institute (SSI), September 2014

50. Bulent, Aliriza, “The Escalating Syrian Crisis and US-Turkey Relations,”, Center for Strategic and International Studies, Washington DC, 2012, available at: http://www.tepav.org.tr/upload/files/haber/13479724292.Bulent_Ali_Riza_Escalating_Syrian_Crisis_and_US_Turkey_Relations.pdf

51. Schanzer, Jonathan; Tahiroglu, Merve, “Bordering on Terrorism: Turkey's Syria Policy and the Rise of the Islamic State” Foundation for Defence of Democracy, Washington DC, November 2017

52. Elger,Katrin; Kazim, Hasnain; Reuter, Reuter & Stark, Holger, “The Caliphate Next Door: Turkey Faces Up to its Islamic State Problem,” Spiegel (Germany), September 29, 2014. Available at: http://www.spiegel.de/international/world/islamic-state-jihadist-activity-in-northernsyria-forces-Turkey-hand-a-994392.html

53. Karaveli, Halil, “Why Does Turkey Wants Regime Change in Syria?” The National Interest, 23 July 2012, Available at:

54. http://nationalinterest.org/commentary/why-does-turkey-want-regime-change-syria-7227

55. Onis, Ziya; Yýlmaz, Suhnaz, “Turkey and Russia in a Shifting Global Order: Co-operation, Conflict and Asymmetric Interdependence in a Turbulent Region”, Third World Quarterly, 2015

56. Zalewski, Piotr, “How Turkey Went From `Zero-Problems' to Zero-Friends”, Foreign Policy, 22 August 2013

57. “President Erdogan Addresses the Opening Session of the 13th Islamic Summit”, 14.04.2016, Presidency of the Republic of Turkey.

58. http://www.tccb.gov.tr/en/news/542/42577/president-erdogan-addresses-the-opening- session-of-the-13th-islamic-summit.html

59. Karadeniz, Tulay; Pamuk, Humeyra, “Turkey's Erdogan slams West for failure to show solidarity over coup attempt.”, 29 July 2016, Reuters, http://www.reuters.com/article/us-turkey-security-idUSKCN10912T

60. Edited by Aniseh Bassiri Tabrizi and Raffaello Pantucci, `Understanding Iran's Role in the Syrian Conflict', August, 2016, Occasional Paper for Royal United Services Institute (RUSI), p. 22

61. Patrick Wintour & Mark Tran, `First Test for Syrian Truce After Breaches Reported on Both Sides', The Guardian, 29 February 2016.

62. Euan Mckirdy, “8 times Russia blocked a UN Security Council resolution on Syria.”, 13 April 2017, CNN http://edition.cnn.com/2017/04/13/middleeast/russia-unsc-syria-resolutions/ )

63. Burhanettin Duran, “Turkey's new security concept”, Daily Sabah (Turkey), 26 October 2016, available: https://www.dailysabah.com/columns/duran-burhanettin/2016/10/26/turkeys-new-security-concept

64. Walker, Joshua, “Turkey's Time in Syria: Future Scenarios”, Crown Center for Middle East Studies, No.63, May 2012

65. Cagaptay, Soner, “ Leadership reshuffle - PKK makes changes in its ranks”, Washington Institute for Near East Policy, February 2014

66. Isiksal, Hüseyin; Örmeci, Ozan, “Turkish Foreign Policy in the New Millennium”, Lang GmbH, Internationaler Verlag der Wissenschaften, May 2015; p. 12

67. Philip H. Gordon, “International Press Roundtable,” Washington, DC: Department of State, July 30, 2012, available: www.state.gov/p/eur/rls/rm/2012/195910.htm

68. Butler, Daren, “Turkey issues arrest warrant for head of Syrian Kurdish party.”, Reuters, 22 November 2016, availibale: http://www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-crisis-syria-turkey-kurds-idUSKBN13H0Y2?il=0

69. Kubilay, Arin, “Turkey and the Kurds -- From War to Reconciliation?” UC Berkeley, March 26, 2015

70. Loizides, Neophytos, “The Politics of Majority Nationalism : Framing Peace, Stalemates, and Crises”, Stanford University Press, 2015. p. 25

71. Gareth H. Jenkins, “Fighting Blind: the AKP's Increasingly Hardline Kurdish Policy”. September 12 2012, vol. 5, no. 17 of the Turkey Analyst, Available at:

72. https://www.turkeyanalyst.org/publications/turkey-analyst-articles/item/320-fighting-blind-the-akps-increasingly-hardline-kurdish-policy.html

73. Martin, L. G., “Turkey's National Security in the Middle East”, Turkish Studies, 2000,

74. Fýrat, M.; Kürkçüogˆlu, Ö, “Relations with France”. In B. Oran, & B. Oran (Ed.), Turkish Foreign Policy, 1919-2006: Facts and Analyses with Documents (M. Aks¸in, Trans., pp. 165-175): The University of Utah Press, 2010

75. Elgür, B. “Are Former Enemies Becoming Allies? Turkey's Changing Relations with Syria, Iran, and Israel Since the 2003 Iraqi War”. Brandeis University, Crown Center for Middle East Studies, 2006; p. 2-3

76. Entessar, Nader. Kurdish Politics in the Middle East. Lanham, MD, US:Lexington Books, 2009; p. 104

77. Soner Çag?aptay, “Turkey's Turn From the West,” The Washington Post, February 2, 2009, available at:

78. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wpdyn/content/article/2009/02/01/AR2009020101672.html

79. Adam Entous, Joe Parkinson, “Turkey's Spymaster Plots Own Course on Syria,” The Wall Street Journal, October 10, 2013. Available at: http://online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424052702303643304579107373585228330

80. Uygur, Hakki, “Iran's Nuclear Ambitions and Turkey”, Policy Brief, No. 7, Iranian Relations and NATO, February 2008,

81. Ulgen, Sinan, “Preventing the Proliferation of Weapons of Mass Destruction:What Role for Turkey”, Transatlantic Academy Paper Series, 2010, Available at: http://www.transatlanticacademy.org

82. Cansu Çamlýbel, “Türkiye'den Silah Geliyor,” Hürriyet (Turkey), January 27, 2014. Available at:

83. http://www.Hürriyet.com.tr/dunya/25661278.asp

84. Also, “BDP: Türkiye El Nusra'ya Silah Verdi,” (BDP: Turkey gave wapon to Al Nusra), Radikal (Turkey), July 30, 2013; http://www.radikal.com.tr/politika/bdp_Türkiye_el_nusraya_silah_verdi-1144124

85. Ex-Deputy PM: Turkey Supplying Heavy Weaponries to al-Nusra Terrorists in Syria,” Fars News Agency (Iran), September 8, 2013, available at: http://english.farsnews.com/newstext.aspx?nn=13920617000433

86. Pinar Trimblay, “Iranian-Turkish tug-of-war over Kurds.”, Al Monitor, 13 December 2016. Available at:

87. http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2016/12/turkey-iran-become-latest-surrogate-of-pkk.html

88. Markey, Patrik, “Iraqi Kurds Flee Iranian and Turkish Bombardment,” Reuters, August 24, 2011, available at: http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/08/24/oukwd-uk-iraq-turkey-id AFTRE77N2IO20110824.

89. Rob Taylor, “Iran Warns of Possible “Armageddon” If Syria Can't Be Held Together”, Wall Street Journal, 15 March, 2016

90. Yunus Paksoy, “Ankara content with Syrian regime presence in Manbij if PYD withdraws,” The Daily Sabah (Istanbul) , March 5 2017. Available at:

91. https://www.dailysabah.com/war-on-terror/2017/03/06/ankara-content-with-syrian-regime-presence-in-manbij-if-pyd-withdraws

92. Gonul Tol, “Turkey's KRG Energy Partnership,” Foreign Policy, January 29, 2013. Available at: http://foreignpolicy.com/2013/01/29/turkeyskrg-energy-partnership/

93. Hurriyet Daily News, “KRG Plans 10 bcm in Natural Gas Exports to Turkey in Two Years,” Hurriyet Daily News, November 20, 2015. Available at:

94. http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/krg-plans-10-bcm-in-natural-gas-exports-to-turkey-in-two-years.aspx?pageID=238&nID=91471&NewsCatID=348 Pusane, O. Kayhan, “Turkey's Changing Relations with the Iraqi Kurdish Regional Government”, Middle East Review of International Affairs, Vol. 20, No. 2 (Summer 2016) http://www.rubincenter.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/03_Kayhan-Pusane-YC-TM-au-TZ-PDF.pdf

95. Manis, Athanasios, “Normalisation in Ankara-Baghdad Relations: A New Era?” Middle East Research Institute (MERI) Policy Brief 26 January 2017, vol. 4, no. 01 (Kurdistan, Iraq)

96. Sibel Ugurlu, “Erdogan says Sinjar will not be `new Qandil' for PKK”, Anadolu Agency (Ankara) 27 October 2016 http://aa.com.tr/en/politics/erdogan-says-sinjar-will-not-be-new-qandil-for-pkk/673511

97. International Crisis Group, “Flight of Icarus: The PYD's Precarious Rise in Syria”, Crisis Group Middle East Report (2014), No. 151, 8 May, p. 2.

98. Anadolu Agency,“PYD has Authority only on Regions `Given by the al-Assad Regime': Iraqi Kurdish leader Barzani,” Hurriyet Daily News, November 14, 2013, http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/pyd-has-authority-only-on-regions-given-by-the-al-assad-regime-iraqi-kurdish-leader-barzani-.aspx?pageID=238&nID=57956&NewsCatID=352

99. Lindenstrauss, Gallia, “Back to Square One? The Collapse of the Peace Process with the Kurds in Turkey”, January 2016, Strategic Assessment INSS, Volume 18, No. 4, p. 98, Available at:

100. http://www.inss.org.il/uploadImages/systemFiles/adkan18_4ENG3_Lindenstrauss.pdf

101. David L. Philips, The Kurdish Spring: A New Map of the Middle East New Brunswick: Transaction Publishers, 2015.

102. Aghazadeh Khoei, M. “Iran's Security and the Islamic State Through the Lenses of the Copenhagen School”, Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, Vol. 38, 2015.

103. Buzan, Barry & Weaver, Ole, “Liberalism and security: the construction of Liberal Leviathan”, 1997,

104. Buzzan, Barry, “People, State and Fear: an Agenda for International Security Studies in the Post War Era, London: Harvester Press, 1999.

105. Buzzan, Barry and Weaver ,Ole and de Wilde, Jeep,”Security: A new Framework for Analysis”, London: Lynne Rienner Press, 1998

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