Основы иностранного языка (английского)

Who (to quarrel) at that time? His friend (to quarrel).

Beth and Tom (to watch) a TV programme when the mother (to ask) them to help her.

You (to help) your mother while she (to wash) up?

The scientist (to work) in the laboratory when somebody (to switch) off the light.

Whom you (to talk) on the phone to, when I came into the room?

Jane (to have) a walk in the park when it (to begin) t snow.

Why you (not to have) classes at nine o'clock? -- Our teacher (to be) ill.

Yesterday the whole lesson we (to revise) grammar.

While Helen (to take) a shower mother (to wash) the dishes.

I (to lay) the table when I (to break) a plate.

When I (to meet) them in the yard, they (to laugh).

She (not to get) up at six o'clock yesterday. She (to get up at eight.

They just (to leave) the house when we (to arrive).

When he (to come) to the station, his friend already (to wait) for him.

Exercise 33. Answer the questions using when and the verb of the subordinate clause in the Past Continuous Tense.

Example: When did she meet Helen? (walk along the street)

She met Helen when she was walking along the street.

When did you catch that cold? (skate on a frosty day)

When did he write those nice poems? (have a holiday)

When did she learn the language? (live in England)

When did she hear that song? (listen to a concert on the radio)

When did you buy that book? (read up for my exams)

When did the boy hurt himself? (ride the bicycle) '

When did Philip lose his camera? (walk about the city)

When did he ring you up? (have supper)

Exercise 34. Put the verbs into the correct form, the Past Simple or the Past Continuous.

Example: While Sean was finishing (finish) the letter, his friend came (come).

Dan (fall) off the tree while he ______________ (rescue) the cat.

Last night I __________ (read) in the bed when suddenly I ________(hear) a voice downstairs.

__________ (you/have) a bath when I phoned you?

They __________________ (wait) for a taxi when I ___ (arrive).

I ______ (not/drive) very fast when I _______ (see) her.

I _____ (break) a plate last night. I __ (do) the washing-up when it ______ (slip) out of my hand.

Bob __(take) a nap while I ____________ (paint) the ceiling.

We ____(not/go) out because it ________ (get) dark.

What ____________ (you/do) at this time yesterday?

We _____ (see) Amanda in the gallery.

She ______ (wear) her new necklace.

Unit 8

Exercise 1. a) Read the text and try to focus on its essential facts. Choose the most suitable heading below for each paragraph:

1) Islam 2) Different Religious Denominations 3) Buddhism 4) Christianity 5) Hinduism 6) Judaism

b) Make a prйcis of the text, using the following phrases:

1. The title of the text is... 2. The text is about... The text deals with... 3. The text covers such points as... 4. It should be underlined that... 5. In conclusion, I may say that... 6. To my mind... In my opinion...

RELIGIONS ALL OVER THE WORLD

The history of mankind has shown the influence of religion on man. The study of religion has become increasingly important in modern times. There are a lot of religious denominations all over the world. Religions are divided into several major branches, which are subdivided into numerous smaller schools and sects.

Christianity is a worldwide religion; about 1.2 billion people are Christians. Most of us are Christians too. Christians believe in one God with three aspects: God the Father, God the Son (Jesus Christ), and God the Holy Spirit. The main Christian denominations are the Eastern Orthodox, Roman Catholic, and Protestant Churches. The Protestant Church includes Anglicans, Methodists, Baptists, Presbyterians, and others.

Islam is based on the teaching of Koran. In Islam five obligations should be observed: to believe in Allah (God) and Muhammad (the prophet); to pray five times a day; to give money to charity; to fast between sunrise and sunset during Ramadan; and to visit Mecca, the holiest city of Islam in Saudi Arabia, at least once. Muslims pray in mosques, most mosques have one or more minarets, from which the Muslims are called to pray.

Judaism is the religion of the ancient Hebrews and their descendants, the Jews. The sacred writing of Judaism is the Hebrew Bible, which includes the Torah, historical and prophetic books. Jews pray in synagogues. There are three main synagogue associations: the Orthodox, the Conservative, and the Reform.

Buddhists try to follow the life of Buddha. The Buddha is the title given to Gautama Siddhartha, a wealthy man from India who gave up all his possessions and family to teach the ideas on which the religion of Buddhism is based. Buddhism is a religion of eastern, southern and central Asia, the main idea of which that one must become free of human desires in order to escape from suffering. The followers of this religion believe in reincarnation, which means that people are born again after they die. And their next life depends on how well they behaved in their previous life. All Buddhists are meditating to reach nirvana.

Hindus also believe in reincarnation. Hinduism is the main religion of India, which has no founder and no sacred writing. According to Hinduism there are three main gods: Brahma, Siva, Vishnu, and many other god-like beings. There are about 400 million followers of this religion all over the world.

Exercise 2. Read and give a summary of the text

RELIGIONS IN THE UK

The national church of England is Anglican Church, which is a branch of the Christian religion. It was King Henry VIII who broke away from the Church of Rome and declared himself Head of the Church of England, Anglican Church.

Nowadays, the Queen is the Head of Anglican Church. She appoints two archbishops and all the bishops. The Archbishop of Canterbury is the priest who is the leader of the Church of England. Canterbury is a small city in southeastern England, which is famous for its impressive 11th century Cathedral, the main church of the Church of England. The Archbishop of Yoke, an important priest, who has the next highest rank to Archbishop of Canterbury. There are twenty-four senior bishops in the House of Lords, then come the eighteen remaining bishops. Each bishop is responsible for a district called a diocese. Each diocese is divided into parishes with a vicar at the head. Many vicars combine the tasks of a priest, social worker, and psychologist.

There are other religious denominations on the territory of the UK. The Presbyterian Church, a Protestant Christian Church, is the national church of Scotland, most of Protestants in Northern Ireland are Presbyterians too. John Knox, a Scottish Protestant, established the Presbyterian Church in Scotland in the 16th century. Presbyterians are typically thought to be rather strict and serious people.

Exercise 3. Find in the texts English equivalents for these words and word combinations:

1)история человечества;2)влияние религии;3)изучение религии;4) религиозные вероисповедания;5) по всему миру;6)делятся;7) подразделяются; 8) большинство из нас; 9)христиане;10) православный; 11) римский; 12) католический; 13) протестантский; 14) Англиканская церковь; 15) Пресвитерианская церковь;16) основан; 17) пять обязательств;18) пять раз в день; 19) на благотворительность; 20) поститься между восходом и закатом; 21) самый святой город; 22) по крайней мере; 23) в мечетях; 24) один или больше; 25) древние иудеи; 26) их потомки; 27) священное писание; 28) стараются следовать; 29)оставил свою семью; 30) человеческие желания; 31) чтобы избежать страдания; 32) верят в перевоплощение; 33) предыдущая жизнь; 34) национальная церковь; 35) разорвал отношения с; 36) объявил себя; 37) в наши дни; 38) производящий глубокое впечатление;39)следующее самое высокое звание по отношению к; 40) ответственный за; 41) во главе; 42) совмещать задачи; 43) социальный работник; 44) строгие и серьезные люди; 45) чтобы достигнуть нирваны; 46) в соответствии с; 47) богоподобные существа.

Exercise 4.a) Find in the text the words, which have the similar meanings as the following words:

more, many, some, main, to found, old, rich, to leave, wish, well-known, usually;

b) Find in the text the words, which have the opposite meanings to the following words:

less, ancient, big, night, forefathers, poor, to live, international, big, low, junior.

Exercise 5. Fill in the blanks with the missing words in the following sentences; the first letter of each word has been given to help you:

1. There are a lot of religious d... all over the world. 2. Muslims must observe five o... . 3. Muslims must p... five times a day. 4. They must regularly give money to c... . 5. From the m... the Muslims are usually called to pray. 6. The Jews are the d... of the ancient Hebrews. 7. Buddhists and Hindus believe in r... . 8. They want to e... from the suffering. 9. There are some s... bishops in the House of Lords. 10. The bishop is responsible of the d... .

Exercise 6. Complete the following sentences in a logical way:

1.Religious denominations are divided into...

2.Christianity is...

3.Christians believe in...

4.Islam is based on...

5.Muslims must...

6.Judaism is...

7.Jews pray in...

8.Buddhism is...

9.Buddhists try to follow...

10.The followers of Buddhism and Hinduism believe in...

11.The national church of England is...

12.The Queen is...

13.She appoints...

14.The Archbishop of Canterbury is...

15.The national church of Scotland is...

Exercise 7. Answer the questions about religion:

1.How many religious denominations are there all over the world?

2.How many Christians are there all over the world?

3.Christians believe in one God with three aspects, don't they?

4.What are the main Christian denominations?

5.What branches does the Protestant Church consist of?

6.What is Islam based on?

7.What are the five obligations in Islam?

8.How are the followers of Islam called?

9.What must Muslims do?

10.Where do Muslims pray?

11.What are the minarets for?

12.What is the religion of Jews?

13.Where do Jews pray?

14.What are the main synagogue associations?

15.Whose life do Buddhists try to follow?

16.What is the main idea of Buddhism?

17.The followers of Buddhism believe in reincarnation, don't they?

18.What does reincarnation mean?

19.What are Buddhists meditating for?

20.What is the main religion in India?

21.How is the national church of England called?

22.Who was the first Head of the Church of England?

23.Who is the Head of the Church of England now?

24.Who is the leader of the Church of England?

25.What is Canterbury famous for?

26.Who is at the head of each diocese?

27.What is a diocese divided into?

28.How is the national church of Scotland called?

29.Who established the Presbyterian Church in Scotland?

30.Most of Protestants in Northern Ireland are Presbyterians, aren't they?

Exercise 8. Agree or disagree with the following statements; add some more information:

1. There aren't many religious denominations all over the world. 2. Muslims do not pray much. 3. Muslims pray in synagogues. 4. A lot of people all over the world are Christians. 5. Judaism is the religion of the Jews. 6. Gautama Siddhartha was a poor man. 7. Buddhists and Hindus believe in reincarnation. 8. The national church of England is Christian Church. 9. The Queen appoints all the bishops. 10. A vicar is responsible of his diocese.

Grammar exercises Exercise 1. Answer the questions.

Have you washed the cups? Yes, _

Has Steve passed the exam? No,

Have you heard the news? No,

Have they gone out? Yes, _

Has Rose made coffee? Yes, _

Have you spoken to her? Yes, _

Have they lived here long? No,

Has the post come? No,

Has she bought a new hat? Yes, _

Have they had lunch? Yes, __ . _

Exercise 2. Put the verbs in brackets into the Present Perfect.

1. Frank (buy) two English books.

2. They (go) out together.

3. She (be) to Oxford before.

4. Daisy (change) very much.

5. The boys (eat) all the cakes.

6. I (not meet) Sharon for a long time.

7. The secretary (type) the letter.

8. She (not see) Frank since last winter.

9. Bruce (post) the letter.

10. I (live) in this flat for a few weeks already.

11. We (be) to several good concerts lately.

12. Mary (buy) some new dresses.

13. She (not come) yet.

14. They (have) their supper already.

15. You (not change) at all.

Exercise 3. Ask as in the example.

He has already read this book. - Has he read this book yet?

1. He has already seen this film.

2. You have already bought a present for Rose.

3. Nora has already gone to bed.

4. Joy has already finished her work.

5. Ronald has already found a new job.

6. Frank has already sold his car.

7. You have already written to Ben.

8. Steve has already paid his debts.

9. He has already come.

10. You have already had lunch.

Exercise 4. Change as in the example.

He is still washing the cups. - He hasn't washed the cups yet.

1. He is still making the bed.

2. He is still sweeping the floor.

3. He is still feeding the baby.

4. She is still reading the paper.

5. She is still drinking her tea.

6. We are still having our breakfast.

7. Bill is still watering the tomatoes.

8. Sally is still painting the walls.

9. The teacher is still cleaning the blackboard.

10. I am still finishing my composition.

Exercise 5. Put the verbs in brackets into the Past Simple or the Present Perfect.

1. I (know) her for years.

2. Yesterday Bob (play) football in the park.

3. He (like) to play football since he was a child.

4. Mr Taylor (drive) me to the airport last night.

5. Peter (fall) from the tree yesterday.

6. John (paint) this portrait two years ago.

7. Sarah (come) to see us last Monday.

8. I like this book very much. I (read) it twice.

9. We (go) to a concert last night.

10. I (not meet) him since he left England.

11. Yesterday I (go) to bed at midnight.

12. His family (live) in this small village for ten years.

13. Shakespeare (write) a lot of plays.

14. Bob (not finish) his letter yet.

Exercise 6. Comment on the use of the Present Perfect.

He has passed the interview and he's happy.

Have you ever tasted Mrican food?

We have known each other since 1990.

I've been here for an hour already.

The manager hasn't come yet.

They have known it all the time.

Thank you for everything that you've done for me.

I've studied the last few telexes from Paris and I've come to a decision.

Have I told you lately that I love you?

Have you forgotten? I've just told you about it.

He has no wife as he has never met the right person, but he hasn't given up hope ...

Since I've known you, you've always been a workaholic.

I hope we haven't made a mistake.

The weather has been terrible lately.

We've been in class since 10 o'clock this morning.

Jackie has been out of town for two days.

I've been to Europe many times. Have you?

Exercise 7. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct form.

1. Bob and Jane are old friends. They (know) each other for a long time.

2. I don't like this weather. It (be) cold and cloudy for the last three days.

3. Paul (learn) a lot of English since he came here.

4. Victoria can go to bed now, she (finish) her homework.

5. My brother is at home in bed. He (be) sick for a week.

6. I (write, not) to my sister in a long time.

7. We never. (meet) Betty's parents.

8. He never (visit) Hong Kong, but he'd like to go there someday. 9. She already (call) them and (invite) them to dinner.

10. Where you (be) all this time? I am waiting for you.

11. I am afraid the boss is out. He (go) to the bank.

12. You ever (eat) any seafood?

13. My parents (be married) for twenty years.

14. I (tell) you this so many times before! Is it so difficult to understand it?

15. I am so happy that my wedding (come).

16. My little cousin already (learn) to read.

17. What a strange expression! I (hear, not) it for years.

18. Put on your red dress. You (wear, not) for so long!

19. Jack and Amalia are the only p~ople I ever (love).

20. We (hear, not) from them lately. No news (come) so far.

Exercise 8. Answer the following questions.

1. Have you ever pretended to be ill to get off work or school?

2. Have you ever cheated in an exam?

Have you ever ridden a camel or an elephant?

Have you ever read your brother's, sister's or friend's letter which was lying around the house?

Have you ever hidden any of your earnings from the tax inspector?

Have you ever taken anything home with you from the hotel?

Have you ever travelled without a ticket on public transport?

Have you ever told lies and invented stories about yourself to impress other people?

Have you ever met any people who could speak Swahili?

Exercise 9. Ask as in the example.

Have you ever been to the jungle

1. sit on a cactus

2. meet a famous person

3. win money in a lottery

4. spend one whole day doing nothing

5. build sand castles

6. fly in a private plane

7. sleep in a tent.

8. find any money in the street

9. cut your own hair

10. catch a fish

11. lose the key to your house

12. write a poem

13. grow tomatoes and strawberries

Exercise 10. Fill in with since or for.

1. We haven't met them ... four years.

2. My parents have owned this house ... last year.

3. The children have been outside... early morning.

4. Jerry has had her driving license... a month.

5. I've been at the office ... ten o'clock.

6. David hasn't visited London ... half a year.

7. Tom has had his car ... he left school.

8. Mr. Parker has been with this company ... it was organized.

9. I haven't eaten such delicious food ... ages!

10. He hasn't had a cold ... he went in for sport.

11. We've been good neighbours....quite a long time.

12. The cake has been in the oven...thirty minutes.

Exercise 11.Translate the sentences into English.

1. Я надеюсь, что я не сделала ни одной ошибки в этой работе.

2. Он счастлив, потому что он влюбился в замечательную девушку.

3. - Вы когда-нибудь были в пустыне? - Нет, но я был в джунглях Амазонки.

4. Мне всегда нравился английский язык.

5. Я вижу, что вы передумали. Что-нибудь случилось?

6. Много лет прошло с тех пор, как они расстались.

7. Я не был в библиотеке уже очень давно, с тех пор, как сдал экзамен.

8. Спасибо, вы спасли мою жизнь.

9. Он никогда не был на Аляске, не так ли?

10. - Как давно он уже здесь? - Он здесь с утра.

11. - Сколько раз вы были в Большом театре? - Я пока там не был.

12. Здесь уже целый месяц не было дождя.

13. В этом году я еще не отдыхал.

14. Снег перестал идти, и светит солнце.

15. Она никогда не видела моря.

16. Сколько денег ты потратила на вечеринку?

17. Вы ведь никогда не летали на воздушном шаре?

18. - Я сто лет тебя не видел, где ты был все это время? - Я только что вернулся из Австралии.

19. Они друзья. Они дружат с детства.

20. Я с утра ничего не ел. Вы что-нибудь приготовили для нас?

Exercise 12. Write the past participles of the following words

leave win feel lose sleep send spend sit set put	think hit buy find hear sell stop draw blow teach

Exercise 13. Translate the following sentences into English.

1. Я давно купила этот словарь. Я давно не покупала новых книг.

2. В последний раз он ел мороженое прошлым летом. В последнее время он не ел ничего сладкого.

3. Мы видели этого человека очень давно. Мы даже не помним его лица.

4. - Вы давно его знаете? - Да, мы встретились очень давно, почти двадцать лет назад.

5. Франк давно не видел своих детей и очень по ним соскучился.

6. - Давно он приехал? - Он не уезжал, все это время он был здесь.

7. Вчера я долго читала новый журнал. Я так давно не читала этот роман, я забыла, о чем он.

8. Молодые люди долго встречались (to date), а затем расстались.

Exercise 14. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct form.

1. I (finish) my course paper. I (finish) it two days ago.

2. - You ever (eat) at Maxim's? - Yes, I (eat) there many times. In fact, my friend and I (eat) there last night.

3. - What European countries you (visit)? - I (visit) Germany, France and Italy. I (be) in Germany and France in 1998, and in Italy in 1999.

4. - He already (talk) to the Dean about the grades? - Yes, he (talk) to him several times and the last time (be) yesterday.

5. Jim already (have) lunch. He (have) it an hour ago.

6. Erica and I just (see) this movie. We (see) it two days ago.

7. Jane already (call) her parents. She (call) them on Saturday evening.

8. I (read, not) this bestseller yet, though I (buy) it a couple of months ago.

9. - Where is Dick? - He just (go) for a walk. Actually he (leave) a minute ago.

10. - I (see, not) you for ages! Where you (be) all this time? - I (come) back from Canada two days ago.

11. - When you last (hear) from him?'- We (hear, not) from him since he (go) to the Far East.

12. Everybody says you (win) a lot of money. When it (happen)?

13. He is staying in bed now. He (break) his leg. Yesterday he (slip) and (fall).

14. - It (rain) here lately? - It (rain) hard last night.

15. The concert (begin). It (begin) ten minutes ago.

Exercise 15. Put the adjectives in brackets into the correct form.

1. Larry is (young) than Stanley.

2. Frank is the (young) boy in the group.

3. Lucy is (aiel) than my sister.

4. Rose's flat is ( nice) than Alice's flat.

5. June is (sunny) than April.

6. George is not so (strong) as Robert.

7. Sally is the (short) girl in her group.

8. This is the (cheap) dress in the shop.

9. Mr White is not as (fat) as Mr Black.

10. This is the (deep) lake in Estonia.

11. London is (big) than Tallinn but New York is the (big).

12. He is the (lazy) person I have ever met.

13. These jackets are (expensive) than those coats.

14. Julia's bag isn't as (heavy) as Sally's but it's (heavy) than Nora's bag.

Exercise 16. Choose the right item.

I walk (quick, quickly).

He always drives too (quick, quickly).

He is a very (careless, carelessly) driver.

Jane plays the violin (beautiful, beautifully).

John is a (hard, hardly) worker.

I can do it (easy, easily).

Takeit (easy, easily).

David is a (good, well) tennis player.

He plays tennis very (good, well).

I agree with you (complete, completely).

The light is very (bright, brightly).

It's a (hard, hardly) job, you must work very (hard, hardly).

I (hard, hardly) know them.

I haven't seen them (late, lately).

Exercise 17. Put the adjectives into the comparative and superlative forms.

1. happy 2. pretty 3. grey 4. shy 5. left 6. dry 7. simple 8. joyful 9. accurate 10. real 11. sweet 12. yellow 13. polite 14. angry 15. well-known 16. pregnant 17. fine-looking 18. kind-hearted 19. oldfashioned 20. light-minded 21. absent-minded 22. broad-minded 23. well-bred 24. middle 25. wooden 26. empty 27. medical

Exercise 18. Put the adjectives into the correct form using as ... as, not as (not so) ... as, more (less) ... than.

1. Towns (noisy) villages.

2. This year things (good) last year.

3. Programmes now (interesting) they used to be.

4. Susan (pretty) a flower in May.

5. English (easy) Japanese.

6. Russian (difficult) Chinese.

7. Japanese (easy) English.

8. Health (important) money.

9. A change (good) a rest.

10. Now the situation (bad) last month.

11. Cigarettes (harmful) cigars.

12. Is London (old) Moscow?

13. My life (interesting) used to be.

14. I shall be happy (long) you stay with me.

15. He(not clever) you think.

16. We have known them (long) you have.

17. The new clerk (competent) the others.

18. This wonderful hotel (expensive) the Ritz.

19. Their new car (economical) the old one.

20. On Sundays my children don't have to get up (early) as usual.

Exercise 19. Translate the sentences into English.

1. Из двух сестер Эмма более хорошенькая, но менее умная.

2. Из четырех братьев Роберт был самым энергичным.

3. Он лучше играет в теннис, чем я (tennis player).

4. Хосе - лучший игрок в этой футбольной команде.

5. Постарайтесь сделать свое сочинение как можно короче, но не забудьте выразить наиболее важные вещи.

6. Bсе больше и больше людей хотят изучать английский язык, и им нужны более хорошие учебники.

7. Дэвид Копперфильд - самый великолепный Фокусник, которого я когда-либо видела.

8. Это был самый плохой день в жизни Чарльза.

9. Какое из этих двух лекарств более эффективно?

10. Моя бабушка выращивает самые красивые цветы на своей даче.

11. Нет ничего лучше, чем чашка горячего, крепкого чая.

12. Сейчас многим людям приходится работать гораздо больше, чем прежде.

13. Чем скорее ты поймешь это, тем лучше.

14. Мой день рождения - самый замечательный день в году.

Exercise 20. Fill in with the correct form of the adjective.

A. Late.

1. This dress is ... fashion.

2. You must get off at ... stop.

3. Why did you come home...than usual last night?

4. I think we shall discuss news a bit ....

5. Victor has two friends: Mike and Henry. .... is an artist, ... is a dentist.

6. Will you repeat ... word, please.

7. What are ... achievements in this science?

8 .... month Ted passed ... exam.

B. Near.

1. This problem brought her ... to me.

2. We walked...to house in silence.

3. What's ... metro station here?

4. ...time you ought to be more careful.

5. Are you getting off at ... stop, madam?

6. Will you read ...lines, Mary?

C. Old.

1. My husband is five years ... than me.

2. Is your mother as ... as mine?

3. Of the six children Tim is...

4. My ... sister studies at college.

5. - Who is...at the office? - Mr. Harte is, though he is the youngest man here.

D. Far.

1. While walking we went as ... as the river.

2 How ... is the station from here?

3 .1 wouldn't trust them very ....

4. Rita lives ... from the office than all the other people.

5. They found the child in ... corner of the park.

6. The inspector went ... into the matter.

7. Molly has never read...than chapter 1.

8. They never got any ....

9. For ...information, see page 49.

10. At the party I was sitting at ... end of the table.

Exercise 21. Translate the sentences into English.

1. - Ваша подруга старше вас? - Да, на два года.

2. Джордж - самый старший из четырех братьев.

3. Мой старший брат - хороший спортсмен.

4. Нам придется ждать дальнейших указаний.

5. Поздно ночью мы прибыли на последнюю станцию.

6. Последние опыты дали интересные результаты.

7. Это был последний раз, когда мы видели его.

8. В прошлый раз мы так хорошо провели время.

Exercise 22.Write sentences about places you know as in the example:

(beautiful) The most beautiful place I know is Venice.

(expensive)

(cheap)

(cold)

(hot)

(ancient)

Exercise 23.Complete the sentences as in the example:

It rained more heavily yesterday than today. (heavily)

Ann talks ....................................................Pam. (loud)

He earns........... money.................... his brother. (much)

She is............. student.................. the class. (hard-working)

This is ....................... film ............................all. (exciting)

She runs............................................................. me. (fast)

This exercise is that one. (difficult)

Onassis was one of ................men...............in the world. (rich)

Exercise 24. Complete the sentences using the correct form of the adjective:

1. Which is (large): the United States or Canada?

2. What is the name of the (big) port in the United States?

3. Moscow is the (large) city in Russia.

4. The London underground is the (old) in the world.

5. There is a (great) number of cars and buses in the streets of Moscow than in any other city of Russia.

6. St. Petersburg is one of the (beautiful) cities in the world.

7. The rivers in America are much (big) than those in England.

8. The land of Great Britain is (small) than Greenland.

9. What is the name of the (high) mountain in Asia?

10. The English Channel is (wide) than the straits of Gibraltar.

11. Russia is a very (large) country.

Exercise 25. Fill in with as ... as or so ... as.

1. Mike is ... tall ... Pete. 2. Kate is not ... nice ... Ann. 3. My room is ... light ... this one. 4. This book is not ... thin ... that one. 5. Sergei is... old ... Michael. 6. She is ... young ... Tom's brother. 7. This woman is ... good ... that one. 8. Nick's English is not ... good ... his friend's. 9.1 am not ... tall ... Pete. 10. This woman is ... young ... that one. 12. I am ... thin ... you. 13. Kate is ... lazy ... her brother. 14. This child is not . . . small . . . that one.

Exercise 26. Translate the sentences into English.

1. Этот дом такой же высокий, как тот. 2. Сегодня вода в реке не такая теплая, как вчера. 3. Ты не такой умный, как папа. 4. Индия не такая большая, как Китай. 5. Темза такая же красивая, как Нева. 6. Его бабушка не такая старая, как дедушка. 7 Яблоки такие же вкусные, как сливы, но не такие вкусные, как груши. 8. Русский музей такой же богатый, как Эрмитаж? 9. Державин не такой знаменитый, как Пушкин. 10. Днепр не такой длинный, как Волга. 11. В прошлом году август был такой же жаркий, как июль.

Exercise 27. Translate the sentences into English.

1. Этот дом выше того. 2. Сегодня вода в реке холоднее, чем вчера. 3. Папа умнее тебя. 4. Китай больше Индии. 5. Его бабушка моложе дедушки. 6. Груши вкуснее яблок. 7. Наша кошка меньше нашей собаки. 8. Мой брат моложе меня. 9. В прошлом году февраль был холоднее января, 10. Днепр короче Волги. 11. Эрмитаж богаче Русского музея.

Exercise 28. Translate the sentences into Russian.

1. What is your height? You are taller than me. 2. She felt as strong as her brother. 3. We started earlier than you. 4. He was more careful than I. 5. This student is the most attentive in our group. 6.I need a warmer coat. 7. He is as tired as you. 8. He was one of the most experienced workers at the factory. 9. Better late than never. 10. She was not so attractive as her mother. 11. His work is not so difficult as mine. 12. He was the eldest in the family. 13. It is easier to swim in the sea than in the river. 14. This is the smallest room in our flat.

Exercise 29. Fill in with as ... as, so ... as or than.

1. Our house is not ... big ... yours. 2. The new cinema in our district is much bigger ... the old one. 3. We are ... proud of our district ... you are of yours. 4. The house I live in is ... old ... the one my sister lives in. 5. Exercise No.2 is easier ... Exercise No.3. 6. Nevsky Prospect is more beautiful ... our street. 7. My composition is not ... long ... yours.

Exercise 30. Complete the sentences using the correct form of the adjective:

1. This man is (tall) than that one.

2. Asia is (large) than Australia.

3. The Volga is (short) than the Mississippi.

4. Which building is the (high) in Moscow?

5. Mary is a (good) student than Lucy.

6, The Alps are (high) than the Urals.

7. This garden is the (beautiful) in our town.

8. She speaks Italian (good) than English.

9. Is the word "newspaper" (long) than the word "book"?

10. The Thames is (short) than the Volga.

11. The Arctic Ocean is (cold) than the Indian Ocean.

Exercise 31. Complete the sentences using the correct form of the adjective:

1. Oil is (light) than water.

2. We shall wait for a (dry) day to go on the excursion.

3. A bus is (fast) than a tram.

4. Take some of these sweets: they are very (nice). They are (nice) than the sweets in that box.

5. He clearly did not like the explanation, and as he listened to it, he became (angry) and (angry).

6. He worked (hard) and (hard) as the end of the term came nearer.

7. The (tall) trees in the world grow in California.

8. Please be (careful) next time and don't spill the milk again.

9. Bobby was a (quiet) child. He was (quiet) than his sister.

10. Her eyes are (grey) than mine.

11. He was the (fat) man in the village.

12. As he went on, the box became (heavy) and (heavy).

Unit 9. Progressive organizations and movements

Exercise 1. Translate into English.

Sphere, celebrate, assistance, citizen, overseas, trade, various, struggle, dependable, tie, situate, field, help, organize, mark, reliable, commerce, foreign, resident, link, united towns, locale, found, main, establish, aim, comprise, promote, major, progress, include, grow, consolidate, appear, contribute, complex, development, increase, protect, strengthen, ensure, twin cities, difficult, purpose, come into being, mankind, back, defend, humanity, fight, support, provide.

Exercise 2.Make up sentences.

1.Progressive, in, many, are, movements, world, the, and, organizations, there.

2.At, directed, their, problems, activities, various, facing, are, mankind, solving, today.

3.Federation, of, one, the, Twin, of, Cities, World, is, them.

4.The, in, being, came, 1942, Federation, into.

5. Peace, to, international, helps, broad, it, promoting, links, maintain, to, progress, and.

Exercise 3. Read and give a summary of the text.

Twin City Movement

The movement came into being at the end of 1942 when the residents and defenders of Stalingrad (nowadays Volgograd) received a telegram from the authorities of the English city Coventry damaged by the German Air Forces. In their telegram the Coventry people expressed their admiration for our soldiers' courage and proposed their friendship.

Nowadays there are more than 1000 twin cities in Europe and Asia, Africa, North and South Americas. In April 1957 the twinned cities' representatives founded the World United Towns Federation and decided to celebrate last Sunday of April as the World Day of Twin Cities.

The Federation calls all nations for peace consolidation, peaceful coexistence and fraternal mutual assistance. It contributes to expanding exchanges in cultural, educational, informational and economic spheres as well as in trade, sports, tourism and many other fields.

The World United Towns Federation also acts as a sponsor of different international congresses and conferences of twinned cities and organizes youth rallies. The Federation activities are directed by its Executive Council located in Paris, France

All twinned cities maintain broad international links that promote fruitful cooperation, mutual assistance and friendly relations between various nations, their better understanding, thus serving the cause of peace and progress on the Earth.

Russia is the member of the World United Towns Federation too. At present over 200 cities of the Russian Federation have twin cities in different parts of the Globe and cooperate with them in various fields. The united cities' representatives like visiting our country. They show great interest in our fruitful cooperation, appreciating our people as loyal friends and reliable partners.

Exercise 4.Find in the text the sentences:

1.содержащие информацию об истории создания Всемирной Федерации городов-побратимов;

2.свидетельствующие о ее значении в мире сегодня;

3.освещающие основные сферы деятельности этой организации.

Exercise 5. Find in the texts English equivalents for these words and word combinations:

1) Основать Всемирную федерацию городов-побратимов; 2) быть спонсором многих международных конференций и молодежных съездов; 3) предлагать дружбу; 4) братская взаимопомощь; 5) иметь прочные связи со многими странами; 6) поддерживать дружеские и дипломатические отношения; 7) отмечать Всемирный день городов-побратимов; 8) призывать к мирному сосуществованию; 9) сфера народного образования; 10) представители и жители породненных городов; 11) надежные партнеры; 12) служить делу мира, прогресса; 13) способствовать взаимопониманию; 14) расширять культурные и экономические связи; 15) ценить верных друзей; 16) плодотворное международное сотрудничество.

Exercise 6.Finish the following:

1.There are many ... in the world today.

2.Their activities arc directed at ... complex and important problems that mankind now.

3.Among the most known progressive ... of the world there arc such ones as ... and others.

4.The Twin City Movement ... in 1942.

5.Nowadays this comprises more than 1000 ... in various parts of ...

6.Peace ... and mutual ... arc the ... of the World United Towns Federation activities.

7.The all-round international ... serves the cause of ... and ... on the Earth.

Exercise 7.Answer the questions:

1. When was the World United Towns Federation founded?

2. How many cities does it unite at present?

3. Is this world known organization a progressive one? Why?

4. What spheres arc the Federation activities concentrated on?

5. When is the World Day of Twinned Cities celebrated?

6. Is the Russian Federation also a member of this organization?

7. How many cities of our country have united cities abroad?

8. Do you know any of them?

9. Can you name the twin cities of your town?

10. Have you ever been in any of them?

11. What is the attitude of the twin cities' residents to our people?

12. What is your opinion: are various ties between the united cities useful for their citizens or not?

13. Can you prove it?

Exercise 8. Make up sentences:

1.Mankind, an, role, various, the, important, of, plays, UN, of, affairs, the, in.

2.Being, it, into, 1945, came, in.

3.The, comprises, today, countries, UN, 200, over.

4.Aim, to, international, main, is, security, maintain, and, its, to, peace.

5.To, among, the, cooperation, UN, friendly, and, mission, relations, is, nations, develop.

6.Represented, the, all, General, states, in, arc, member, Assembly.

Exercise 9. Read and give a summary of the text

The United Nations Organization

The United Nations Organization (the UN -- for short) plays a very important role in different affairs of mankind, almost in every field of the human activities.

The UN came into being in October, 24, 1945, as a result of the historic victory of the Anti -- Hitler Coalition in World War II, when its Charter had been ratified by France, the USSR, Great Britain, the USA, China and some other states.

Since 1945 the UN membership has increased from 51 to more than 200 states. Every member state has only one vote.

The main aim of the UN is to maintain international peace and security, to develop friendly relations and cooperation among the Globe nations in various spheres. One of the major principles of the UN is the conviction, that economic development for all peoples of the world is the surest way to achieve political, economic and social security.

The United Nations Organization was founded on the following basic principles:

1)All the member-states are sovereign and equal.

2)They are to settle all international disputes by peaceful means.

3)They are to render the UN every assistance in accordance with the United Nations' Charter.

There are 6 main organs in the UN: the General Assembly, the Security Council, the Economic and Social Council, the Trusteeship Council, the International Court of Justice and the Secretariat.

The General Assembly is the organ wherein all member-states are represented. It also elects the members of the Security, Economic, Social and Trusteeship Councils. The General Assembly and the Security Council elect the judges to the International Court of Justice and appoint the UN General Secretary.

The members of the General Assembly talk to each other in many languages, but officially there are only six main languages: Chinese, English, Russian, Spanish, Arabian and French.

The UN Headquarters are situated in New York, Manhattan, the USA. There is an allegoric statue by Evgeny Vuchetich, an outstanding Russian sculptor, in front of the UN building. The statue, named "We'll beat our swords into the plough shares" ("Перекуем мечи на орала" -- words from the Bible), is the symbol of the UN's call for universal peace and cooperation among the Globe nations.

The International Court of Justice has its seat at the Hague, Netherlands.

The UN regular sessions are held annually, beginning with the fall. As a rule, a limited number of individual visitors is admitted to the meetings at the UN Headquarters.

From the very beginning the United Nations Organization has been working at the global and national levels. The UN influence and importance are steadily growing. It is engaged everywhere, helping various nations to escape from poverty and hunger. The United Nations Organization also promotes the children survival and the environment improvement, as well as all women's progress, protecting human rights and democracy.

At present the United Nations Organization continues to be a single international institution doing its best to ensure that economic expansion and globalization are guided by the policies that are aimed at providing welfare and sustainable development for all the Globe nations.

Exercise 10. Find in the texts English equivalents for these words and word combinations:

1) Организация Объединенных Наций; 2) ратифицировать устав ООН; 3) различные сферы человеческой деятельности; 4) основной принцип, убеждение; 5) играть важную роль; 6) решать различные споры мирными средствами; 7) главная цель; 8) вернейший путь к достижению политической безопасности; 9) оказывать всяческую помощь; 10) сохранить мир; 11) суверенные/равноправные страны; 12) экономическое развитие; 13) избирать судей в Международный суд; 14) в соответствии с уставом; 15) способствовать установлению дружественных отношений; 16) международное сотрудничество;17)Генеральный секретарь ООН, Генеральная Ассамблея;18)помочь избежать бедности и голода; 19) Совет безопасности; 20) проводить регулярные сессии; 21) попечительский совет; 22) экономическая экспансия; 23) стабильное развитие; 24) способствовать демократии и соблюдению прав человека; 25) работать на различных уровнях; 26) защита окружающей среды; 27) допускать ограниченное число посетителей; 28) руководствоваться политикой, направленной на обеспечение благосостояния народа; 29) сохранить жизнь детей; 30) растущее влияние и значение ООН.

Exercise 11. Answer the questions:

1.What is the full name of the UN?

2.When was this organization founded?

3.Who ratified the UN Charter?

4.What principles was the UN established on?

5.What organs does it consist of?

6.What organ are all the member-states represented in?

7.Who appoints the General Secretary of the UN and elects the judges to the International Court of Justice?

8.Do you know the UN General Secretary's name?

9.What arc the UN official languages and why?

10. How many member -- states does the UN comprise today?

11. Where are the UN Headquarters and the International Court of Justice situated?

12. Speak about the UN influence and importance.

Exercise 12 Read and translate:

Do you know?

1."Living planet" is an international ecological movement. Its mission is to contribute to the solution of the global ecological problems by means of developing international and interregional cooperation at various levels: governments and parliaments, business and scientific organizations, different regions and citizens. The main principles of this movement are equality of all the participants' rights, voluntariness, glasnost and legality.

2."Rainbow Keepers " is a half-official radical ecological movement of' Russia. Its participants are young, but all of them arc people of action. They organize long time protest camps against various dangerous projects, both in our country and in East Europe.

3.The organization "Soldiers' Mothers" was founded in 1991. It provides practical assistance to the conscripts and their families.

The organization also helps people through the process of appealing for exemption from or deferment of military service for reasons of health, extreme family hardships or conscientious objection. It helps to provide medical and legal consultations as well as moral support and education on legal rights and how to exercise them.

4. "The Kedr"(Cedar) is the ecological party founded in 1994 on the basis of the Kedr constructive ecological movement set up in 1993. It claims today to be the party of the future. The party is oriented towards the young people between 18--30 years of age. Its strategic goal is to create conditions for the nation's healthy, safe and full life, for spiritual and cultural education and development of our people. It does its best to elaborate a set of the state and public measures to protect Russia and the people living on its large territory.

Grammar exercises Exercise 1. Сomplete the sentences with one of these adverbs:

angrily, badly, dangerously, fast, heavily, quietly

1 It's raining....

2 He sings very…

3 They came in ….

4 She shouted at me ….

S She can run very ….

6 He was driving ....

Exercise 2.Choose a verb (A) + an adverb (B) to complete the sentences.

A) come , know, sleep, win, explain, listen, think, work.

B) carefully, clearly, easily, hard, quickly, well, well

1 I'm going to tell you something very important, so …!

2 Ann! I need your help…!

3 They … .At the end of the day they're always tired.

4 I'm tired this morning. I didn't …last night.

5. You're a much better tennis player than me. When we play, you always..

6 ………..before you answer the question.

7 I've met Alice a few times but I don't …….her very ………...

8 Our teacher isn't very good. Sometimes he doesn't …things very… .

Exercise 3.Which is right?

1. Don't eat so quick/quickly. It's not good for you.

2. Why are you angry/angrily? I haven't done anything.

3. Can you speak slow/slowly, please?

4. Come on, Dave! Why are you always so slow/slowly?

5. Bill is a very careful/carefully driver.

6. Jane is studying hard/hardly for her examinations.

7. 'Where's Diane?' 'She was here but she left sudden/suddenly.'

8. Please be quiet/quietly. I'm studying.

9. Some companies pay their workers very bad/badly.

Exercise 4.Put in good or well.

1. Your English is very … . You speak English very … .

2. Jackie did very …in her exams.

3. The party was very … .I enjoyed it very much.

4. Martin has a difficult job but he does it … .

5. How are your parents? Are they …?

6. Did you have a …holiday? Was the weather …?

Exercise 5. Write what the underlined word is; adjective or adverb.

Fast runners win races.

2. Mathematics is difficult.

She's a good pianist.

She behaved rudely to her boss.

You've done well in your test.

The clowns are very funny.

She's a pretty girl.

He runs fast.

Ann is very sad.

She plays the piano beautifully.

Father is very busy in his office.

The doctor arrived immediately.

Exercise 6.Underline the correct item.

He left the room quiet / quietly.

Jane works hard / hardly.

He's a very nice / nicely man.

The sun is shining bright / brightly.

Smoking is bad / badly for your health.

She behaves very good / well.

He always dresses smart / smartly.

He shouted angry / angrily at me.

This chair is comfortable / comfortably.

He smiled sad / sadly.

You drive very slow / slowly.

Exercise 7. Fill in the blanks with the correct comparative and superlative forms.

cheaply more cheaply most cheaply 5. late

fast6. loudly

quickly7. hard

early8. politely

Exercise 8. Complete these sentences. Use can or can't + one of these verbs:

come find hear see speak

1. I'm sorry but we …. to your party next Saturday.

2. I like this hotel room. You ...the mountains from the window.

3. You are speaking very quietly. I … you.

4. Have you seen my bag? I …it.

5. Catherine got the job because she …five languages.

Exercise 9. Complete these sentences. Use can't or couldn't + one of these verbs:

eat decide find go go sleep

1. I was tired but I…I wasn't hungry yesterday. I … my dinner.

2. Ann doesn't know what to do. She …

3. I wanted to speak to Martin yesterday but I …him.

4. Jim…to the concert next Saturday. He has to work.

5. Paula …to the meeting last week. She was ill.

Exercise 10. Complete the sentences. Use must + one of these verbs:

be, go, go, learn, meet, wash, win

1. We… to the bank today. We haven't got any money.

2. Marilyn is a very interesting person. You … her.

3. My hands are dirty. I … them.

...