Основы иностранного языка (английского)

4. You …to drive. It will be very useful.

5. I…to the post office. I need some stamps.

6. The game tomorrow is very important for us. We ….

7. You can't always have things immediately. You … patient.

Exercise 11. Put in I must or I had to.

1.I… go to the bank yesterday to get some money.

2. It's late. I…go now.

3. I don't usually work on Saturdays but last Saturday… work.

4. I...get up early tomorrow. I've got a lot to do.

5. I went to London by train last week. The train was full and I…stand all the way.

6. I was nearly late for my appointment this morning. I…run to get there on time.

7. I forgot to phone David yesterday. I… phone him later today.

Exercise 12. Complete the sentences. Use mustn't or needn't + one of these verbs: clean, forget, hurry, lose, wait, write

1. The windows aren't very dirty. You …them.

2. We have a lot of time. We ….

3. Keep these documents in a safe place. You …them.

4. I'm not ready yet but you …for me. You can go now and I'll come later.

5. We …to turn off the lights before we leave.

6. I…the letter now. I can do it tomorrow.

Exercise 13. Find the sentences with the same meaning.

1. We can leave the meeting early.

2. We must leave the meeting early.

3. We mustn't leave the meeting early.

4. We needn't leave the meeting early.

5. We had to leave the meeting early.

A. We must stay until the end.

B. We couldn't stay until the end.

C. We can't stay until the end.

D. We needn't stay until the end.

E. We can stay until the end.

Exercise 14. Put in must / had to / mustn't / needn't.

1. You … go. You can stay here if you want.

2. It's a fantastic film. You… see it.

3. We've got enough food, so we …go shopping.

4. We didn't have any food yesterday, so we …go shopping.

5. I want to know what happened. You …tell me.

6. You …tell Sue what happened. I don't want her to know.

7. I…hurry or I'll be late.

8. 'Why were you so late?' 'I …wait half an hour for a bus.'

Exercise 15.Complete the sentences. Use you should + one of these verbs: clean, go, take, visit, watch, wear 1. When you play tennis,… the ball.

2. It's late and you're very tired. …to bed.

3.…your teeth twice a day.

4. If you have time, …the Science Museum. It's very interesting.

5. When you're driving, …a seat belt.

6. It's too far to walk from here to the station. …a taxi.

Exercise 16. You ask a friend for advice. Write questions with “Do you think I should ... ?”

1. You are in a shop. You are trying on a jacket. (buy?)

You ask your friend: Do you think I should…

2. You can't drive. (learn?)

You ask your friend: Do you think …

3. You don't like your job. (get another job?)

You ask your friend: …

4. You are going to have a party. (invite Gary?)

You ask your friend: …

Exercise 17. Write sentences with I think ... should ... or I don't think ... should ....

1. It's late. (go home now).

2. That coat is too big for you. (buy)

3. You don't need your car. (sell it).

4. Diane needs a rest. (have a holiday).

5. Sally and Colin are too young. (get married)

6. You're not well this morning. (go to work).

7. James isn't well today. (go to the doctor).

8. The hotel is too expensive for us. (stay there).

Exercise 18. What do you think? Write sentences with should.

1. I think … .

2. I think everybody … .

3. I think … .

4. I don't think … .

5. I think I should. … .

Exercise 19. Complete the sentences. Use have to or has to + one of these verbs:

do, read, speak, travel, wear'

1. My eyes are not very good. I …glasses.

2. At the end of the course all the students …a test.

3. Mary is studying literature. She…a lot of books.

4. Albert doesn't understand much English. You…very slowly to him.

5. Kate is not often at home. She …a lot in her job.

Exercise 20. Complete the sentences. Use have to or had to + one of these verbs:

answer, buy, change, go, walk

1. We…home last night. There were no buses.

2. It's late. I …now. I'll see you tomorrow.

3. I went to the supermarket after work yesterday. I …some food.

4. This train doesn't go all the way to London. You …at Bristol.

5. We did an exam yesterday. We …six questions out of ten.

Exercise 21. Complete the questions. Some are present and some are past.

1. I have to get up early tomorrow.

2. George had to wait a long time.

3. Liz has to go somewhere.

4. We had to pay a lot of money.

5. I have to' do some work.

A. What time ….?

B. How long …?

C. Where… ?

D. How much …?

F. What exactly…?

Exercise 22. Write sentences with don't/doesn't/didn't have to ....

1. Why are you going out? You….

2. Why is Ann waiting? She ….

3. Why did you get up early? You ….

4. Why is Paul working so hard? He ….

5. Why do you want to leave now? We ….

Exercise 23. Which is correct? Sometimes must and have to are both correct.

1. It's a great film. You must see / have to see it.

2. In many countries, men must do / have to do military service.

3. You can't park your car here for nothing. You must pay / have to pay.

4. I didn't have any money with me last night, so I must borrow / had to borrow some.

5. I eat too much chocolate. I really must stop / have to stop.

6. Why is Paula going now?' 'She must meet / has to meet somebody.

7 What's wrong? You must tell / have to tell me. I want to help you.

Exercise 24. Write some things that you (or your friends or family) have to do or had to do.

1. (every day) … .

2. (every day) … .

3. (tomorrow) … .

4. (yesterday)… .

Exercise 25. Write sentences with might.

1. (it's possible that I'll go to the cinema)

2. (it's possible that I'll see you tomorrow)

3. (it's possible that Ann will forget to phone)

4. (it's possible that it will snow today)

5. . (it's possible that I'll be late tonight)

Write sentences with might not.

6. (it's possible that Mary will not be here) .

7. (it's possible that I won't have time to meet you)

Exercise 26. Somebody is asking you about your plans. You have some ideas but you are not sure. Choose from the list and write sentences with I might.

fish, go away, Italy, Monday, new car, taxi

1.Where are you going for your holidays?

2.What are you doing at the weekend?

3.When will you see Ann again?

4.What are you going to have for dinner?

5. How are you going to get home tonight?

6. I hear you won some money. What are you going to do with it?

I'm not sure ... .

I don't know. I … .

I'm not sure... .

I don't know… .

I'm not sure… .

I haven't decided yet…. .

Unit 10. The Greens

Exercise1.Read and give a summary of the text.

Nowadays there are various progressive movements and organizations in the world. They are working for peace consolidation, the environment protection and in many other spheres connected with the security of mankind and further progress on the Earth. The Greens are among the most known ones.

This movement as an ecological force is relatively young. It came into being in Britain in the 1960-s. Other Greens' organizations and parties of Europe were created a decade later. They emerged in 1973.

The Greens choose a sunflower, a symbol of nature, as their emblem, because the sun, the greens and grains are 3 main sources of life.

The Greens come out with the demands of more active protection of the Environment. They organize peaceful strikes and demonstrations, appeal to their countries' Parliaments and take other similar actions.

Their aim is to influence and force the Governments of their own and other countries to issue a lawful ban on the monopolies poisoning the Environment with their uncontrolled industrial activities and wastes.

Today the Greens in all European countries feel deep responsibility for the destinies of mankind. That's why they also demand a total ban on the biological and chemical weapons, substantial cuts in the strategic nuclear arsenals and total disarmament.

As the Greens developed in various countries of Europe, their interest to cooperate with each other increased. Thus, the first European organization was founded in 1984 when the Greens of the UK, Benelux, France, Germany, Sweden and Switzerland met in Belgium and formed the European Coordination of the Greens parties.

With the years their membership grew, new initiatives and new ideas emerged. That's why in 1993 it was decided to transform the Coordination into the European Federation of the Greens' parties. At present there are over 30 Greens parties in various countries.

The Federation mission is to develop socially just and sustainable Europe. The European Greens aim. at the ecological development. According to their point of view the economy must adapt to what the natural environment can tolerate. The Greens arc sure that the ecological development should be based on democracy, transparency, gender equality, the right of all people to express themselves and participate in the decision making.

Exercise 2. Find in the texts English equivalents for these words and word combinations:

1) Прогрессивные организации и движения мира; 2) укрепление мира и безопасности; 3) защита окружающей среды; 4) выступать с требованиями; 5) сотрудничать в различных областях; 6) социально справедливый; 7) издать законный запрет; 8) мирные забастовки и демонстрации; 9) воззвания к парламентам всех стран; 10) оказать влияние; 11) отравлять окружающую среду; 12) требовать запрета химического и бактериологического оружия; 13) промышленные отходы; 14) участвовать в принятии решений; 15) бесконтрольная деятельность; 16) стабильная Европа; 17) сотрудничать с разными экологическими движениями и партиями; 18) создать Европейскую федерацию партий зеленых; 19) судьбы человечества; 20) право на самовыражение; 21) полное разоружение; 22) чувствовать глубокую ответственность; 23) быть основанным на демократии и равенстве; 24) вызывать интерес; 25) предпринимать аналогичные действия; 26) прозрачная политика; 27) точка зрения.

Exercise 3. Agree or disagree with the following statements; add some more information:

1.There are many various movements and organizations in the world today.

2.Most of them are working in the field of new computer technologies.

3.The Greens are among the world's most known progressive organizations.

4.This organization emerged in the USA last century.

5.The Greens' emblem is the sun because it is the main source of life.

6.To obtain their goals the Greens use different military actions.

7.They come out with the demands of more active protection of the environment and peace consolidation.

8.They want to develop sustainable and just Europe.

9.That's why they combat against basic human rights and democracy.

10. All people of our planet have the right to express themselves and participate in decision making.

Exercise 4. Read and give a summary of the text.

Greenpeace

The organization has been campaigning against the environment degradation since 1971. It was then when a small boat full of volunteers (the founders of the Greenpeace) and journalists sailed from Vancouver, Canada, to a small island, north of Alaska, where the USA Government was conducting the underground nuclear tests. They wanted to save the sea otters, eagles and other wildlife.

Today the Greenpeace is a well-known international organization that prioritizes the Globe's most important environmental campaigns:

-- Stop climate change!

--Protect ancient forests!

--Save the oceans!

--Stop whaling!

--Say no to genetic engineering!

--Stop nuclear tests!

--Eliminate toxic chemicals!

--Encourage sustainable trade!

Based in Amsterdam, the Netherlands, the Greenpeace has about 3 million supporters worldwide, as well as their national and regional offices in more than 40 countries of Europe, Asia, both Americas and the Pacific. This organization exists because our fragile Earth needs help not to perish.

As a global organization, the Greenpeace focuses on the worldwide threats to our planet's biodiversity and the environment. Its activists use research, lobbying and diplomacy to pursue their goals, as well as non-violent conflicts to raise the level and quality of the public debates.

Both they and their supporters in various countries of the Globe strongly believe that their struggle to preserve the future of our planet is not only their own concern, it is about all people of the Earth.

That's why they say in a loud voice: "When the last tree is cut, the last river is poisoned and the last fish is dead, we shall discover that we can't eat money! So, Act now!"

Exercise 5. Find in the texts English equivalents for these words and word combinations:

1) основатели Гринпис; 2) проводить кампании по спасению лесов, океанов, морей; 3) спасти живую природу; 4) проводить подземные ядерные испытания; 5) преследовать свои цели; 6) добровольцы и сторонники; 7) повысить уровень и качество публичных дискуссий; 8) сохранить будущее нашей планеты; 9) забота всех людей земли; 10) остановить изменение климата; 11) отравлять реки; 12) сказать нет генной инженерии; 13) региональные офисы по всему миру; 14) угроза биологическому разнообразию; 15) для защиты окружающей среды; 16) хрупкая планета; 17) организация глобального значения.

Exercise 6. Put in a logical order:

The Earth is our common home in the Universe.

According to the decision of the XXVII session of the UN General Assembly June, 5, is celebrated as the World Environment Day.

But interacting with Nature people changed and polluted it.

Efforts of one country are no longer sufficient to solve the problem.

March, 22, the vernal equinox day, is announced by the UNESCO as the Earth Day.

Mankind derives from Nature almost everything: food, building materials, energy, etc.

Solid wastes, radioactive substances, water contamination and forests shrinking cause great damage to the Environment.

Only international cooperation in scientific research and other coordinate protective measures can do it.

We, people of the Earth, must preserve our Nature both for ourselves and the generations to come.

The problem of protecting and improving the Environment has assumed a global character.

Exercise 7. Translate into English and make up a dialogue.

1.Какие прогрессивные движения и организации вы знаете?

2.Что общего у этих организаций?

3.Чем они отличаются?

4.Когда были созданы первые партии зеленых в Европе?

5.Сколько таких партий в странах Европы сейчас?

6.Каковы их основные цели и задачи?

7.А что можно сказать о Гринпис?

8.Назовите главные задачи этого движения.

9.Есть ли последователи и сторонники у него сегодня?

10.Какими способами добиваются своих целей обе эти организации?

11.Насколько эти способы эффективны?

12.А что можно сказать о влиянии таких движений и организаций в мире и настоящее время?

Grammar exercises Exercise 1. Match numbers with letters.

1. You usually start your work at nine o'clock,

2. Tamara can't speak any foreign language,

3. He hasn't got a pet,

4. You can always trust me,

5. They never argue with me,

6. Helen didn't come to the party,

7. We are going to see the ocean tomorrow,

8. You haven't been to the Bolshoi before,

9.He isn't lazy,

10. Pamela won't date Jack,

11. I am lucky,

12. Pay attention,

13. Don't be late,

14. Nobody called for me,

15. Everyone was very happy,

16. Nothing could be better,

17. Let's start,

a. can she?

b. do they?

c. has he?

d. don't you?

e. aren't I?

f. will you?

g. did they?

h. weren't they?

i. shall we?

j. will (would) you?

k. could it?

l. will she?

m. aren't we?

n. can't you?

o. did she? . .

p. is he?

q. have you?

Exercise 2. Complete the sentences.

1. There are no stars in the sky, ... ?

2. Ted didn't come to class yesterday, ... ?

3. Our teacher gave us much homework to do, ... ?

4. You didn't have to lie to her, ... ?

5. It snows a lot in Siberia, ... ?

6. It never rains in the Gobi, …?

7. Those are your gloves, …?

8. I am a fool, …?

9. We haven't met before, …?

10. He has never been to Jamaica, … ?

11. The Browns will never sell their house, ... ?

Exercise 3. Complete the sentences.

1. He can cook well, ... ?

2. You can't buy happiness, ... ?

3. Rob must keep his word, ... ?

4. You mustn't smoke here, …?

5. Let's start working, ... ?

6. Let's not argue, …?

7. Make him take his words back, … ?

8. Don't shout at me, ... ?

9. Nothing ever happens to me, ... ?

10. Everything depends on the situation … ?

11. Everyone will be present at the conference, ... ?

12. Nobody has ever thought about it, ... ?

13. Something should be done to help them, ... ?

14. I used to live in the street, ... ?

15. He never used to drink coffee, ... ?

16. We need a new washing*. machine, … ?

17. You needn't worry about it, ... ?

18. Everyone is informed about it, ... ?

19. Nobody phoned me today, ... ?

20. No one agrees with him, ... ?

Exercise 4. Translate the following sentences.

1. - Кто он такой? - Это Денис, мой друг.

2. -Чем он занимается? - Он врач.

3. Где ваш сын проводит вечера?

4. - Это ваша собака? - Нет. - А чья она? - Никто не знает.

5. Кто из вас говорит по-испански?

6. Во сколько вы заканчиваете работу? Вы никогда не приходите домой рано, не так ли?

7. В этом году немного фруктов, не так ли?

Exercise 5. Comment on the use of Future Perfect

1. We shall have left by the time you arrive.

2. They will have repaired your car by then.

3. The decorator will have painted the room by Tuesday.

4. I'll already have done the work by the time you come back.

5. I still won't have finished reading the book by four o'clock.

6. He will have left by now.

7. Will you have written the essay by tomorrow?

8. We shall have arranged everything by that time.

Exercise 6. Translate the following sentences.

1. Завтра к двум часам мы уже сдадим все экзамены.

2. К тому времени, как вы вернетесь, я уже уеду.

3. Если вы позвоните в восемь часов, то они еще не приедут.

4. Они надеются, что отремонтируют квартиру к осени.

5. Мы напишем статью к утру, но мы не закончим иллюстрации.

6. Я закончу школу к лету.

7. Надеюсь, что я найду работу к концу года.

8. Мы уверены, что узнаем новости к вечеру.

9. Если вы придете до девяти часов утра, то они еще не уйдут.

10. Она уже накроет на стол до того, как придут гости.

Exercise 7. Comment on the use of Past Perfect.

1. The builders had finished the work by the end of the day.

2. The train had left by the time we reached the station.

3. She had typed the text and was looking through the files.

4. When the postman came, I hadn't finished breakfast yet.

5. Mother had cooked supper and was watching television.

6. The policeman asked me if I had seen the accident.

7. The rain .had stopped and the sun was shining.

8. He explained that e couldn't pay as he had spent all his money.

9. Hardly had the man got out of his car, when he was arrested.

10. The teacher asked if we had understood everything.

11. My father had had dinner and was looking through the papers.

12. We learned that Nick had been ill since he returned from a business trip.

13. They were good friends. They had known each other for a long time.

14. The work was much more difficult than we had expected.

15. They left after we had discussed the programme.

Exercise 8. Complete the following sentences.

1. The plane not (land) yet, but a lot of people (wait) in the terminal.

2. When I (wake up) in the morning, the rain (stop) already, and the birds (sing).

3. My neighbor (be) back some two months before I (see) him.

4. We (walk) in silence. We already (exchange) the news and now (think) about it.

5. Hardly he (open) the file, when he (find) the information which he needed.

6. Rick (be in love) with Lora for a long time before he (propose) to her.

7. The old man used to tell his grandchildren about the war in which he ( take part).

8. The book turned out to be much more interesting than I (expect).

9. They (arrange) everything by evening, and (wait) for the guests.

10. Tanya (train) hard before she (become) a professional dancer.

11. We wondered if they (get) our message.

12. The young man thanked his parents for all they (do) for him.

13. When I first (see) her, I (think) she (be) the most intelligent woman I ever (meet).

14. Even though the house (be) empty for two years, it (be) in good condition.

15. The patient thanked the doctor for all the attention he (give) him for the past six months.

16. Ted said that his father's opinion always (be) important for him.

17. He was happy. His dream(come) true.

18. The room looked beautiful, as she (change) the furniture and the curtains.

Exercise 9. Change the sentences as in the example.

Example: Helen finished the work. Then she went out. - Helen went out after she had finished her work.

1. Mother did all the homework. Then she sat down.

2. The bell rang. Then the pupils entered the classroom.

3. Sally spent all the money in her purse. Then she left the shop.

4. The clock struck nine. Then Jack woke up.

5. Andrew saved some money. Then he got married.

6. He lost all his money. Then he stopped playing cards.

7. I asked him three times for the money. Then he paid me.

8. He read the newspaper from beginning to end. Then he went to bed.

9. The sun set. The farmers stopped working.

10. We answered all the questions. Then we left the examination room.

11. Little Mary said "Please". Then I gave her a bar of chocolate.

Exercise 10. Translate the following sentences.

1. Они обсуждали новости, которые только что получили.

2. Она приготовила все к пяти часам и ждала гостей.

3. Едва я дошел до угла, как услышал чьи-то шаги сзади.

4. Секретарь сообщил, что отправил факс в Нью-Йорк.

5. Я еще не заснула, когда услышала стук в дверь.

6. Он сожалел, что отказался от приглашения.

7. Когда мы пришли в театр, спектакль уже начался.

8. Я думала о том, что он мне рассказал.

9. Мальчики перестали играть в футбол и медленно шли домой.

10. Женщина объяснила, что сама вырастила эти чудесные цветы.

11. Мы были удивлены, когда узнали, что он прошел интервью и получил работу.

12. Едва мы сдали работы (to hand in), как зазвонил телефон.

13. Когда они ушли, мы вспомнили, что не показали им фотографии.

14. Он .сказал, что только что вернулся из Китая.

15. Я очень удивилась, когда узнала, что он написал этот бестселлер.

16. Он болел уже неделю, когда родственники послали за врачом.

17. Едва мы пообедали, как пришли гости.

18. Дети потеряли собачку и искали ее в саду.

Exercise 11. Complete the following sentences.

1. - You (get) to class on time yesterday morning? - No. By the time I (get) there, it (begin) already.

2. -You (see) Jack yesterday? - Yes, it (be) good to see him again. I not (see) him for a long time.

3. - You (enjoy) the concert on Saturday night? - Very much. I not (go) to a concert" in a long time.

4. When Paul walked into the kitchen after dinner last night, his wife (wash) the dishes, so he took a towel to help her.

5. By the time Nelly walked into the kitchen after dinner, her husband (wash) already the dishes and (put) them away.

6. - By the time I (get) home, my sister (make) already dinner for us. - What you (do) after dinner? - We wanted to go to a movie Galaxy Invaders, but my mother (see) it, so we (go) to Ghost Ship instead. It (be) pretty good.

Exercise 12. Complete the following sentences.

A Modern Picture

A rich American (go)1to Paris and (buy)2 there a very strange picture which was painted. by a fashionable modern artist. The American (think)3 that the picture was fine because he (pay)4 a lot of money for it. When he (come)5 back to his hotel, he (try)6 to hang it, but he(can't not) 7 (say)8 which the top or which the bottom of the picture (be)9. So he thought of a plan. He (hang)10the painting in the dining-room and invited the artist to dinner. When the artist came, they (sit)11 down to dinner. While they (eat)12, the artist looked at the picture several times but (say)13 nothing. It seemed that he never (see)14 it before. The American thought: "If he not (recognize)15 his work, I (ask)16 him about it myself. I (make)17 him (speak)18!" But at that very moment the artist (rise)19 from his chair and came up to the painting. "Why, my friend," he said, "What you (do)20 with my picture? You (put)21 it upside down!" The American smiled. "Why you not (tell)22 me about it at once? I was sure I (do)23 it properly." "Well, you see, I wasn't sure myself at first," answered the artist, "but now, I must say that we both (make)24 a mistake."

Exercise 13. Translate the following sentences.

1. Она была счастлива, что тяжелые времена прошли.

2. Когда мы вернулись, все хотели знать, где мы были.

3. Я надеялась, что он сделал правильный выбор.

4. Мы были коллегами. Мы проработали вместе десять лет.

5.Я была уверена, что никогда раньше не слышала этого выражения.

6. Судья объявил, что он изменил ,свое мнение об этом деле.

7. Они поняли, что жизнь* очень изменилась.

8. Оказалось, что эта женщина уже тринадцать лет была нашей соседкой.

9. Он пришел к нам за помощью, потому что всегда нам верил.

10. Адвокат был доволен - он получил хорошие новости.

11. Он был благодарен своим родителям. Они так много сделали для него.

12. Мартин ничего не ответил. Жизнь научила его быть осторожным.

13. Марина выглядела необычно - она изменила прическу (hairstyle).

14. Когда мы встретились, то мой одноклассник сказал, что я очень изменилась.

Unit 11

Exercise 1. a) Read the text and try to focus on its essential facts. Choose the most suitable heading below for each paragraph:

1) The National Symbols 2) The Territory of the Russian Federation 3) The Climate 4) The Natural Resources 5) The Population 6) The Head of the State 7) The Surface of the Country

b) Make a prйcis of the text, using the following phrases:

1. The title of the text is... 2. The text is about... The text deals with... 3. The text covers such points as... 4. It should be underlined that... 5. In conclusion, I may say that... 6. To my mind... In my opinion...

THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION

The Russian Federation (Russia) is the world's largest country in area. It extends from the Arctic Ocean to the Black Sea, and from the Baltic Sea to the Pacific Ocean. It is located in Europe and Asia. Its total area is over 17 million square kilometers. Russia borders many countries, such as Finland, the Ukraine, the Baltic States, China, Mongolia, and others.

The surface of Russia is various. You can see lowlands and highlands, forests and wide grasslands on its territory. The Russian Federation is situated on two plains. The longest mountain chains are the Urals, which separate Europe and Asia, the Caucasus, the Altai. There are many rivers and lakes in our country. Major rivers include the Volga in Europe, the Yenisei, the Ob, the Lena in Asia. Lake Baikal in Siberia is the world's deepest lake.

There are different climatic zones on the vast area of our country. In the north, it is very cold, even in summer. The central part of the country has a mild climate. In the south, it is warm, even in winter. The climate of Siberia is continental: summers are hot and dry and winters are very cold.

Russia has abundant natural resources, which, besides large areas of forests, vast fertile soils, and a great water supply, include large deposits of gas, coal, iron ore, etc. Three quarters of the minerals wealth are concentrated in Siberia and the Far East.

The population of Russia is over 150 million people. Most of Russia's people (over 80 per cent) are ethnic Russians, but more than 100 minority nationalities also live in our country. The European part of the country is densely populated. Most of the people (about 70 per cent) prefer to live in cities, towns, and their outskirts. The official language of the country is Russian.

The head of the state is the President, who is the commander-in-chief of the armed forces. The President appoints the ministers, but they must be approved by the Federal Assembly. The head of the government is the Prime Minister.

The Russian flag was adopted in 1991. It has three horizontal stripes which symbolize: white -- the earth, blue -- the sky, red -- the freedom. Besides the Russian flag, there is another national symbol of Russia -- a two-headed eagle.

Exercise 2. Read and give a summary of the text.

MOSCOW

Moscow is the capital of Russia, our Motherland. It was founded in 1147 as a fortress on the Moskva river. The city was ruined during the Tartar invasion in the 13th century. The city was gradually restored and became stronger. The Napoleon army in 1812 destroyed Moscow by fire, but Moscow was soon rebuilt and developed again. Moscow is more than 850 years old. Much water has flowed under its bridges, and many historic events have left their traces on the city's face.

Modern Moscow is one of the biggest and most beautiful cities of the world. It is one of Russia's major industrial cities with the population of 9.5 million people. Its total area is about 900 thousand square kilometers. Moscow is a political centre, where the government of our country works.

Moscow is a cultural centre. It attracts tourists from all over the world. Moscow is known for its beautiful cathedrals, monuments, theatres, museums, etc. The Bolshoi Theatre, the Tretyakov Art Gallery, the Pushkin Fine Arts Museum, the Kremlin are well-known even abroad. Red Square with its multi- domed St Basil's Cathedral is the heart of Moscow.

Moscow is the city of higher educational institutions. Moscow State University, which is named after the greatest Russian scientist M. Lomonosov, is famous all over the world.

All people of Russia are proud of their magnificent and beautiful capital.

Exercise 3. Find in the texts English equivalents for these words and word combinations:

1)самая большая страна;2) простирается;3)общая площадь;3)свыше;4) около;5) граничит с;6) такие как;7) низменности;8) нагорье;9) расположена на;10) самые длинные горные цепи;11) которые отделяют;12) на севере;13)на юге;14) даже летом;15) большие залежи;16) железная руда;16) три четверти;17) по происхождению;18) густо заселена;19) окраина;20) глава государства;21) главнокомандующий вооруженными силами;22) должны быть одобрены;23) глава правительства;24) был принят;25) которые символизируют;26) двуглавый орел;27) постепенно восстанавливался;28) развивалась снова;29) утекло;30) оставили следы;31) со всего мира;32) соборы;33) музей изобразительных искусств;34) за границей;35) многокупольный;36) высшие учебные заведения;37)назван в честь;38) гордятся;39) величественный.?

Exercise 4. a) Find in the texts the words, which have the similar meanings as the following words:

biggest, territory, whole, different, a lot of, plentiful, to contain, towns, liberty, to ruin, nice, famous, centre;

b) Find in the texts the words, which have the opposite meanings to the following words:

lowlands, narrow, in the south, hot, small, majority, vertical, black, to restore, weaker, above, agricultural.

Exercise 5. Fill in the missing words in the following sentences; the first letter of each word has been given to help you:

1. Russia b... many different countries. 2. On the vast Russian area, you can see wide g... 3. The Urals mountain c... separate Europe and Asia. 4. Some parts of Russia have a m... climate. 5. There are large d... of natural resources on the territory of Russia. 6. Most of m... wealth is in Siberia and Far East. 7. They live on the o... of the city. 8. Moscow was founded in 1147 as a f... 9. Moscow is one of the m... industrial cities. 10. The g... of the country works in Moscow.

Exercise 6. Complete the following sentences in a logical way:

1.The Russian Federation is ...

2.It extends ...

3.Russia borders ...

4.Its total area is ...

5.The Urals mountain chains separate ...

6.There are...

7.It is ...

8.The central part has ...

9.Russia has ...

10.The population of Russia is ...

11.The capital of the country is ...

12.The head of the state is ...

13.The Russian flag was adopted ...

14.It has ...

15.We are proud of ...

Exercise 7. Answer the questions about Russia:

1)What territory does the country occupy?

2)What is its total area?

3)What countries does Russia border?

4)What are the specific features of the surface of Russia?

5)What are the longest mountain chains?

6)What are the major rivers of Russia?

7)Where is the world's deepest lake situated?

8)What climatic zones are there in Russia?

9)Where are winters very cold in Russia?

10)What natural resources is Russia rich in?

11)Where is the most of the mineral wealth?

12)How many million people is the population of Russia?

13)What part of the country is densely populated?

14)How many minority nationalities live in the Russian Federation??

15)Who is the head of the state?

16)Who is the head of the government?

17)When was the Russian flag adopted?

18)What do three stripes on the Russian flag symbolize?

19)What is the capital of our Motherland?

20)Why does Moscow attract tourists from all over the world?

Exercise 8. Agree or disagree with the following statements; add some more information:

1. Russia borders many countries. 2. The area of the Russian Federation is not large. 3. The surface is the same on the vast territory of Russia. 4. Russia has abundant natural resources. 5. More than 150 million people live in Russia.

Grammar exercises Exercise 1. Write a or an.

1. .... oldbook

2. …window

3. …horse

4. …airport

5. …newairport

6. …organisation

7. …university

8. …hour

9. …economicproblem

Exercise 2. What are these things? Choose from the list.

bird, flower, river, tool, fruit, game, mountain, planet, musical instrument vegetable.

1. A duck is ... .

2. A carrot is ….

3. Tennis is ….

4. A hammer is….

5. Everest is… .

6. Jupiter is… .

7. A pear is … .

8. The Amazon is … .

9. A rose is … .

10. A trumpet is… .

Exercise 3. Write a or an.

1. ... officer, 2. .... young officer, 3. .... year, 4. .... incident, 5. ... funny incident 6. ... artist, 7. ... great artist, 8. .... hour, 9. .... happy hour, 10. .... event, 11. .... great event, 12. .... engineer, 13. ...plane, 14. ... airport, 15 .... new airport, 16 .... idea, 17 …bright idea, 18 ....opera, 19. ... famous opera, 20. …elephant, 21. …baby elephant, 22. ...angel, 23. ... kind angel, 24. …auto, 25 .... fast auto, 26 .... ass, 27 .... stubborn ass, 28. university, 29 .... open university, 30 .... ant.

Exercise 4. Complete the sentences as in the example.

Example: ... has to be patient, friendly and flexible. - A teacher has to be patient, friendly and flexible.

l. ... has to be reliable, efficient and well-organized.

2. .... has to be creative, intelligent and experienced in life.

3. .... has to be beautiful, tall and hard-working.

4. ...has to be kind, competent and professional.

5. …has to be polite, creative and friendly.

6. ... has to have a good reputation and talent for speaking in public.

7. …must have a good memory and a quick mind.

8. …must be sweet, elegant and have good manners.

9. …must be hard-working, studying for knowledge, enjoy his life.

10. ... must be careful, brave and clever.

a lady, a writer, a politician, a secretary, a student, a model, an interpreter, a hairdresser, a doctor, a detective

Exercise 5. Complete the sentences. Choose from the list.

a vegetarian, an architect, a manager, an accountant, a mirror, a dictionary, a busker, a burglar, a customer, a friend.

1. ... is someone who designs buildings.

2. .... is someone who breaks into houses and steals things.

3. .... is someone who doesn't eat meat.

4. .... is someone who sings in the streets and gets money for it.

5. .... is a person who buys things in a shop.

6. …is a person who controls business of a company.

7. ...is a book which gives you a reliable language information.

8. .... is a surface which reflects images.

9. ... is a person who keeps and counts business money.

10. ... is someone who understands you and someone you can rely on.

Exercise 6. Write a or an if necessary and translate the sentences into Russian.

1. What about having ... snack?

2. We all had … jolly good laugh.

3. I asked Sue when we could meet for ... chat.

4. Would you like to have … dinner with me?

5. Take ... seat. We are going to have ... long talk.

6. Have you ever had ... lunch at this restaurant?

7. We'll have to make ... fire to get warm.

8. Did you have ... good time at the graduation party?

9. Steve goes out every hour to have …smoke.

10. The secretary would like to make …appointment for Thursday.

11. Linda has …splitting headache today.

12. Every morning before breakfast he has …swim.

13. Just have … look at that funny boy over there.

14. He called a lawyer as he wished to make …will.

15. Are you going to make …speech at the ceremony?

16. Whether you want it or not, I am going to give you … piece of my mind.

17. There are people who are always ready to give you …hand when you are in trouble.

18. The sponsor offers them to give …support with advice and money.

19. Any woman would make ... fuss in such a situation.

20. - Would you like to have … rest after dinner? - Just for half an hour.

Exercise 7. Write a or an if necessary.

1. There is …new shopping centre in the city.

2. There were ... files in the boxes.

3. There was …lift in the house.

4. There is ... marmalade in the jar.

5. There is ... island in the ocean.

6. There was …anger in her voice.

7. There were … tears in her eyes.

8. There was ... fantastic dress in the window-shop.

9. There are … nice little cottages in the village.

10. There is …money in the purse, but not much.

Exercise 8. Write a or an if necessary.

1. Arthur lived … interesting life.

2. She was …non-stop talker.

3. It was …quick and clever decision.

4. - Are they …colleagues or …friends? - They are …neighbours.

5. Are you …optimist or …pessimist?

6. It is … very urgent information. Read it!

7. - What is it? - It is …tomato soup. - Oh no, I hate it!

8. A piano is not …furniture. Its …musical instrument.

9. Pizza is …very popular dish which came from Italy.

10. My cousin is …modern dress-designer.

11. It's … lie again, isn't it? You always tell me …lies.

12. This is …great news. I am happy about it.

13. It is …brown bread, but I usually have …white bread.

14. It is not …easy situation, it's … very difficult one.

15. It is …good start. You are …very energetic man.

Exercise 9. Write a or an if necessary.

1. My Granny has sent me ... present for Christmas.

2. The detective got ... important information.

3. He had ... dream that seemed real.

4. She heard ... voice calling her.

5. I am going to start ... business of my own.

6. He made …good progress in his Chinese.

7. My new computer makes … strange noises.

8. In the morning Mary saw … young servant girl.

9. Sing him ... song, tell him ... story and he will fall asleep.

10. 10. We gave ...long interview to the press.

11. - Could you keep …secret? - Of course, I like ... secrets.

12. We got ... great news about this film star.

13. I've decided to bake ... chocolate cake.

14. My parents always give me ... useful advice.

15. I managed to get ... very interesting work.

Exercise 10. Write a or an if necessary.

1. What ... strong coffee!

2. What ... risky situation!

3. What ... timely advice!

4. What …shocking idea!

5. What ... smart dresses!

6. What …cold champagne!

7. What …miserable day!

8. What ... tough people!

9. What …killing news!

10. What ... great man!

11. What ... heavy weather!

12. What ... deep knowledge!

Exercise 11. Write sentences from the words in brackets ( ... ). Sentences 1-7 are present.

1. (the office / clean / every day)

2. (these rooms / clean / every day?)

3. (glass / make / from sand)

4. (stamps / sell / in a post office)

5. (this room / not / use / very often)

6. (we / allow / to park here?

7. (how / this word / pronounce?)

Sentences 8-15 are past.

(the office / clean / yesterday).

(the house / paint / last month).

10. (three people / injure / in the accident).

11. (my bicycle / steal / a few days ago).

12. (when / this bridge / build?).

13. (you / invite / to the party last week?) .

14. (how / these windows / break?).

15. (1/ not / wake up / by the noise) .

Exercise 12. Correct these sentences.

1. (This house built) 100 years ago.

2. Football plays in most countries of the world.

3. Why did the letter send to the wrong address?

4. A garage is a place where cars repair.

5 Where are you born?

6 How many languages are speaking in Switzerland?

7 Somebody broke into our house but nothing stolen.

8 When was invented the bicycle?

Exercise 13. Complete the sentences. Use the passive (present or past) of these verbs:

clean, damage, find, give, invite, make, make, show, steal, take.

1. The room …every day.

2. I saw an accident yesterday. Two people … to hospital.

3. Paper …from wood.

4. There was a fire at the hotel last week. Two of the rooms ….

5. 'Where did you get this picture?' 'It…to me by a friend of mine.'

6. Many American programmes …on British television.

7. 'Did Jim and Sue go to the wedding?' 'No. They …but they didn't go.'

8. 'How old is this film?' 'It …in 1965.'

9. My car …last week but the next day it …by the police.

Exercise 14. Change the sentences into negative and interrogative forms.

1. Marmalade is made from oranges.

2. This town was built a century ago.

3. They were invited to a birthday party.

4. The fax has just been sent.

5. America was discovered long ago.

6. The book is still being published.

7. My neighbour's car was stolen last night.

8. His winter boots were made in Germany.

9. The building was ruined by the earthquake.

10. Italian is spoken in Italy and on Malta.

11. I am sure some way out will be found.

12. When he came home, dinner was being cooked.

Exercise 15. Change the sentences as in the example.

Example: A telephone call woke me up. - I was woken up by a telephone call.

1. My father built this cottage.

2. Beginners use that computer.

3. Somebody is opening the window now.

4. We sold the last French text-book.

5. People all over Russia watch the news.

6. The moonlight lit everything in the room.

7. Don't worry, we shall settle your problems.

8. We have just sent for the doctor.

9. The Semenovs don't use this room very often.

10. Thomas Coryate brought forks from Italy to England.

11. He has just repaired his car.

12. Somebody addressed the letter to the wrong person.

Exercise 16. Answer the questions as in the example. Choose from the list.

Example: - Was radium discovered by Mary Poppins?

- No, it wasn't. It was discovered by Marie Curie.

Leonardo da Vinci, Marie Curie, the ancient Egyptians, James Cameron, the ancient Greeks, Walt Disney, John Lennon. Shakespeare, Alexander Bell, Popov, Christopher Columbus, Lewis Carrol

1. Was "Mona Liza" painted by Picasso?

2. Was Micky Mouse created by the Warners?

3. Was the song "Imagine" written by Elvis Presley?

4. Was the film "Titanic" directed by Alfred Hitchcock?

5. Was "Romeo and Juliet" written by Agatha Christie?

6. Was the Parthenon built by the ancient Romans?

7. Was the telephone invented by Siemens?

8. Was America discovered by Marco Polo?

9. Was "The Moonlight Sonata" composed by Tchaikovsky?

10. Were the Pyramids built in China?

11. Was "Alice's Adventures in Wonderland" written by Shakespeare?

Unit 12. The global problems

Exercise 1. Read and give a summary of the text

Urgent problems

In recent years the world has witnessed considerable economic development. But the process of generating wealth and prosperity has been very uneven, to such a degree, that economic imbalances are now seen to aggravate the social problems and political instability almost in every region of the Globe.

Undoubtedly, all contemporary global problems find their roots in the consequences of rapid scientific and technological progress. However, despite all our constant efforts and attempts to solve these problems, the best we have now are just modest results. Mankind seems to stand, as it were, at some civilization crossroad.

The tangle of the most pressing problems keeps on growing like a snowball. Humanity today faces many challenges:

--Violent conflicts within and among various nations.

--Population growth.

--Organized crimes and drugs.

--New epidemic diseases.

--Global warming.

--Environmental pollution and ecological decay.

--Poverty of the masses, especially in the so-called Third World which constitutes about 2/3 of the Earth population.

--Threat of the global nuclear war.

--Terrorism and possible demographic disaster.

All these "end-products" of the current age of the industrialization and militarism are taking the world to the global catastrophe. Today's civilization state may be featured as "a disease" that, if it keeps on progressing, will lead us to self-destruction.

Exercise 2. Find in the texts English equivalents for these words and word combinations:

1) политическая нестабильность; 2) быть свидетелем быстрого экономического развития; 3) расти как снежный ком; 4) усугубить социальные проблемы; 5) попытки и усилия решить неотложные проблемы; 6) последствия научно-технического прогресса; 7) рост населения; 8) организованная преступность; 9) бедность народных масс в странах третьего мира; 10) столкнуться с вызовом; II) век индустриализации/глобализации; 12) глобальное потепление; 13) экологический кризис; 14) угроза ядерной войны; 15) загрязнение окружающей среды; 16) распространение наркотиков; 17) привести к глобальной катастрофе и саморазрушению; 18) демографическое бедствие; 19) вооружение/разоружение; 20) составлять большинство населения планеты.

Exercise 3. Agree or disagree with the following statements; add some more information:

1. In recent years mankind has made great success in the economic development.

2. However, there appeared many serious global problems.

3. These problems are supposed to be caused by the rapid scientific and technological progress.

4. Today humanity is facing several challenges.

5. The worst of them are poverty of masses, hunger, diseases, crimes, drugs and terrorism.

6. Of course, there are some other urgent problems.

7. All of them are taking us to the global catastrophe.

8. We, people of the Globe, should join our efforts and do our best not to ruin our common home.

Exercise 4. Answer the questions:

1. What has the world witnessed recently?

2. What are the consequences of considerable economic development?

3. What are the global contemporary problems connected with?

4. Name the most pressing problems.

5. Has mankind managed to solve them?

6. Where may modern civilization lead the Earth population?

7. What are the Globe nations to do to save our planet and survive?

Exercise 5. Translate into Russian:

Transform, conduct, provide, sphere, resident, despite, aim, seek, force, change, modern, advancement, contribute, make, outdated, behavior, retarded, main, field, in spite of, ensure, look for, progress, backward, inhabitant, goal, primary, promote.

Exercise 6. Read and give a summary of the text.

The key to solving the global problems

Under the pressure of modern science and technology our world began transforming, altering many aspects of our life. All these transformations force people to become more interdependent.

However, despite this fact, the world still remains divided into the advanced and underdeveloped or backward countries, with the gap between them ever widening.

Only one sixth of our planet inhabitants currently enjoys high standard of living. Most people live in poverty and see no prospects for themselves.

Many global problems will become more aggravated if the world continues to be divided by the policies carried out exclusively on the basis of their own interests.

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