Transformations in the work of Maugham "Theatre"

VN Komissarov, on the one hand, interprets the transformation as a transformation of the original segment in the segment translation according to certain rules, ie as a process. However, he immediately calls the transformation "Receiving", ie recognizes her status at an operating unit of the process and divide these techniques into lexical (transcription, tracing, lexicosemantic replacement: concretization, generalization and modulation), grammar (literal translation, partitioning proposals union proposals and grammatical replacement) and lexical-grammatical ( antonymic translation, descriptive translation and compensation).

Then the author limits of transformations "translation of compliance", defining them as "units PYA regularly used for the translation of the DICE unit", ie known in advance, the use of which in the translation does not need to use special techniques. But here the author notes that many of conformity are multiple choice and should do again translator.

In the western translation studies, the term "transformation" is extremely rare; mostly uses the notion of "correspondence." [1, 162-163]

The following scientists NK Garbovsky, NF Belik and AF Shiryaev in his book "Translation as a linguistic problem," wrote that the study of types and methods of translational transformations occupies a central place in the process of teaching translation. Following VG hook under translation transformation we mean a departure "from the use of isomorphic means cash in both languages." Conducting translational transformations can be caused by various factors. At the heart of translational transformations are not only features of usual, ie isomorphic to the conventional use of means of expression enshrined norms relevant language pairs, but also features occasional due to the specific context, the use of these funds in a particular functional varieties of speech. These latter are not always considered a novice translator. However, ignoring features occasional use of linguistic resources leads to the fact that the translated text loses expression of the original, and in some cases it may be impaired functional and stylistic status, ie complex features inherent in a given functional speech varieties accepted in the target language. [3, 97]

AL Semenov notes that the translator is faced with such differences, which do not allow without loss of meaning units use a simple replacement of one language other units. Then he has to find the funds transfer meaning of the original, which will have the same impact on the reader function translation, which performed the original with respect to the carrier or the original language interpreter itself. Mezhjazykovye conversion in order to achieve equivalence of the original text and translation (as well as to preserve the functional impact of the message) is called translation transformations.

Currently in private translation theories considered so many kinds of transformations and there are many of their typology and classifications. Between some kinds of transformations can be very difficult to detect the dividing face. Often impossible to describe actions translator, focusing only on any one type of transformation. Actually, the term "transformation" captures the essence of what is happening a little in the translation process: no transformation from one to another in the creative process does not occur. Almost done paraphrasing text. For example, to adequately translated into any foreign language message "He decided to stay re-enlist," it must first and foremost to paraphrase: "(After the end of the regulatory period), he decided to continue to serve."

Generally, the transformation taking place in the translation should be considered, on the one hand, as a rehash of the original text by means of language translation, and on the other - as an adaptation of the translated text to the conditions of his acceptance of a message recipient.

It is easy to notice the obvious contradiction. As a result of various kinds of linguistic transformations testimony inevitably changes the content, or, in other words, the desire to maximize the preservation of the content can lead to loss of stylistic nature. Regulations or recommendations for addressing emerging imbalances and not just goals objectively can not be. Problem solved measures translational transformations translator yourself, based on his professional intuition.

Translation transformation - a creative process that is associated with a deep understanding of the meaning of a text in one language and freedom of ownership expressive means of another language. Skill build translational transformations determines bulk of translation problems. The development of this skill is the main goal of training and self creatively successful interpreter. [24, 60-61]

According to VN Komissarov, conversion, with which you can make the transition from original units to units of translation in this sense are called translation (interlanguage) transformations.

Since translation transformation carried out with linguistic units, having the plan content and the plane of expression, they are formal semantic nature, transforming both the form and the value of the initial units.

Transformational translation - translation, using one of the translational transformations. [5, 172]

Consideration of the theoretical problems of translation and closely related practical issues, including such methods as written, consecutive and simultaneous interpretation, translation of various techniques and features military translation, suggests a kind of translation of anatomy, namely that although the interlingual translation is not a transformation, however translator activity can be represented as a transformation of sorts at different levels. Such transformations are:

- Transformation at the lexical level (intralingual and interlingual synonymy): refers to the operation of the sign method of translation of the operations and the source code from simultaneous translation;

- Transformation at the semantic level (business representatives - businessmen) refers to operations in the methods of text segmentation, records, source code transformation, semantic analysis, most translation techniques, etc.;

- Transformation at the information level: refers to the target utterance, extraction of key information, the use of symbols in the recording system, the individual operations of the method of segmentation of texts, speech compression, etc.

If the transformation at the lexical level (surface structure) and at the semantic level (deep structure) can be interpreted as a linguistic operation interpreter, the transformation at the information level are actually translation operations, which determine the specificity and the right to autonomy of the science of translation. Moreover, the transformation at the lexical and semantic level play a subordinate role in relation to transformations at the information level, which they, in fact, and are designed to provide. And this is because unlike the character of actions translator translation itself is not a transformation, and transmission of invariant information (messages) in an environment where the codes used by the source and destination are not the same. [14, 219-220]



2.2 Classification of translational transformations

Not easily given interpreter skills. To achieve it, he must learn quickly and skillfully use a variety of techniques available to flexibly change its location, resources dictionary achieve accuracy of the translation, based on a correct understanding of the semantic content of the text and spirit of the translation process. [7, 62]

The translation process is performed in accordance with the algorithms of action, in particular, using transformations.

Transformation - the basis for most methods of translation. Is to change the formal (lexical and grammatical transformations) and semantic (semantic transformations) of the components of the original text while maintaining the information to be transmitted. [14; 231]

There are different points of view about the separation of transformations on the species, but most authors agree on one thing, that the basic kinds of transformations - this grammar and vocabulary. In turn, these transformations are divided into subtypes.

From the outset, it should be emphasized that this kind of division is largely approximate and conditional. Types of elementary transformations of translation into practice "pure" are rare - usually they are, as will be seen from the following examples, combined with each other, taking the nature of the complex, "complex" transformations.

And now to the consideration of selected types of transformations we implemented in the translation process.

For example, according to IS Alekseeva, in the translation process of transformation found four primitive types:

1) permutation;

2) replacement;

3) added;

4) omission. [1, 166] TR Levitsky and AM Fiterman are three types of translational transformations:

1. g p ammaticheskie transformation. These include the following methods: permutation, omissions and additions, adjustment and replacement offers.

2. Stylistic transformation. This category may include such techniques as synonymous substitutions and descriptive translation, compensation and other types of substitutions.

3. Lexical transformation. Here it is necessary to talk about replacing and adding, specification and generalization of proposals, as well as omission. [12, 263]

RK Mignard-Beloruchev believes that the transformation method with simultaneous translation aims to prepare the source code for operations in the formal sign level. This provides for:

- Lexical transformation finding speech units included in the semantic system, formed the translator;

- Grammatical transformations that take into account the most common and simple syntax of the target language;

- Speech compression, which is achieved through the use of all possible kinds of transformation.

Same grammatical transformation, RK Mignard-Beloruchev divides into several subtypes:

1. The transition from the reverse order of words to direct.

2. Replacing active passive designs.

3. Transition from mononuclear proposals to complete.

4. Replacing the original subject.

5. Transition from one to the other parts of speech.

6. Replacing complex syntax simple. [14 181]

TR Kazakov also notes that from a linguistic point of view, for the translation of the source text units for which compliance with the standard is not suitable, available to the translator, there are three main groups of techniques: lexical, grammatical and stylistic.

By lexical transformations she attributes: transliteration / transcription, tracing, semantic modification, description, comment, mixed (parallel) transfer.

By grammatical transformations she attributes: functional changes and additions grammatical transformation antonymic transfer, zero translation and many others.

And among the major stylistic transformation techniques include replacing verbal composition, replacement, replace the path (or figures of speech), the removal of figurative meaning, literal translation (with or without commentary).

Also notes that the choice of different methods of conversion depends on the character set translator translation units in the source text. [6, 22]

Next scientist AD Schweitzer transformation divides into four groups:

1) transformation at the component level semantic valence imply the use of different kinds of substitutions. And this case is to replace the lexical morphological means, other morphological, syntactic or phraseological and others.

2. Transformation at the level of pragmatic: translation compensation, replacement of certain other stylistic devices, replacing allusions (realities) for similar, as well as interpreting, translation and explanatory translation compensation.

3. Transformation is carried out on referential level. This includes specification (or giponimicheskaya transformation), generalization (giperonimicheskaya transformation), replacement of the realities (intergiponimicheskaya transformation), and translation using remetaforizatsii (sinekdohicheskaya transformation), metonymic transformation remetaforizatsii (replacing one another metaphor) demetaforizatsii (replacing its antipode metaphors - nemetaforoy). It also includes some combination of these complex transformations and transformation (eg, conversive).

4. Transformation at the level of stylistic. This compression (ellipsis, semantic contraction, the omission of redundant elements and lexical clotting) and expansion. [33, 280]

YI Retsker, reveals only two types of transformations:

1. grammatical transformations in the form of replacement of parts of speech, or of the sentence.

2. Lexical transformation is to specify, generalization, differentiation values antonymic translation, compensation for losses arising from the translation process, as well as in the semantic development and holistic transformation. [21, 216]

VN Komissarov identifies the following types of translational transformations:

1. Lexical: transliteration, translation transcription, tracing some lexicosemantic replacement. For example, modulation, specification and generalization;

2. Grammar: a literal translation (or syntactic assimilation), grammatical replacement (replacement of the sentence, word forms, parts of speech) and division of the proposal;

3. Complex (lexical and grammatical) explication (descriptive translation) antonymic transfer and compensation. [5, 253]

LK Latvians identifies six types of translation transformations:

1. lexical transformations. Here he refers replacement tokens synonyms, depending on the context.

2. Stylistic transformation. In this case, the transformation of the stylistic coloring words translatable.

3. Morphological transformation. That is the transformation of one part of speech to another, or replacing it with a few parts of speech.

4. Syntactic transformation. These active scientist considers transformation syntax (words, phrases and sentences), changing the type of subordinate clauses, changing the type of syntactic communication, transformation proposals combinations and permutation of the paranasal parts in complex and compound sentences.

5. Semantic transformations: replacement parts-signs.

6. Transformation of mixed species - is the converse transformation and antonymic translation. [10 248]

L. Barkhudarov identified four types of transformations. This permutation (change the order of the components of a complex sentence, as well as change of words and phrases); replacement (compensation, syntactic substitutions in a complex sentence structure, replacement of parts of speech components of the sentence and phrases, specification and generalization, division and unification proposals replacement cause and effect (and vice versa), antonymic translation); ptosis (drooping) and adding (adding). [2, 240]

Based on this review of classifications can be concluded that in linguistics, there is no single classification of the types of translational transformations. This is explained by the fact that different linguistic scholars allocate different number of species translational transformations.

The most complete classification seems to us the classification proposed by VN Krupnov, under which are the following kinds of translation transformations: a general restructuring of the proposal, specification, generalization, reception semantic development in translation, translation antonymic, holistic transformation, compensation and transfer of attribute combinations. Let us examine each of them.

1) The total restructuring of the proposal. Various types of restructuring proposals require constant account the structural features of an English sentence. For example, in the English sentence circumstances (compared to other parts of the sentence) are very mobile, and translator into English and may even need to use this pattern. As pointed out by M. Katzer and AV Kunin, in Russian language acceptable "cluster at the beginning of a series of proposals heterogeneous circumstances", which is excluded in English. Therefore, when the English translation of the Russian sentence to the circumstances at the beginning offers the following operations:

circumstances can be attributed to the end He's been to see the play three times. - Three times went to the last play. [34,15]

1. circumstance of time can be saved in the beginning of the sentence, and the other circumstances set to end it.

WHEN the two men had gone she looked through the photographs again before putting them back. - When the men left, Julie again revised photos before putting them in place. [34,15]

2. Finally, the circumstances may be replaced by other members of a sentence.

Yesterday evening, the closing ceremony of the UN General Assembly. - Last night's closing of the UN General Assembly session was in the solemn atmosphere.

Restructuring proposals in the translation from English into Russian is also caused by the fact that the Russian language more widely used active voice. Compare, for example:

He was anxious to have enough put by ... - Michael wanted to save enough money ... [34.15]

By asset often resort when translating impersonal constructions with adverbs can type, you can not, it is necessary, etc.

"I was wondering if I might have a piece of bread." - Could I slice of bread? [34,15]

In English grammar describes the occurrences and other asset that must take their own blueprint translator.

Syntactic techniques mentioned above in the translation from English into Russian by no means exhaust the whole arsenal of methods of translation. Thus, the transfer of lexical meanings of words and phrases play a big part of any kind of lexical transformation, namely specifying methods, generalization, semantic development, antonymic translation, holistic transformation, etc.

2) The concretization. With translation and methodological point of view, the reception specification can be described as the selection in the translation more accurate or specific matches or shades of meaning than those that can be found in bilingual dictionaries.

Assume that we need to translate the phrase: Michael did not notice the faint irony of her tone. In the Anglo-Russian dictionary word tone recommended translate sound, tone, intonation. This is acceptable equivalents; but in context it is not appropriate and could be replaced by another word - the voice. So, we have found keywords tone specific to this text, a solution, or in other words, the specification of values attained. All offers, so you can translate: Michael did not notice the light irony in her voice sounded. [34,15]

Selecting accurate, contextual values not covered by the dictionary, requires an interpreter, creativity, disaccustoms it from a primitive notion that in the dictionary "everything can be found."

Here is another example. Suppose we need to translate the sentence: She had been with Michael for five years. Open the aforementioned English-Russian dictionary and look article on the verb to be: to be, to live, to happen. Consequently, as the dictionary would recommend translated as: She was with Michael 5 years. Further, evaluating the overall context, we establish that she was his colleague and worked with him for 5 years. In this case, to use a different meaning of the word - work. Then the sentence as a whole can be translated as: She worked with Michael for five years. [34,15]

3) Generalization. Admission to the above generalization opposite reception specification. In other words, instead of a word with a specific meaning in one language, we select the word with a total value on the other. For example: «The house was furnished in extremely good taste». Of course, on the basis of correspondences offered in dictionaries, you can translate this sentence: The house has been furnished in extremely good taste. However, a more idiomatic and accurate translation can be obtained if you give a broader interpretation of the phrase "in extremely good taste" (i.e., to generalize it). So the general concept for the current context is the phrase "perfectly appointed." Translator, aware of the existence of this phrase, can convert all bid more idiomatically: The house was perfectly appointed. [34,15]

It is easy to notice that the use of methods of generalization and specification defined tasks more accurate disclosure in the translation of the original thought.

4) Acceptance of semantic development in translation. The essence of this is often used when transferring reception is a deeper semantic interpretation of a particular lexical item or phrase. Translator seems to ask yourself: "What, in fact, has in mind here?" He seems to be constantly more clarifies itself semantic content of an utterance, is more specific and pertinent contextual stylistic decision. Assume that we need to translate English sentence: The photographer had so posed her, with her help, as to show her at her best. [34] (literally) "Photographer planted it, not without her help to show it at its best." It is clear that in Russian so we can not say, requires a clearer interpretation of the phrase. Now we will try to develop this idea, whenever framed her in a different (test for greater accuracy of expression and compatibility): "Photographer planted it, not without her help to show the most profitable." "... To show the most profitable" - stylistically clearly failed. The search should continue: "Photographer planted it, not without her help, the best way." [15] This is quite acceptable option. This gradual refinement of thought, in the search for more accurate and more semantically intensive contextual lexical tools and equipment is receiving semantic development.

5) antonymic translation. As in all other cases described above, the so-called transfer antonymic seeks the most appropriate and natural for language translation of the original expression of thought. So, translating, say, the offer I hope you'll have enough to eat [34] on the Russian language, we can offer the following options: I hope you can eat. This is quite adequate translation. But the same idea can be expressed quite differently: I hope you will not go hungry. [15] The second translation, unlike the original, contains a negation (.. not stay ..), although passed the same thought. Therefore antonym here - purely conditional: in terms of expression of the common thought no antonyms no. To a large extent this is due to antonym settled in different languages, ways of expressing a particular action. This is easily seen by the following comparisons:

Do not hang up! Hang on, please!

Do not walk on the lawn! Keep on the grass!

Can not lie in the sun! Stay out of the sun!

Trespassing. Authorised personnel only.

It does not lean against the door! Keep clear of the door!

The researchers note that the translation into Russian antonym often is to replace negative assertive design.

He can't get over the way our accounts are kept. - Amazed at how we have maintained the books. [34,15]

I won't ask him if you don't want him. - If you object, I will not call him. [34,15]

Strictly speaking, this method is necessary in this case; if it has not resorted to, the translation will literalist. In fact, unless properly sounds in Russian this sentence: "He can not deal with the way"? Or: "If you do not want it?" Therefore, the proposed translator options prompted his self sense of language, knowledge of the characteristics of the target language and, most importantly, the context, the semantic content of the original.

6) Holistic transformation. Under the holistic transformation is meant the transformation of the inner form, as a single turn of phrase, and the whole sentence. Transformation is then carried out not on the elements, and holistically. So, if in Russian in the administration of the subway train they say: "Sliding Doors!, Then in English, according to the rules of grammar, this phrase can be translated as: Careful! The doors are closed. Meanwhile, in English in a similar situation, we have to speak differently: Watch the doors, please. Or: Keep clear of the doors. This will, in fact, adequate situational transfer. Or another example. In Russian, we usually speak or write: "Caution. Paint! "In English it would be wrong to translate this phrase literalist: Careful! It's painted here. Although grammatically everything here is true, but in real life the British and Americans in the same situation say: Caution. Wet paint. This sentence is just and will be adequate for the British line Russian phrases.

"What is it?" - Do you need anything? [34,15] The lack of common components between the English and Russian phrase matching entitles assume that it is produced by a holistic transformation.

7) Payment. The essence of receiving compensation bright disclosed in the latest edition of the book by Alexander Fedorov. Here are all his definition: "In practice, a number of translation occurs when not played at all or replaced formally far this or that element of the original, passed a particular word, phrase, etc., but the inability to pass a separate element, a separate feature of the original too does not contradict the principle of transferability, since the latter refers to the entire product as a whole. Of course, as a whole does not exist any abstract notion - it consists of specific elements which, however, is not essential individually and collectively in the mechanical and in the system formed of a combination of the unity and the content of component pieces. Hence - the possibility of substitutions and compensation system of the whole, for the opening of a variety of ways; thus, the loss of a single element, not playing an organizing role, can not be felt in the background larger whole, he seems to be dissolved in whole or replaced by other elements, sometimes not given the original.

The starting point for determining the role of an individual item in the original, the need for precise transmission, as well as opportunities for its omission or pattern or replacement is the relation of form and content in their unity. "

To understand the essence of receiving compensation, consider the following illustrative example.

The text of the U.S. work Maugham's "Theatre" met phrase: You haven't? [34] As it should be translated? Literally this phrase in Russian as follows: You do not have? Can hardly be regarded as satisfactory the transfer. Very combination you do not have clear and to some extent even ambiguous. How, then, properly convey this idea in English, how to compensate for the inability to transfer literal individual elements? It seems that the output can be found from the context of the work: "Really?". [15] With this solution, the idea of the original transmitted, in our opinion, quite accurately, and, moreover, chosen mode of transmission is quite typical for the Russian language.

To receive compensation often resort and when translating from Russian into English. With the inability to pass in individual elements of the original encounter most often in cases where the object of translation are sovietisms. Like, say, translate sovietism Komsomol-youth brigade? Translate it into English can be reconsidered only separate elements: young workers 'team (literally' brigade of young workers ") or YCL workers team (lit." (Komsomol team of workers ").

These examples show that in general, you can send any thought to compensate for the individual parts by other means, and therefore the principle of transferability is not broken, neither here nor in any other cases. [8 18-24]

Because This classification seems to us the most appropriate number of parameters, we will follow it in the analysis of practical material.

Conclusions to Chapter 2: parsed entity translational transformations and their classification in the second chapter of our work, we can conclude that any translation from one language to another requires a professional approach, knowledge of both languages and cultures of locale data holders to perfection. Accurate, correct translation is inevitable without interlanguage transformations, ie translation transformations. There are various kinds of translation transformations. Some of them are used more frequently than others, others - at least, but we found out that they are used together, then there are complex. Basically it is such transformations as lexical, grammatical and stylistic. In turn, these transformations are divided into different subtypes: refining, compensation, transcription, and many others. Famous scientists in their own linguists classify data translation transformation.

Thus, it is worth to note that the translation is very important transformation in the translation and not do without them. And based on this chapter, we can begin the practical part of our thesis.



3. Translation transformations in translation works WS Maugham "Theatre" in Russian

3.1 Features of the author's style

Throughout his long life (1874-1965) writer William Somerset Maugham has repeatedly spoken out in that spirit that the artist creates because it can not be otherwise, given the creativity and for him as naturally and inevitably as for ducks - swim, and for Water - flowing downhill. With all that in his work he certainly came from certain plants, equal to certain patterns, certain professed ideals and had his own view of the nature, meaning and purpose of art and literature.

All this is not couched in Maugham in any orderly system, and scattered to numerous essays, articles, prefaces, interviews, autobiographical notes, and other small of essays and critical prose, which share in his legacy is impressive enough. And he said this is not the language of theoretical formulas, but with live spontaneity and perfect distinctness wise and favor to the reader interlocutor spoke like an equal, strive to express very clearly all that he had and wished to say.

Bonus Maugham somehow does not fit the definition of "critical" - so they are free from what is related to perceptions with literary criticism in the first place, or at any cost obsessive attempts to introduce the reader's consciousness in their opinions and judgments, and to show off the art of controversy erudition.

In his essay Maugham shares his observations, discoveries, thoughts, likes and dislikes - the fruits of his experience has succeeded writer and impressions of the works created by other artists. His essay dialogical, they assume a respectful companion, ready to listen carefully to the writer and to reflect with him, but is not obliged to agree with him, because the tastes and views of the people are still different than literature itself: "We literature, as in the kingdom of heaven, many monasteries, and the author is free to invite you to visit any. They all have a right to exist, you only need to adapt to the environment in which the fall. "

Literary biography of William Somerset Maugham, by his own admission, has developed well: fame he received relatively early, his books have been translated and read in many countries, and if he did not become the darling of critics and compilers favorite courses of English literature published in the Soviet Union, and abroad, on the appreciation of the reading public it has been for several generations did not have to complain. So is it any wonder that from the outset the literary activity of the main reference for Maugham became not uzkoliteraturnye guild interests, not in the abstract service to the Word, not the impact on the public mind, but aesthetic "service" to the general public - the spectator if he created the play, or the reader when he wrote prose.

For Maugham, as for any real writer, creativity primarily meant self-expression and self-giving. Validity under his pen was painted Realtor, so his books and not leave the reader indifferent. Own creative practice and thinking of other people's writings, great and small, could not but lead to the crucial issue of Maugham's aesthetics - the problem of the relationship between the writer and literature and reality. This extremely complex and still not stand in the theory of literature, he wrote the problem in accordance with the advice provided by the novelist: "write simple enough to not hinder the competent reader, and the form must encircle the content as artfully cut fits slim leg boots" .

Drawing on his knowledge of human nature and considering the reality as the basis and material for artistic creation, Maugham fully comprehend the inevitability and impermeability boundary between reality and as such fictitious reality of the world of art, no matter how plastic and hyperemia he was. Transfiguration of reality in an image of the original writer connected with the concept of art as entertainment: "The author does not copy life, he rebuilds it in his own way, to the maximum interest, inspire, surprise." Judgments, like the one, contributed to the creation of the myth of the author as Moema frivolous, banal, prone to slide on the surface of the phenomenon without taking deep and avoiding staging large and important problems.

His craft as he possessed in perfection, and he knew what he was doing when, talking about it, "obsession with truth" put together with clarity of style and perfection of language. In his extensive zsseistskom heritage meets many paradoxes controversial provisions ratings dictated by the surface, and even misconceptions about the subject of conversation, sometimes egg preferences, and this is understandable: he emphasized that the writer - a living person, so ... But scholastic temptation to divide and oppose in fiction content and form, he did not succumb once. Literary creation he saw as a whole aesthetic: "The perfect form for the expression of thought." How to build, sculpt and create this whole, he knew perfectly, and if the "secrets of the trade" and spoke guardedly stingy, then the "secrets" secrets did, opening readers free access to his creative laboratory.

The fate of books to W. Somerset Maugham proved that "a small classic" English belles-lettres, he became - unconditionally, and well, that the Soviet reader gets the opportunity now available with poosnovatelnee views "small classic" great literature on craft, vocation and work of the writer.

Maugham was not asked specifically the problems of philosophy of creativity, his aesthetic views were more applied, "worker" character. He was concerned about the moral and technical aspects of their difficult profession, and what he wrote. And here, the right, he has a lot to learn. [16; 3-22]

3.2 Analysis of translational transformations used in the translation of works "Theatre"

Let us consider the features of translational transformations performed on the example of translation works WS Maugham "Theatre." Russian translation of the works presented G.Ostrovskoy, who translated several works of this writer.

As noted earlier, translation transformation in practice "pure" are rare - usually they are, as will be seen in the examples below, combined with each other. When translating this work translator Galina Ostrovsky uses various transformations in "complex". That is followed by the replacement of a specialization; generalization combined with the omission. To achieve equivalence translator uses such transformation as: reception lexical additions antonymic translation reshuffle.

1) Julia came in. - Julia came into the room. (2) In the English translation for transmission "communicative division of the sentence" in the Russian proposal is necessary to introduce the subject, absent in the original English sentence. Therefore, this proposal takes a lexical welcome additions. Also present in the proposal proper name Julia - Julia, ie reception transcription.

2) Hulloa! - Is this you? (2) non-transferable to the Russian language element is replaced by another element that conveys the same information. That is, there is compensation. Just in this sentence there is a replacement for affirmative English sentence interrogative Russian.

3) No hurry. - I'm in no hurry. (1) there is a replacement of the English impersonal sentences for Russian private bid.

4) With the experienced actress's instinct to fit the gesture to the word, by a movement of her neat head she indicated the room through which she had just passed. - With an unerring instinct experienced actress timing gesture by the way, she pointed out the elegant movement of the head to the room through which just passed. (2) The proposal takes a permutation of the sentence: in the English sentence the phrase «by a movement of her neat head» preceded by the phrase "she indicated", in Russian proposal, it should be him, "she pointed out," "graceful movement of the head." It also occurs omission pronouns «she».

5) He's an articled clerk. - It is in their pupils to contract. (1) The dictionary defines concepts article - send an internship under the contract and clerk - employee. Hence, here we see the reception semantic development, replacement investigation cause: a literal translation of an English sentence - "He is an employee under the contract." Means "it in their pupils to contract."

6) He can't get over the way our accounts are kept. - Amazed at how we have maintained the books. (1) In this example, the English sentence negative transformed into Russian in the affirmative, that is used antonymic translation.

7) He told me he never expected a theatre to be run on such businesslike lines. - He could not imagine that you can put on the theater business footing. (2) There is traced replace the English word «run» the broader meaning of "run, run" on the Russian word "put" with a narrower meaning. Specification that is used. And the English word «lines-line reins" is replaced by the Russian word "rails". English combination «He told me» is omitted, ie used lexical welcome omission.

8) He says the way some of those firms in the city keep their accounts is enough to turn your hair grey. - Says, in some firms account books in such a condition that can turn gray. (3) In this sentence there is such a transformation, as the omission of the pronoun «He» demonstrative and «those», as well as to be «the way» and circumstance place «in the city», considering them syntactically unnecessary. Further there is a specification: the English word «accounts» with a wider value replaced Russian phrase "books of account" with a narrower meaning. Next, the interpreter uses the device of semantic development. It replaces the cause investigation. Reason: «accounts is enough to turn your hair grey» - a consequence of "the book in such a condition that can turn gray."

9) Julia smiled at the complacency on her husband's handsome face. - Julie smiled at her husband's handsome face radiating smugness. (3) In this sentence there is a proper name «Julia» - «Julia", ie reception transcription. Also here there is a permutation of the sentence: in fact places the English sentence «on her husband's handsome face» follows the addition of «at the complacency», in the Russian proposal, "looking at the beautiful face of her husband," preceded by "emitting complacency." The interpreter uses the proposal reception lexical additions: a Russian proposal it was necessary to enter the word that is not in the original English sentence for syntactic correctness offers - "looking", "radiant".

10) I thought we might take him back with us and give him a spot of lunch. - Do not take it with a meal in a hurry? (2) First of all, we clearly see here the omission of the English phrase «I thought». Further, in this example, the English phrase: "we might take him back with us and give him a spot of lunch" --- (literal translation: "we could take it with him and give him a small portion of lunch), translator replaces question the proposal having a narrower meaning "Can not we eat it with whip?", ie uses the transformation as specification. Here we see the replacement of the English phrase «give him a spot of lunch» on Russian phrase "eat in haste." In this example, the interpreter uses to achieve equivalence of such transformation as ptosis and specification.

11) He's quite a gentleman. - It is quite well-mannered. (1) This sentence is replaced English to be «a gentleman» Russian a verbal adverb "brought up."

12) Is that a sufficient reason to ask him to lunch? - Do you think this is enough to invite him to lunchtime? (2) To achieve equivalence, where there is such a transformation, as a method of lexical additions: "In your opinion." This transformation is used in conjunction with a concrete verb in an English sentence «to ask» wide value - ask, request, replaced with a narrow verb meaning by the context in Russian proposal - "invite".

13) Michael did not notice the faint irony of her tone. - Michael did not notice the light irony in her voice sounded. (3) In this sentence there is a proper name «Michael» - «Michael", ie reception transcription in conjunction with the acquisition of lexical added: "sounded ...". Also, for consistency offers a translator produces specification, ie the replacement of the English word with a broad meaning «tone» - tone, sound, intonation, the Russian word for the narrow meaning of "voice."

14) I won't ask him if you don't want him. - If you object, I will not call him. (3) In this example, we see this transformation as antonymic translation. Negative design of an English sentence «if you don't want him» transformed into an assertive sentence construction in Russian: "If you mind." This transformation is combined with specification: the replacement of English phrase «I won't ask him» - I did not ask him, Russian phrase "I'm not going to call him." Translator also used permutation-changing the order of the main and subordinate clause.

15) He's been to see the play three times. - Three times went to the last play. (3) In this example, the interpreter uses the following transformation: Reception lexical omission - in Russian proposal omitted the pronoun «He»; specification - the verb in an English sentence with an abstract meaning «be»-be, to live, to exist .., replaced in the Russian verb sentence with a narrower meaning of "walking"; permutation - the phrase in the English sentence «three times» at the end of the proposal and the Russian proposal it first.

16) He's crazy to be introduced to you. - He was dying to meet you. (1) Passive voice of an English sentence «to be introduced» replaced by active voice in Russian sentence "I want to meet."

17) Michael touched a button and in a moment his secretary came in. - Michael pressed a button and a second appeared in the doorway of his secretary. (3) There is a proper name, that is, here we have the transcription: «Michael» - «Michael." Next, the interpreter uses the transformation specification as: replacement of the English verb with a broader meaning «touched-touched, touched ..." Russian verb narrow meaning of "hit." And one more specification: replace the English verb movement «came in» Russian verb "appeared." Next is the replacement of the English phrase «in a moment» Russian phrase "in a second."

18) Here are the letters, Margery. - Letters are ready, Marjorie. (3) In this example, use the technique of semantic development, ie the process of replacing its consequence: «Here are the letters» -'s letters means "Letters ready." Semantic development is accompanied by a specialization: English verb with an abstract meaning in the plural «are» Russian verb replaced by a more narrow meaning "ready." And in the end there is a proper name suggestions «Margery» - «Marjorie," that is used transformation - transcription.

19) She had been with Michael for five years. - She has worked with Michael for five years. (1) is clearly seen specification, ie the replacement of English abstract verb «be-be, be ..." on the Russian verb "worked."

20) The paper bore the address, Siddons Theatre. - On paper, the address was: "Siddons Theatre." (1) The proposal is also used specification: English verb with the wider meaning of "bear-bear, endure ..." is translated from the Russian verb narrower meaning of "was."

21) Between these was a magnificent silver ink-stand that she had herself given him on one of his birthdays and behind it a rack in red morocco, heavily gilt, in which he kept his private paper in case he wanted to write a letter in his own hand. - Between them was placed a magnificent silver inkstand, which she somehow gave Michael's birthday, and in front of the pad red morocco with rich gold pattern where Michael held the paper, in case he wants to write a letter by hand. (5) The interpreter found it necessary to use this example, the following transformation in the complex: specification: the English word with an abstract meaning «was» transformed into a Russian word with the narrow meaning of "placed"; is replaced to form words, the English phrase in the plural «on one of his birthdays» Russian phrase is replaced by the singular "somehow ... birthday", ie we see analogical transfer; Further there is a replacement pronoun «him» Russian subject "Michael"; then switched translator English verb «wanted» Russian verb "pleases", and here we see the elapsed time as a replacement for the future.

22) A bunch of yellow tulips in a silver bowl, which he had got through winning the theatrical golf tournament three times running, showed Margery's care. - Yellow tulips in a silver vase, Michael won in competitions in golf among the actors showed diligence Marjorie. (5) In this example, we observe reception lexical omission: English translator omits the phrase «A bunch of ...» and «three times running», considering them to be semantically redundant; replacement asset liability - «which he had got ...» - «won ..."; replacing pronouns «he» subject "Michael"; there is a proper name, then there is a reception transcription - «Margery» - «Marjorie"; English verb «showed» replaced Russian verb "witness." 23) Julia wondered if she could be such a fool as to be in love with him. - Interestingly, she had the crazy in love with him? (3) In this example, the interpreter uses the transformation as: Reception lexical omission - in Russian proposal omitted proper name «Julia»; reception semantic development, namely the replacement of cause and effect - in the English sentence «she could be such a fool-could she be so silly," translated into Russian so-"enough in her mind." That is, she did not have the mind and why she was so silly. Further, in the English sentence the phrase «to be in love with ..." if literally translated, then we would have "to be in love with ..", this translation is stylistically incorrect, so the interpreter uses the device of generalization and translates it to a wider value the word "fall in love ...". This translation is adequate.

24) Margery gave him his black Homburg hat and opened the door for Julia and Michael to go out. - Marjorie gave him a black felt hat and opened the door. (3) The proper name «Margery» - «Marjorie" - so here we have the transcription. Next we see the substitution of the word «Homburg» to "fedora". English phrase «opened the door for Julia and Michael to go out» is translated thus: "opened the door." That is welcome used lexical omission.

25) "This is the gentleman who is good enough to put some order into the mess we make of our accounts." - This is the gentleman who has kindly agreed to put in order our books. (4) In this example, the specification used: English verb with an abstract value «is» Russian verb replaced with a narrower meaning "agreed." Here we also see a welcome sense of development, that is, the phrase «is good enough» Russian translated the phrase "kindly agreed." He was nice enough - hence he "graciously agreed" - replacement of cause and effect. Next comes the reception lexical omission: omitted the phrase «the mess we make of ...». With him goes reception generalization (replacement process its consequence) the phrase «to put some order into the mess we make ...» (literal translation - put some order in the confusion ...), to achieve adequacy, translated as "put in order". Further, to achieve equivalence, should replace the word «accounts - accounts, stories .." on the Russian phrase "books."

26) The young man went scarlet. - The boy blushed bright red. (2) There is a replacement phrase «The young man - a young man," subject to "the youth." Followed by the specification: the replacement of the English verb with an abstract meaning «went» Russian verb with a narrower meaning "burst."

27) She thought that she had not been very gracious to Michael. - Julia thought not very kindly replied Michael. (3) In this example, there is a replacement of the English pronoun «She» Russian subject "Julia." Concretization: the replacement of the English verb with an abstract meaning «been» Russian verb with a narrower meaning of "said." There is a proper name «Michael» - «Michael," that is used in transcription.

28) She looked straight into his eyes. Her own were large, of a very dark brown, and starry. - She looked him straight in the eye with his huge dark brown radiant eyes. (2) First of all we see here is the union of two English sentences into a complex Russian. The interpreter performs a permutation word «eyes» in the end of the sentence.

29) Julia talked very differently to herself and to other people: when she talked to herself her language was racy. - Language Julia vary widely when she talked to herself and with others. With him she does not mince words. (3) In this example, there is a replacement causes its consequence, that is used reception semantic development: «Julia talked very differently to herself and to other people» (literal translation Giulia talked differently with each other and with other people.) Means " Language Julia vary widely. " This transformation is also used as transcription: proper «Julia» - «Julia." Rearrangement occurs phrase «and to other people»: in the English sentence, it is preceded by the phrase «when she talked to herself», and in Russian proposal it follows him - "when she spoke to herself and others."

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