Translation of the publicity fictions of A. Chan with translational commentary

Reception generalization opposite specificity, since He is to replace private general, species concepts generic. When translating from English into Russian, he used much less frequently than the specification. This is due to the English vocabulary. The words of this language are often more abstract than the Russian words related to the same concept. Here are some examples of generalization: Not ... comes over and visits me practically every weekend.... He often goes to me, almost every week. Not ... showed us this old beat-up Navajo blanket that he and Mrs Spencer'd bought off some Indian ... He showed us ... scruffy Indian blanket - and Mrs. Spencer bought it from some Indian ... Eagle rose up again and began to circle. The bird went up and circled again.

Reception adding lexical. Both lexical and grammatical transformations often require making additional words. The introduction of additional words due to a number of reasons: differences in the structure of the proposal and the fact that a shorter English sentences require a more developed Russian language of expression. The absence of the appropriate word or lexical-semantic variant of this word is also a reason for the introduction of additional words in translation. Here are some examples of literary translation: "Wouldn't you like a cup of hot chocolate before you go?" - He will drink a cup of hot chocolate if the road?... The conductor came around for old Mrs Morrow's ticket, Went ... check ticket conductor Mrs. Morrow. Add in the translation process can be caused by other reasons. One of them is the syntactic structure of the sentence restructuring in translation, during which sometimes required to enter into a sentence or another element. So, when translated into English for the program "communicative division of the sentence" in some cases the English sentence is necessary to introduce the subject, absent in the original Russian proposal: In 1958 he made the first recording. In 1958 that orchestra made its first recordings. In the 30s began preparations for the construction of hydropower stations near Samara. In the 1930's the Soviet Union launched preparations for the building of a hydro-power project near Samara. Nouns-be added to the British proposals, determined by factors broader context. Added to these cases, in principle, could have been avoided, but it would require the use of the passive construction in the translation that is weighted to the English text stylistically. Often necessitates the addition of lexical transfer in the translated text meanings expressed in the original grammatical means. For example, the transmission of English plurals of nouns that do not have this form in the Russian language. Thus, workers of all industries should be translated as workers in all industries. Cf. also: defenses defenses, modern weapons, modern weapons, etc. For example: There are other philosophies of the past which give strong support to the Humanist position. (C. Lament, The Philosophy of Humanism) There are other philosophical trends (or: the flow theory) of the past, which have a strong support for the concept of humanism. Particular difficulty attribute combinations are composed of combinations of "noun + noun" and "adjective + noun". Latter are terminological character. For example: pay claim (pay offer) demand (supply) to raise the salary, wage strike strike demanding higher wages, gun license certificate for the right to bear arms, oil countries country - breeders of oil, etc. The correct choice of semantic component added to the Russian translation requires knowledge of extralinguistic factors. Sometimes adding are caused purely stylistic considerations: She never used scent, and she had always thought it rather fast, but Eau de Cologne was so refreshing. (S. Maugham, Before the Party) She never dushilas, considering it a sign of frivolity known, but cologne - another thing, it's so nice refreshing.

Reception omission. Omission - a phenomenon opposite addendum. When translating the omission exposed often words that are semantically redundant in terms of their semantic content. One example is the redundancy inherent in all styles of writing the English language use of so-called "paired synonyms." Russian language it is absolutely not typical, so the translation in these cases it is necessary to resort to the omission (ie, repetition synonym - two words one replacement). For example: just and equitable treatment fair treatment; brave brave and courageous; regular and normal normal; by force and violence - by force; etc. (14) Of course, the extra elements in the text does not boil down to "pair synonyms." Consider the following example: So I paid my check and all. Then I left the bar and went out where the telephones were. I paid and went to the vending machines. Here in the English text is semantically redundant left the bar, as they referred to the action of the verb implies the following went out; hence the omission in Russian translation (accompanied by combining with the previous proposal). Winter rains in the Jordan are violent, while they last. (K. Kenyon. Digging up Jerico) Winter in the Jordan Valley are terrible showers. In this example, the whole English sentence is excessive in terms of the Russian language. Elimination of semantically redundant elements from the original text gives interpreter to implement what is called "compression of text", ie reduction of the total. Omission is not always caused only by the desire to eliminate the redundancy of speech. It can also have other causes; particularly characteristic of English tendency to maximize specificity, expressed in numerals used, as well as the names of weights and measures, where it is not motivated by semantic factors, sometimes requires resort to lowered (14). For example: About a gallon of water was dripping down my neck, getting all over my collar and tie ... (J. Salinger, The Catcher in the Rye, 20) Water was pouring from his head by the collar, tie all wet, the whole collar ...

Reception semantic development. Reception semantic development is the replacement of the translation dictionary matching contextual lexically related to it. This includes metaphor and metonymy. If we consider that all of the momentous fall into three categories: objects, processes, and signs, for the transmission of the same content by means of another language object can be replaced by its sign, the process of the subject, a sign of the object or process, etc. Under the process we have in mind an action or state. We can distinguish the following six options: cause investigation process replacement process, its cause, replacement process its consequence, Replacement causes processreplacement of cause and effect, replacement investigation reasonreplacement of the investigation process. For example: Many South African sanctuaries are readily reached from Johannesburg. (Land of Safaries. The New York Times.) To many of South Africa's nature reserves on the doorstep of Iogannensburga. In the translation process (easy to reach - in the literal translation) replaced its cause - the proximity distance. "I don't think she's living here at the moment. Her bed wasn't slept in. "(A. Christie. Third Girl) I think she does not live here now. Her bed had not been slept. Talking morning came into the room and saw that the bed, which she usually cleaned itself, not damp. Instead of a direct translation: she had not slept in his bed marked result. Process has been replaced its consequence. He's dead now. (J. Salinger) He's dead. (He died, therefore, he is now dead.) In this example, the reason for the investigation is replaced

Antonymic translation. Antonomic translation is the replacement of any notion, expressed in the original, opposing notion translated below the corresponding restructuring of the whole utterance to save neizmennog plan content. For example: Stradlater didn't say anything. Stradlater did not say anything. I'm not kidding. I say to you seriously. The first sentence of the English negative construction transmitted Russian affirmative, and the verb say say it is replaced by Russian antonym silent. In the second sentence is replaced as negative for construction and replacement of assertive expressions to be kidding kidding Seriously its antonym. Such double substitution results in a value of the same sentence as a whole. Typical applications antonymic transfer when transferring to the Russian language with Russian design not ... (un) til ...; while (un) til replaced by only only (when), etc., which may in a sense be considered as its antonyms. They gave me the wrong book, and I didn't notice it till I got back to my room. I just noticed at home that I was given the wrong book. I didn't think of it till we went half-way through the park. I remembered this when we drove almost the entire park. We must bear in mind that the denial of the English language is also expressed using the pretext without: Not never met him afterwards without asking him ... (S. Maugham, A Creative Impulse) After that, every time he asked him at a meeting ... (trans. M. Lorie) Antonymic special kind of translation is an adjective or adverb replacement in comparative or superlative adjective (adverb) in a positive power, or vice versa, followed by replacement of assertive design to a negative (or vice versa). I'm the most terrific liar you ever saw in your life. I'm a terrible liar - this you've never seen. It wasn't as cold as it was the day before, Become warmer than yesterday.

Holistic transformation is a kind of semantic development. Reception holistic transformation can be briefly defined as the transformation of a single word, and sometimes the whole sentence. Moreover, the conversion is not on the elements, and holistically. As is the case with respect to other methods of lexical transformations tradition of contacts used a series of holistic transformation frequency of lexical units and consolidated their results as matching vocabulary - constant and variant. Especially a lot of live matches of phrases spoken language. For example: How do you do? HelloNever mind. Nothing, do not worry, do not pay attention. Forget it. Should not talk about it. Shut up! Shut up. Well done! Bravo! Good for you!All these examples show that these conversational compliance have no common semantic components have different internal form and at the same time convey the same content by means of different languages. Specificity colloquially often requires a holistic transformation in translation. Translation combination 'forget it!' In the list above is made using the coupon semantic development: Russian correspondence, of course, is the replacement of the action itself (forget about it) caused it (do not talk about it). More precisely this change should have been defined as taking antonymic translation. However, the lack of common components between the English and Russian phrase matching entitles assume that it is produced by a holistic transformation. The foregoing explains sufficiently why holistic transformation is a universal means of transferring phraseological units. For example: Bird of a feather flock together. Birds of a feather sees from afar. In for a penny in for a pound. Himself as a milk mushroom climb into the back. Shaped replacement shaped expressions through a holistic transformation is undoubtedly an important condition for achieving an adequate translation. Compensation should be considered when translating replacement indescribable element DICE some other means which transmits the same information, not necessarily in the same place in the text, as in the original. Here is an example of compensation in the translation from English into Russian: "Why don't you write a good thrilling detective story?" She asked. "Me?" Exclaimed Mrs Albert Forrester ... (S. Maugham, The Creative Impulse) - And why do not you write a detective novel, such that breathtaking? - What? - Said Mrs. Forrester ... Here in the original Mrs. Forrester uses the elliptical sentence in the form of so-called objective case pronoun me instead of I, what many consider grammatical negligence (incidentally, without good reason, because they form in such cases has long been the norm in colloquial literary language). Since the Russian language in the system of personal pronouns is nothing like that, translator M. Lorie felt it necessary to have recourse to compensation, using a colloquial-familiar forms that instead of that literary, ie replacing the personal pronoun for questioning and thereby transmitting the same information as in the original, although other means. You could tell he was very ashamed of his parents and all, because they said 'he don't' and 'she don't' and stuff like that ... (J. Salinger "The Catcher in the Rye", 18) It was clear that he was ashamed of his parents, because they said "hochut" and "wants," and stuff like that ... As can be seen from the examples, compensation is used most frequently where necessary to convey purely vnutrilingvisticheskie values characterizing certain linguistic features of the original - dialectal coloring, irregularities or individual features of speech, puns, wordplay, etc., as well as when it is not always possible to find direct and immediate compliance with one or another unit in the system FL IL. Techniques and converting the integral compensation clearly illustrate that the equivalence of transfer is not provided at the individual elements of the text (in particular words), but only translated text as a whole. In other words, there are untranslatable particular but no untranslatable text. Any lexical transformations require translator sense of proportion and a thorough knowledge of the translated text associated decor. Thus, the presence of a large number of words in a broad, abstract meanings in the English language, the differences in the meanings of words, conciseness of expression possible in the English language due to the presence of a number of grammatical structures and forms required when translating the introduction of additional words and even sentences. However, some differences in the habitual use (Language Usage) cause the omission of the individual elements of an English sentence with translation into Russian. All this explains the widespread use of lexical transformations in translation.

Speaking or communication - is one of the sides of the interaction of people in their activities. Communication is a specific condition of human life in society. Communication in the psychological sense is always a process of solving communication problems. In the framework of the theory of speaking Communication is the process of circulation of information in society. Communication is the realization of the social character of consciousness. We can recall the words of L. Bloomfield that the "speech act, and the entire course of practical events before and after the speech depends on the entire life history of the speaker and the listener". So, human communication - is a process of interaction between two or more persons for the purpose of language transmission / receiving / exchange of information, i.e. of an impact on the interlocutor necessary for the implementation of joint activities with.

Communication can be successful and unsuccessful. Successful communication - "is adequate communication, which achieves a more or less complete, but not necessarily sufficient, in terms of the communicants, mutual understanding" [1. 173]. In the case of unsuccessful communication there is possible communicative failure (not enough adequate communication, lack of understanding of participants communication) or communicative failure (inadequate communication, a complete misunderstanding of the communicants at each others).

For adequate communication requires a "common knowledge of communicants' certain community social experience and a common fund of knowledge. Psycholinguistics suggests the need to cross zones of individual cognitive spaces of communicants sufficient for adequate communication.

For successful communication partners need to know about the cultural peculiarities of each other, to operate with images of language awareness. In this common linguistic identities are a prerequisite of speech communication. It is the consciousness of language differences or lack of knowledge about the features of linguistic consciousness of other people is the main cause of conflict communication, but is a direct proof of belonging communicating to different national cultures.

In the domestic science ICC had initially linguistic orientation, resulting in a few areas of its reflection and development. So, lingo - country-studying and area studies exploring the issues of interaction of language and culture. Ethno-linguistics focuses on the interaction of language with various aspects of life of the ethnic group, the role of language in the formation and functioning of national culture (folklore), examines the role of language in the formation of national psychology and art. It also investigates the problem of different forms of communication (kommunicavistics, genre-studying): problems of speech communication, the relationship of consciousness and communication (V.V. Krasnyh), communicative behavior (T.G.Vinokur, I.P. Susov), works on the description of communication strategies, non-verbal communication (within psycholinguistics) (I.N. Gorelov, V.I. Karasik) investigated the relationship between translation and intercultural communication. In the field of ICC outlined new areas of research: Communication in the context of globalization of culture, mass ICC, as well as direct and indirect forms of ICC (communication by electronic means and the Internet). However, to highlight the ICC as an independent science is needed systematization of theoretical positions and methodological tools and techniques of research.

Linguistic influence on contact, as inevitable in the translation, and in cross-cultural communication, received the name of linguistic interference [2. 26]. Interference is interference elements of one language system to another by direct contact language, and the result of such intervention can be either negative or put it in a deviation from the rules of the language, as well as a positive, contributing to the quality of the translation and the acquisition of intercultural competence under the influence of another language. Sometimes this effect is known as destructive (negative) interference, significantly reduces the quality of cross-cultural communication and translation. Interest in the phenomenon of interference is growing. There are papers on phonological, phonetic, semantic and lexical interference. Such studies are potentially important for the development of the theory and practice of translation. They will be valuable in cross-cultural communication, against the background of the fact that Russia is growing interest in the acquisition of language skills and tolerance education, changing attitudes to the need to study the cultures and traditions of other nations. Adequate and full translation implies correct, accurate and complete transmission of the content and features of the text, the original source, and that function is maintained in the correct language form the language in which the translation.

Translated into the framework of cross-cultural communication is necessary not only to convey the content is accurate and correct, but also to achieve an adequate cross-cultural contact, which is possible only with the understanding of cultural traditions and cultural color, national characteristics, reflected in form, style, idiom and cultural realities that emerged in the text, the original source (as in the oral and the written translation). Depending on how to understand each other's carriers of different languages and cultures of different areas of life, the future of entire nations. In cross-cultural communication translation has, on the one hand, the main role (if communicants are speaking different languages and use a foreign language and an interpreter as intermediaries), on the other hand, the translation performs a subordinate role, being only a means and a way to achieve exposure and transmission. The underestimation of the interference phenomenon at the level of career-oriented cross-cultural communication and translation found in a variety of errors, accents, translation inaccuracies and distortions of meaning statements, which may even lead to a breakdown of communication. In the framework of intercultural communication translator must know not only the language in which the translation, but also cultural characteristics, traditions, social and personal behaviors, customs of peoples to properly interpret and verbal communication, non-verbal and its support (gestures, facial expressions). The most pressing is the concept of a limit transferability, we're talking about the limits of translatability, when you can not complete the transaction, or in the case untranslatability when "it is impossible to build a functionally relevant characteristics of the situation in contextual meaning of the text to the target language". One can speak of two types of situations, the situation with the complexities of linguistic plan and the situation with the complexities of the cultural plan (untranslatability cultural studies), while translating both written and oral communications. The first related to the transfer of puns, wordplay, caused by homophones or homographs, meaningful words. The latter occurs when a situational feature, functionally relevant for source-language text, is completely absent in the culture, part of which is the language in which the translation.

Comparison with other nations helps each of them to feel their own identity. For example, the British often accused of greed and selfishness, the Germans cause fear for their discipline, organization, diligence and aggressiveness.

In the process of communication between different cultures stereotypical occupy a significant place. Meeting with the representatives of other nations and cultures, a person usually has a natural tendency to perceive their behavior in terms of their culture, "to measure them to your yard." In this case, without the ability to quickly and correctly assessed on the interviewee's difficult to navigate the different social and cultural circles.

In the process of cross-cultural communication, one partner perceives the other, together with his actions and through the actions. The adequacy of the understanding of the actions and their causes depends on building a relationship with another person [5].

In terms of interconnection and interdependence of the modern world of different cultures are not isolated from each other and are in constant contact and interact. Representatives of one culture collide with the features of other cultures through direct contact with carriers of these molecules s tour at home and abroad, or receive relevant information orally or in writing with the screen, in the newspapers, from literary works and other sources. One of these sources is widespread in the world today are translations.

According to H.G. Gadamer, any interpretation is contextual, depending on criteria related to the context of where and when it is carried out and no one will know and understand the text for what he is in himself. When the text of a historical and cultural context falls into another, new intentions linked with it, by a new historical and cultural context. Talented translation must fit into the worldview of the target language, thus reflecting the peculiarities of perception of the world of the original language, serve as a bridge between different cultures. We know that many local languages and culture were influenced by the translations.

The socio-cultural impact on the strategy of the translator, according to V.N.Komissarov, often reflected in the fullness of play in the translation of the content of the original, forcing the translator to reduce or completely omit anything in the host culture is considered unacceptable by the ideologue and the ethical, moral or aesthetic reasons

Various forms of cultural determinism translation activities are a kind of conventional norm of translation - a set of requirements for the company to translation at a certain stage of history.

The system of functional styles is in a state of continuous development. Styles by themselves are separated in varying degrees: the boundaries of some of them are not easy to define, and it is difficult to separate such styles from the genres. These difficulties are especially evident when it comes to journalistic style.

Journalistic style of speech is a functional variant of the literary language and is widely applied in various areas of public life: newspapers, magazines, television and radio, in public political speeches, in the activities of political parties and public associations. This also should add political literature for the general reader and documentaries.

In various books in style journalistic style was known as newspaper and journalistic, newspaper style, socio-political style. The name "journalistic style" is more accurate because different versions of the name more narrowly define the scope of its operation. The name "newspaper style" explains the history of the formation of this style: his speech features is crystallized in the print media, and above all in the papers. Today, however, this style of functioning not only in print but also in electronic media: it would also be fair to call "television" style. Another name - social and political style - or rather indicates a close relationship with the style of discussion of social and political life, but it is worth remembering that this style of serving and non-political sphere of communication: culture, sports, activities of non-governmental organizations (environmental, human rights, etc.).

According to A. Vasilyeva journalism - it's kind of literature and journalism, where the topical political, economic, literary, legal, philosophical, and other problems of modern life in order to influence public opinion and the existing political institutions, strengthen or change them according to a certain class interest (in class society), or social and moral ideal. As a subject of journalism A.N. Vasilyeva allocates all of modern life in its greatness and smallness, private and public, real or reflected in the media, arts, paper [13: 147].

I.V. Arnold believes that journalistic style are works dealing with current problems and current phenomena of social life, as well as playing an important political and ideological role, affecting the social institutions and serves as a means of public education, agitation and propaganda, a way to organize and transfer of social information [14: 75].

Summarizing the above definition can identify the basic functional load journalistic style. The most important information is presented and the impact of the function.

Information function of texts relating to this style of speech, is that the authors of these texts are intended to inform the widest possible range of readers, viewers, listeners of societal problems and the views of the authors of these problems.

Information function is inherent in all styles of speech. The specificity of the information function in a journalistic style is the nature of the information, its source and destination. Television broadcasts, newspaper and magazine articles to inform the public about a variety of aspects of his life: the parliamentary debate on the economic programs of the government and the parties of accidents and crimes, about the environment, about the daily life of citizens.

The information in nonfiction texts not only describes the facts, but reflect the opinions, attitudes, provides commentary and reflections authors. This differs from scientific information. Another difference is due to the fact that in front of nonfiction does not intend to complete, comprehensive description of a phenomenon. Writer seeks to write, first of all, that is of interest in certain social groups, highlighting those aspects of life that are important for its potential audience.

Informing the public about the situation in areas of public interest has, in the journalistic texts implementing the second most important function of this style - a function of exposure. The purpose of the publicist is not only to talk about the situation in the society, but also to convince the audience of the need for a position on the statement of the facts and of the need for a certain behavior. Journalistic style bias inherent in an open, polemical, emotional, and that just motivated by the desire to prove the correctness of his publicist position.

The function is the impact to the system-journalistic style, that it highlights the style of other varieties of language. While this feature is also typical for formal business and conversational style, the selection of language means she is an active influence in nonfiction texts.

Consider as an example the implementation of these functions a note from the newspaper "the District" [46: 4] under the name ""Prince Vladimir" refers to the province." Article is subtitled "City officials support the Swedish producers." It informs about the purchase of the Moscow city government and city council Swedish cars "Volvo". At the same time, the memo affects the reader to form a definite relation to the position of the leaders, in words lobbying for support of domestic producers.

In addition to the information and acting, texts journalistic style, of course, and perform all other functions inherent in the language:

- Communicative;

- Expressive;

- Aesthetic.

Communicative function is the main function of language and manifests itself in all its forms. As journalistic style functions in the sphere of relations between different social groups, the role of style in support of public communication is enormous. Communicative journalistic style is that his lyrics are not for internal use only and not for a single destination (although in these cases the communicative aspect of the present), and for the widest possible audience. Being at a distance in space, the author of journalistic text aims to approach the destination on time, on the subject of messages, as well as voice, stylistic features. Communication implies and feedback - the target response. For this style of feedback is most clearly is in a situation of public debate, but not only. Newspapers feedback are letters from readers, the responses of officials, articles, send them in response to a previous publication. Radio and television have moved from letters to phone calls listeners and viewers, during which they can ask questions, express their opinions, tell them about famous events. It is widely used to attract viewers to shoot a television studio. Modern interactive TV is looking for new ways to maintain contact with the audience. Today the Internet is definitely the best source of information. It serves as the basis for the development of the information society by means of various programs such as skype, ICQ, or on-line trainings, forums, the inverse relationship.

The expressive function of language allows the speaker to express his feelings. Journalistic text is usually clearly reflects the author's personality is different express and emotionally charged attitude of the author to present the facts. Not all journalistic genres equally suggest expressiveness of the text: it is less likely for informational notes, and more typical of the essay or pamphlet. On television, emotionality less common for news outlets, and is required for a talk show.

Here are a few examples of expressive headlines: "Old wagon in a new way. Moscow does not say goodbye to Czech trams "," Secret census. Mosgorkomstat promises not to share information, "" Mushroom wrong once, "" True road you are traveling companion! Three hours of socialism in the three stations "[19: 189]. These headers are not simply representing a subject, but emotionally characterize the situation, which tells the note.

The aesthetic function of journalistic text is set by the author, but the message in the form of its unity with the contents satisfies the aesthetic feelings of the recipient.

Genres and types of journalistic style

Journalistic style of functioning of certain stable forms is genres. Traditionally journalistic genres are divided into:

newspaper (essay, article, satire, reportage);

oratory (debates, speeches at the rally, toast);

television (analytical program, the dialogue in the air);

advertising (ad, poster, slogan);

communication (press conference, teleconference).

A more detailed look at newspaper genre.

Different style characteristics of the individual newspaper genres related to their purpose (note newsreel, reportage, interviews, essays, travel notes, correspondence). They pursue primarily informative purposes (except for essays), and the reception of the material closer together with the documents.

Style close to the research reported in several newspaper articles, and genres such as essays, satires are a kind of "hybrids" that combine the features of journalistic and literary - artistic style.

Newsreel note - is a brief account of the fact.

Report - a genre of journalism, to report promptly to the press, radio, TV about an event, a witness or participant is a reporter.

Interview - a genre of journalism, journalist conversation with one or more other persons for any conceptual issues.

Correspondence - operative genre of journalism that reports on the specific facts and circumstances.

Essay - a type of story, which outlines and analyzes the various facts and phenomena of social life, usually accompanied by a direct interpretation of their authors. Essay generally occupies a special place in the political literature.

Travel Notes - kind of essay that describes the movement in space and time.

Is the closest to finding people on the value of conformity in the translated language for lexical unit, without having to exact matches. This kind of approximate equivalents of lexical units can be called "peers."

Although these equivalents are only approximate broadcast the contents of the corresponding Russian words, yet in the absence of a precise English equivalents, their use is justified because they give some idea of the nature referred to an object or phenomenon. The use of analogs also found in the transmission non-equivalent English vocabulary in Russian language, for example:

drugstore - pharmacy, knowhow - secrets (technology, skills, knowledge of the case), muffin - baking.

Applying the translation process "analogues", keep in mind that they are only about convey the value of the original word, and in some cases may not create quite a correct idea of the nature referred to their object or phenomenon. With this in mind, experienced translators using "unique" give the required explanations in comments translated.

This technique is similar in its principle to approximate translation and contrasted vocabulary, as translated word by using this technique can have a match other than those specified in the dictionary. In this case, the main orientation of the interpreter is the context, therefore it is a way "is to replace the vocabulary compliance with contextual translation is logically connected to it." An illustration of such a method can serve as a translation of the phrase "Sorry, but we can not apply to you or consomme or profiteroles or floransi. We do not have Italian food, "the statement« I'm sorry, but we don't have the dishes you have ordered ». The main disadvantage of such a transfer is complete disappearance of the realities of the media as a specific national color.

In some cases, transmission non-equivalent vocabulary translator has to resort to the restructuring of the syntactic structure of the sentences to the full lexical substitutions changing the value of the original word or to one and the other at the same time, that is, to what is called the lexical and grammatical translational transformations, so in this If you can talk about the transformational translation.

For example, the English glimpse, having no equivalents of Russian nouns, often used in expressions to have, or to catch a glimpse of something or somebody, which makes it possible to use the verb in the translation, and thus resort to syntactic restructuring proposals [2, c. 201-214].

I could catch glimpses of him in the windows of the sitting-room.

When using transformation receive this offer translation from English into Russian as follows:

Я видел, как его фигура мелькнула в окнах гостиной.

Hyponymyic translation is the replacement of species concepts in a generic, that is, the transfer of the realities of a linguistic unit, which has a broader meaning than translatable. At its core is a generalization of the reception, which was quite widely used. It eliminates the transcription and substitution of concepts, the difference between them in a given context is negligible. For example: нопаль (вид кактуса) - кактус, кебраго (вид дерева) - дерево.

This method of transmitting bezekvivalentnoy vocabulary is the realization of the value of a lexical unit deployed using phrases that reveal the essential features of the lexical unit designated by the phenomenon, that is, in fact, by its definition (definition). Here are a few examples of descriptive translation of the English lexicon bezekvivalentnoy into Russian: showmanship - the ability to draw attention to themselves, gum arabic, gum arabic, emitted by different types of acacia trees, native to the south of the Sahara.

Translation idioms containing realities. Some researchers (eg, Vlahov and Florin) also highlight the realities of the replacement trick given in the source, on the reality of language. However, it should be noted that such a change leads to a kind of substitution of color and a sharp separation realities on the background of the text. An example of such a change can serve as a transfer of English. "Iomen" Russian concept of "land." The only clear prerequisite of such replacements is the loss of color (to the extent that this is possible) or translate the word or his alleged replacement.

The change of color by substituting the reality can focus the reader's attention to detail, which may, in my opinion, is not a key, and does not pose any significant semantic value to the story. bellboy-captain.

Considering the phraseological units in terms of translation, we turn to the division proposed by V.S.Vinogradovym, which identifies the following groups collocations:

1) lexical, semantic correlate with the words;

2) predicate complete sentences, entrenched in the language in the form of stable formulas;

3) comparative, entrenched in the language of a robust comparison.

S.Vlahov and S.Florin combine idioms in their structural and semantic type, color, metaphor, stylistic coloring of the following groups:

1) shaped / non-shaped;

2) proverbs like / non-proverb type;

3) National / loan / international;

4) having the flavor / without coloring;

5) Common / author;

6) the primitives / authorized.

The above indicators are to a large extent determine how the translation of phraseological unit. Based on the basic principles of classification realities words, you can highlight the main ways of translating the realities of phraseology.

1) Using the absolute equivalent.

This technique is possible if the idioms in the source language and the target language contains international reais (its one of a pair of foreign languages or for both): "All roads lead to Rome» «All roads lead to Rome». «The Dutch have taken Holland!» «Discover America!"

2) Use the equivalent of a maximum close-up content. This method is limited in application, since it implies change the realities of the source language reality of language. Such a transfer is possible in cases where a national or temporary color does not play a role, and the most important element is the content of the plan. The most famous example is the translation of the Russian proverb "To go to Tula with the samovar," the English equivalent «To carry coal to Newcastle».

3) Use a neutral color one word or phrase. It is used when there is no equivalent in the target language, or in the case where the substitution of color will lead to a distortion of meaning or a sharp discrepancy between the text itself idiom. An illustration of this process can serve as a translation of the English expression «when Queen Anne was alive» (literally, "was alive when Queen Anne") neutral Russian phrase "in ancient times." This method may be limited by the author's intention, if the expression is used in the literal sense and is an indication of a certain historical period ("at the court of Queen Anne") [34. 233-235].

4) Word Translation with explanation in a footnote may be used to preserve and flavor phraseological realities simultaneously for transmission of the content. This technique is successful, as it helps to achieve the main goal in the translation of such a linguistic unit, but has the disadvantage because of the literal translation of which cannot be natural.

5) Bringing the idiom in the original language with the translation and explanation in a footnote. This method is used relatively infrequently, mainly in cases similar to those used in the preceding process description. This technique increases the flavor of the speech of the hero or the author, and, in accordance with the author's intent, knowledge points to the hero of a foreign language (this applies to the phrases in the text in a foreign language for the original).

6) Use have a trcing the replacement of the national component is to build on the basis of the available material in the original language to the new language translation of phraseological unit. In this way, in the Russian language was included saying "Moscow was not built in one day" (English «Rome was not built in a day»). Also example is the translation of the Russian proverb "penny penny gained" with the phrase «take care of the kopecks and the roubles will take care of themselves» on the basis of the English expression «take car of the pennies and the pounds will take care of themselves».

3. Post translational analysis of the text

The final stage of our work is analysis involves a thorough study of the results of translation. At this stage, the translator Mr. Parts Required to describe solutions that have helped him to create a semantic, structural and stylistic analogue original. analysis involves consideration of lexical, grammatical and lexical to grammatical transformations.

3.1 Lost in Translation book A. Chan "Massacre in Nanjing. Forgotten genocide of World War II "

This section is devoted to the review and analysis of translation solutions that are needed to create high-quality translation in Russian.

Conversion, with which you can make the transition from original units to units of translation in this sense are called translation (interlanguage) transformations. Since translation transformation carried out with linguistic units, having the plan content and the plane of expression, they are formal semantic nature, transforming both the form and the value of the initial units.

Within the description of the process of transformation Translation not considered in static terms as a means of analysis of the relationship between the units and their DICE dictionary matching, and dynamic in terms of both methods of translation, which can use a translator to translate various originals in cases where compliance with the dictionary is missing or can be used on the context terms. Depending on the nature of DICE units, which are regarded as the source to perform the conversion, translation transformation are divided into lexical and grammatical. In addition, there are also complex lexical-grammatical transformations, where the transformation or affect both lexical and grammatical units of the original, or are inter-layer, ie make the transition from lexical to grammatical unity q and vice versa. [Kazakova 20 00 209]

Currently there are many different classifications of translational transformations, but we'll stick to the traditional division of the above, with which all oglasno translation transformation is divided into three main groups:

I. Lexical

II. Grammatical

III. Lexical and grammatical

Each separate group of transformations includes a number of translation techniques. It is the use of these techniques in practice allows the interpreter to create high-quality text to the target language.

During the translation of the text of the test were used most known x x Translation transformations. In the following sections of this paper we give a detailed analysis of each application changes, accompanied by relevant examples, illustrations.

3.2 Lexical transformation

Lexical transformation reflect formal and meaningful relationships between words and phrases in the original and in translation. When lexical transformations are replaced individual lexical units of the source language lexical units of the target language are not their lexical equivalents .

Formal lexical transformations include translation techniques, such as:

· transcription

· transliteration

· tracing

Transcription and transliteration - it means the translation of lexical units by recreating its original form using the letters IL. When transcription reproduces the sound form the foreign word and transliteration its graphical shape (alpha composition). The main way to transfer transcription is preserving some elements of transliteration. Since phonetic and graphic systems languages have significant differences, transfer forms of the word in the target language DICE always somewhat arbitrary and approximate.

Tracing - a way to transfer the original lexical unit by replacing its component parts - morphemes or words (in the case of collocations) their lexical correspondences in PCOS. When tracing new e words or word combinations of e in the IL generated by analogy with the structures of the second original lexical unit. It should be noted that in the process of transcription and translation tracing is often used simultaneously.

Following the groups and lexical transformations contains substantial transformation.

Implied here with the manual translation of lexical units of the original use of which is associated with a modification of the values of lexical units. The main methods of this group are

· concrete definition

· generalization

· modulation

Fleshing it is understood by replacing the word DICE on a narrower meaningfully word in PCOS.

Application reception specifying rationally in two main cases:

1) If DICE word with a total value may correspond to a few words with more data points in the IL.

2) If the use of the translation of the same general words, as in the original, may be unacceptable for the situation described.

Reception generalization involves the replacement unit DICE having a narrower meaning, IL unit with a wider meaning. T he application of this technique can be forced as if there is no necessary PYA word with a specific value, and optional if the translator prefers a more general version for stylistic reasons

Modulation or semantic development is called the replacement word or phrase DICE unit PYA whose value is logically inferred from the value of the original unit. Most often values correlated segments of source and target are associated with cause-and-effect relationships. In this case, the rejection of the "direct" translation can be forced or influenced by the choice of an interpreter.

third group consists of additional transformation:

· descriptive translation (explication)

· pens odchesky comment (footnotes and remarks)

· emfatizatsiya / neutralization

When none of the lexical selection methods of compliance is not adequate, the translators have resorted to the description. Descriptive translation can be used in parallel with transcription and is commonly used when translating terms, realities, unique objects, etc.

Whereas explication as translational reception usually accompanies the word or used in the text instead, then the translation comment will normally be taken beyond the text to a footnote on the same page, or provided at the end of the text or as a note book. Comments welcome as the translation is more detailed than the description explaining what is meant by a particular word.

Emphatization or neutralization of the initial value determined by such sociolinguistic factors such as difference in the tradition of emotionally evaluative information, resulting in the translation requires additional or emotional isolation, or vice versa, muting of the word in this context.

In addition, you can separately identify these types of lexical transformations as:

· Compensation

· Approximate transfer / translation by analogy

· Functional replacement

Receiving compensation is to transfer the semantic meaning or stylistic nuances, not where it is expressed in the original, or the means, what it is expressed in the original. If the interpreter is forced to sacrifice or stylistic coloring or expressive charge when translating words, of course, he must first save the expressive meaning of a word or phrase, and in failing to find a match, to compensate for this loss compensation technique.

As for approximate translation or a translation by analogy, then The path of this method is that instead of foreign realities translator uses reality of PCOS, which (by definition) has its own national characteristics, but at the same time has a lot to do with the reality of DICE. [45. 151]

Functional replacement - it's not so much a translation of the original form itself, as its grammatical or semantic features in the text. This transformation is the most time taking fifth in the translation of the predicate. In addition, the functional correspondence search can also be appropriate when translating bezekvivalentnoy vocabulary.