Сборник упражнений по грамматике английского языка

- I bought a book yesterday (last week, last month)

истекший отрезок времени -- Past Simple

Запомните также следующие предложения:

I have never been to France.

Have you ever been to London?

I haven't seen you for ages.

I haven't met him for a long time.

I haven't been to Moscow since last year.

1.Преобразуйте предложения, употребив Present Perfect.

Образец: Do your homework. -- I have already (just) done it.

1. Clean the room. 2. Do your hair. 3. Have a good rest. 4. Make coffee. 5. Pack your things. 6. Close the door. 7. Give up smoking. 8. Tell me the truth. 9. Buy a new coat. 10. Finish the work. 11. Have breakfast. 12. Invite him to come.

2. Ответьте на вопросы, используя данные слова.

1. Has Mother come from the market? (yes/ she/ just/ come /from the market)

2. Have you phoned Jack yet? (yes/ I just/ phone/ him)

3. Would you like some coffee? (no thanks/ I/ just/have/a cup)

3. Вставьте been или gone.

Example: Where's Paul? - He has gone to the library. We've been to the country today. Look, we've brought some flowers.

1. Where have you spent your holidays? - I've ... to Italy.

2. Are you going to the shops? - No, I've just... to the shops.

3. Is Alex at home? No, he's ... to the park.

4. Are they both out? - Yes, they've both ... to the market.

4. Составьте предложения с already и yet.

Example: Don't forget to pack some warm clothes. - I've already packed them. Have you typed the letters yet? - Yes, I've already typed them.

Have you bought that dress? - No, I haven't bought it yet, but I'm going

to buy it.

1 .Why don't you have a bath?-

2. Shall I buy some newspapers? - No,

3. Have you asked Jim yet? - Yes,

4. Have you invited Larry and Sue? - No, I ... but I am....

5. Has the manager arrived yet? - Yes,

6. Has Jill written to Dad? - No, she.... but she ... tonight.

5. Раскройте скобки, употребляя глаголы в требующейся форме, так чтобы получить Present Continuous или Present Perfect.

1. What are you (to talk) about? 2. We have just (to talk) about it. 3. He has just (to say) something about it. 4. She is (to tell) them some interesting story. 5. He has (to tell) us nothing about it, 6. She has (to tell) them some stories about dogs. 7. We have (to have) two lessons today. 8. They are (to have) a meeting. 9. She has not (to speak) yet. 10. They have (to ask) me several questions. 11. He has already (to learn) the rule. 12. I am (to write) an exercise. 13. What is he (to do)? , -- He is (to read) a newspaper. 14. Have you (to | read) any stories by Jack London? 15. What are you (to do) here? -- I am (to write) a letter to my friends.

6. Переведите на английский язык, употребляя глаголы в Present Perfect или Present Continuous.

1. Я только что позавтракал. 2. Он уже позавтракал. 3. Мы еще не завтракали. 4. Они все еще пьют чай в столовой. 5. Я уже сделал свои уроки. 6. Он все еще делает свои уроки. 7. У нас сегодня было три урока. 8. У них только что было собрание. 9. Она еще не читала этой книги. 10. Она все еще читает. 11. Кто это написал? 12. Что вы ему написали?

Сравните употребление Present Perfect и Past Simple

7. Раскройте скобки, употребляя глаголы в Present Perfect или Past Simple.

1. We (to travel) around Europe last year. 2. My father knows so much because he (to travel) a lot. 3. I (to see) Pete today, 4. She (to see) this film last Sunday. 5. Alex (to meet) his friend two hours ago. 6. I just (to meet) our teacher. 7. The children already (to decide) what to do with the books. 8. Yesterday they (to decide) to help their grandmother. 9. Helen speaks French so well because she (to live) in France. 10. She (to live) there last year. 11. The rain (to stop) and the sun is shining in the sky again. 12. The rain (to stop) half an hour ago. 13. Mary (to buy) a new hat. 14. I (to buy) a pair of gloves yesterday. 15. The wind (to blow) off the man's hat, and he cannot catch it. 16. The weather (to change), and we can go for a walk. 17. The wind (to change) in the morning.

8. Раскройте скобки, употребив нужную видовременную форму глагола.

1. You (see) this film? 2. He (be) at the cinema with you? 3. You (taste) the cake? 4. The pupils (not, do) their exercises yet. 5. I (not, meet) my school friend for many years. 6. She told me everything about him after he (leave). 7. When we arrived, the concert already (begin). 8. I asked him what countries he (visit). 9. I hope you (come) home from school by 2 o'clock. 10. I (finish) everything by the time you get back tomorrow. 11. If we don't hurry the sun (set) before we reach the top.

Сравните употребление Present Perfect, Present Continuous и Past Simple

9. Раскройте скобки, употребляя глаголы в Present Perfect, Present Continuous, Present Simple или Past Simple.

1. Please give me a pencil, I (to lose) mine. 2. I (not to meet) Peter since Monday. 3. Nina just (to finish) work. 4. Where Sergei (to be)? -- He (to go) home. He (to leave) the room a minute ago. 5. What you (to read) now? -- I (to read) "Jane Eyre" by Charlotte Bronte. 6. They (to read) "Ivanhoe" by Walter Scott a month ago. What about you? You (to read) "Ivanhoe"? 7. My watch (to stop). There (to be) something wrong with it. 8. You (to see) Jack today? -- Yes, I (to see) him at the institute. 9. You (to hear) the new symphony by M.? -- Yes, I.... -- When you (to hear) it? -- I (to hear) it last Sunday. 10. You (to change) so much. Anything (to happen)? 11. What you (to do) here at such a late hour? You (to write) your composition? -- No, I (to write) it already. I (to work) at my report. -- And when you (to write) your composition? -- I (to finish) it two days ago. 12. I say, Tom, let's have dinner. -- No, thank you, I already (to have) dinner. 13. What the weather (to be) like? It still (to rain)? -- No, it (to stop) raining.

Сравните употребление Present Perfect, Present Continuous,

Past Simple и Past Continuous

10. Раскройте скобки, употребляя глаголы в Present Perfect, Present Simple, Present Continuous, Past Simple или Past Continuous.

1. They (to go) to the Hermitage last week. 2. They (to be) to the Hermitage twice this week. 3. After school yesterday he (to come) home, (to have) dinner, (to read) an article from the latest magazine and (to begin) doing his homework. 4. When your friend (to return) from the south? -- She (to return) yesterday. -- You (to go) to the station to meet her? -- No, I..., I (to be) too busy. 5. With whom you (to discuss) this question yesterday? 6. I (to see) this film this week. I like it very much. 7. When I (to enter) the kitchen, I (to see) that my mother (to stand) at the table and (to cut) some cabbage. She (to cook) dinner. 8. As soon as I (to hear) a cry, I (to run) out of the room and (to see) that a child (to lie) on the ground and (to cry). "What (to happen)? Why you (to cry)? You (to hurt) yourself?" I asked. 9. As soon as I (to see) him, I (to understand) that he (to work) hard. He (to write) something and (not to notice) anything. 10. When I (to come) home yesterday, the children (to run) and (to sing) merrily. "We (to learn) a new song!" they cried. 11. When the young man (to enter) the room, she (to look) at him in surprise."What you (to want) to tell me?" she (to say). "Why you (to come)?" 12. It (to rain) hard when I (to leave) home yesterday, so I (to return), (to put) on my raincoat and (to start) again. 13. Your brother (to return) from the north? -- Yes, he (to come) a few days ago. 14. You (to be) to the Crimea? When you (to be) there? -- I (to be) there in 1993. 15. Where (to be) your brother? -- He just (to come) home. He (to take) a shower in the bathroom now.

The Past Perfect Tense

Спряжение глагола to write (писать) в Past Perfect Tense (предпрошедшее время)
I had written Не had written She had written It had written We had written You had written They had written	I had not written He had not written She had not written It had not written We had not written You had not written They had not written
Had Iwritten? Had hewritten? Had shewritten? Had itwritten? Had wewritten? Had youwritten? Had theywritten?	Yes, I had Yes, hehad Yes, she had Yes, it had Yes, wehad Yes, you had Yes, they had	No, I hadn't No, he hadn't No, she hadn't No, it hadn't No, we hadn't No, you hadn't No, they hadn't

1. Раскройте скобки, употребляя глаголы в Past Perfect.

1. Tom (to return) from the cinema by five o'clock. 2. By nine o'clock he already (to leave). 3.1 (to write) my exercise before he came. 4. John (to finish) his work by seven o'clock. 5. The teacher understood that Ann (not to do) her homework. 6. They (to return) home long before I rang them up. 7. By two o' clock the teacher (to examine) all the students. 8. By the Is1 of September all the children (to come back) from the country.

2. Поставьте предложение в вопросительную и отрицательную форму.

1. My sister had already graduated from the institute by that time. 2.1 understood she had read my letter. 3. By that moment my brother had already read five English books. 4. They had reached the river by sunset. 5. By half past six o'clock our father had done his work. 6. He had written his composition by eight o'clock. 7. James had got a job offer by that time.

3. Раскройте скобки, употребляя глаголы в Past Perfect или в Past Indefinite.

1. Ann (to tell) me she already (to see) this film. 2. When I (to come) home, mother already (to cook) dinner. 3. Kate (to give) me the book which she (to buy) the day before. 4. The teacher (to understand) that Ann (not to do) her homework. 5. Mary (to tell) us she (to cook) a good dinner. 6. He (to study) better than his father (to do). 7. Yesterday I (to buy) a new watch as I (to lose) my old one. 8. After they (to go) at last I (to go) to bed. 9. The child (to eat) all the cakes after his mother (to tell) him not to do it. 10.I not yet (to do) half the work when the director came in.

4. Переведите на английский язык, употребляя Past Perfect или Past Indefinite.

1. Он написал письмо к шести часам. 2. Они ушли из клуба до того, как мы пришли. 3. Джейн сделала половину работы к концу месяца. 4. К тому времени дети ушли в школу. 5. Я сделал домашнюю работу до того, как ты позвонил. 6. Его подруга выучила французский до того, как приехала в Париж.7. Ник написал письмо к шести часам. 8. Он закончил работу раньше, чем мы ожидали. 9. Мы уже повторили слова к тексту. 10. Я сказал ему, что я никогда не курил.

5. Раскройте скобки, употребляя глаголы в Past Perfect или в Present Perfect.

1. Не already (to solve) this problem. 2. By the evening he already (to solve) this problem. 3. We just (have) dinner. 4. After I (to take) a shower I (to have) dinner. 5. Mother (to finish) to cook only by three o'clock. 6. My daughter not yet (to come) from school. 7. He (to come) back by four o'clock. 8. You ever (to see) the Pyramids? 9. Mr. Brown (not to finish) his report by eight o'clock. 10.I never (to read) this book. падеж существительное глагол инфинитив

Сравните употребление Past Simple и Past Perfect

1. Раскройте скобки, употребляя глаголы в Past Simple или Past Perfect.

1. When I (to come) home, mother already (to cook) dinner. 2. When father (to return) from work, we already (to do) our homework. 3. When the teacher (to enter) the classroom, the pupils already (to open) their books. 4. Kate (to give) me the book which she (to buy) the day before. 5. Nick (to show) the teacher the picture which he (to draw). 6. The boy (to give) the goats the grass which he (to bring) from the field. 7. Mother (to see) that Nick (not to wash) his hands. 8. The teacher (to understand) that Lena (not to do) her homework. 9. I (to know) that my friend (not yet to come). 10. Tom (to return) from the cinema at five o'clock. 11. Tom (to return) from the cinema by five o'clock. 12. I (to finish) my homework at seven o'clock. 13. I (to finish) my homework by seven o'clock. 14. He (to think) that he (to lose) the money. 15. Ann (to tell) me that she (to see) an interesting film. 16. When I (to wake) up yesterday, father already (to go) to work. 17. Nick (to think) that his father (not yet to come) home. 18. Mary (to tell) us that she (to cook) a good dinner. 19. Yesterday I (to find) the book which I (to lose) in summer. 20. When we (to come) to the station, the train already (to leave).

2. Раскройте скобки, употребляя глаголы в Past Simple или Past Perfect.

1. Не (to study) French before he (to enter) the university. 2. Lanny (to say) that he (to get) his education in Cape Town. 3. The boy (to want) to act the main part in the play because he (to organize) the theatre. 4. Lanny (not to know) who (to attack) him in the darkness. 5. The girl (to be) glad that she (to find) a seat near the window. 6. Suddenly he (to remember) that he (not to ring) her up in the morning. 7. By the time the train (to reach) the city, he (to make) friends with many passengers. 8. When his uncle (to leave), he (to hurry) to the station to book a ticket. 9. She (to think) that Gert and Lanny (to quarrel). 10. By the time we (to come) to see him, he (to return) home. 11. During the holidays my friend (to visit) the village where he (to live) in his childhood. 12. When they (to enter) the hall, the performance already (to begin). 13. When I came home, my mother (to tell) me that she (to receive) a letter from grandfather. 14. Where you (to work) before you (to enter) the institute? 15. By two o'clock the teacher (to examine) all the students. 16. On my way to school I (to remember) that I (to leave) my report at home. 17. All my friends (to be) glad to hear that I (to pass) all the examinations successfully. 18. Poor Oliver (to lie) unconscious on the spot where Sikes (to leave) him. 19. He (to open) his eyes, (to look) around and (to try) to remember what (to happen) to him. 20. All the passengers (to see) at once that the old man (to travel) a great deal in his life.

3. Раскройте скобки, употребляя глаголы в Past Simple, Past Continuous и Past Perfect.

I. By eight o'clock yesterday I (to do) my homework and at eight I (to play) the piano. 2. By six o'clock father (to come) home and at six he (to have) dinner. 3. By nine o'clock yesterday grandmother (to wash) the dishes and at nine she (to watch) TV. 4. When I (to meet) Tom, he (to eat) an ice-cream which he (to buy) at the corner of the street. 5. When I (to come) home, my sister (to read) a book which she (to bring) from the library. 6. When mother (to come) home, the children (to eat) the soup which she (to cook) in the morning. 7. When I (to ring) up Mike, he still (to learn) the poem which he (to begin) learning at school. 8. When I (to look) out of the window, the children (to play) with a ball which Pete (to bring) from home. 9. By ten o'clock the children (to settle) comfortably on the sofa and at ten they (to watch) a TV film. 10. When father (to come) home, we (to cook) the mushrooms which we (to gather) in the wood. 11. When I (to see) Ann, she (to sort) the flowers which she (to pick) in the field. 12. When I (to come) home yesterday, I (to see) that my little brother (to break) my pen and (to play) with its pieces. 13. When I (to open) the door of the classroom, I (to see) that the teacher already (to come) and the pupils (to write) a dictation.

4. Раскройте скобки, употребляя глаголы в Past Simple, Past Continuous и Past Perfect.

1. I (to sit) in an armchair and (to think) of rny coming trip across the North Sea when the door suddenly (to open) and an old friend of mine whom I (not to see) for a very long time (to enter) the room. 2. She (to come) to see us just at the time when we (to have) dinner. It (to be) the first time I (to see) her. 3. I (to see) him just as he (to leave) the hotel. 4. I (not to see) him before we (to meet) at the concert. 5. He (to leave) the house before I (to have) time to ask him anything. 6. He (to tell) me he (to learn) it from the newspaper. 7. He (to enter) the room, (to take) something from the desk and (to go) out. 8. There (to be) two men in the room. One of them (to write) something while the other (to read) a newspaper. 9. He (not to tell) me that he (to receive) a telegram from her. 10. I (to ask) him if he (to know) where she (to live). I (to say) I (not to know) her address. 11. He (to ask) me if I (can) give him your address. 12. She (to say) that he (to give) her the wrong address. 13. I (to ask) him where he (to put) my letter. 14. He (to tell) us that they (to spend) all the money. 15. After spending several days in Paris he (to feel) lonely and (to want) to return home. 16. I (to think) he already (to go) home. 17. I (to find) the old man in the garden. He (to talk) to some children who (to stand) around listening to him. 18. He (to speak) a language we never (to hear) before.

5. Раскройте скобки, употребляя глаголы в Present Perfect, Past Simple, Past Continuous или Past Perfect.

1. I just (to see) Jack. 2. She (to wash) the dishes from five till six. 3. Look! She (to draw) a very nice picture. 4. At this time yesterday I (to talk) to my friend. 5. The TV programme (to begin) before I (to come) home. 6. I (not to eat) ice-cream since summer. 7. I understood that she (not to read) my letter. 8. She (to do) the rooms when I (to come) home. 9. Its all right: she (to find) the way out of the situation. 10. He (to come) home late yesterday. 11. She is very glad: she (to finish) her composition at last. 12. He (to translate) the whole text by eleven o'clock. 13. I never (to be) to Rome. 14. Last year we (to work) very much. 15. When I (to have) breakfast, I went to school. 16. I (not to see) you for ages! I am very glad to see you. 17. When you (to see) the "Swan Lake"? 18. My sister already (to graduate) from the institute. 19. He repaired the toy which his brother (to break) the day before. 20. I (to see) an interesting TV programme this week. 21. You ever (to be) to Trafalgar Square? 22. They (to cook) the whole day yesterday.

6. Раскройте скобки, употребляя глаголы в Present Perfect, Past Simple, Past Continuous или Past Perfect.

1. Only when she was going to bed, she remembered that she (to forget) to ring up her friend. 2. We already (to study) seven English tenses. 3. He (to spend) two weeks in Scotland two years ago. 4. I (to buy) a lovely fashionable dress. Now I shall look smart at the party. 5. He (to learn) English before he (to go) to the USA. 6. When she (to spend) all her money, she (to go) home. 7. I (to speak) to my friend yesterday. 8. Look! Kate (to wash) all the dishes. 9. Your mother (to return) from work? Can I speak to her? 10. She (to do) her flat the whole day on Saturday. 11. The cat (to drink) all the milk which I (to give) it. 12. You ever (to be) to Piccadilly Circus? 13. He (not to read) Turgenev since he was a pupil. 14. They (to reach) the river by sunset. 15. I (not yet to receive) an answer to my letter. 16. She is very happy: her son (to finish) school. 17. My brother (to train) at the stadium from six till eight yesterday. 18. My sister (to buy) a pair of nice model shoes this month. 19. I (not to dance) for ages. 20. When Nick (to come) from school, his friends (to play) in the yard. 21. When your sister (to go) to London? 22. My friend just (to recover) after a serious illness. 23. I never (to be) to the Bahamas. 24. At this time yesterday we (to talk) about you.

7. Раскройте скобки, употребляя глаголы в Present Perfect, Past Simple, Past Continuous или Past Perfect.

1. They (to tell) me yesterday that you (to get) an excellent mark. 2. When you (to receive) a letter from your friend? 3. Our grandmother (to cook) dinner from twelve till three yesterday. 4. Look! What beautiful flowers she (to buy)! 5. They (to travel) along the coast of Africa last year. 6. We (not to see) each other for ages. 7. They (to eat) all the apples which I (to bring). 8. When the children (to have) dinner, they (to go) for a walk. 9. Last summer we (to live) in the country and (to go) to the river every day. 10. My sister (to spend) a lot of money yesterday. 11. She is so upset: she (to lose) the key to the front door. 12. By the 1st of September all the children (to return) from the country. 13. Columbus (to discover) America 500 years ago. 14. Columbus (not to know) that he (to discover) America. 15. I already (to read) five English books. 16. He (to discuss) the problem with a lot of people before he (to take) a decision. 17. Mother (to bake) a delicious cake! Sit down at the table and let's eat it! 18. She (to read) an English book the whole evening yesterday. 19. I never (to be) to Greece. 20. You ever (to be) to the Niagara Falls? 21. At this time yesterday they (to sit) on the sofa and (to listen) to their grandmother who (to tell) them fairy-tales. 22. My friend just (to ring) me up from London. 23. I (to stand) at the tram-stop when it (to begin) raining. 24. We (not to skate) since last winter.

The Future Perfect Tense

1. Раскройте скобки, употребляя глаголы во Future Perfect.

1. By next winter he (to sell) all this things. 2. He (to leave) when you arrive. 3. By next month James (to write) his fourth play. 4. We (to solve) this difficult problem by the end of the week. 5. The wind (to drop) by then. 6. When the sun sets I (to read) this book. 7. If you come at nine they (to have) dinner. 8. If you ring me up after nine o'clock, I (to speak) to the doctor. 9. We (to travel) twenty miles more before we cross the frontier. 10. Next year we (to be) together for ten years.

2. Поставьте предложения в вопросительную и отрицательную форму.

1. We shall have come home by 5 o'clock. 2. John will have signed the contract before we come. 3.1 shall have repaired your watch by Friday. 4. Andrew will have examined the car well before he buys it. 5. In three years' time I shall already have taken my degree.

3. Переведите на русский язык.

1. Не will not see you before I have spoken to him. 2.1 shall leave for Moscow as soon as I have finished my business here. 3. She will return this magazine after she has read it. 4. Don't come here before you have finished writing this letter. 5. When you have done the work, you still will have plenty of time.

4. Раскройте скобки, употребляя глаголы во Future Indefinite, Future Perfect, Present Simple, Present Perfect.

1. Mother (to write) a letter to her tomorrow. 2.1 (to read) the book by the end of the week; you may have it then. 3. By the end of the term we (to learn) about one hundred new words. 4. If you ring me up after five I (to speak) to the director. 5.1 (to go) to the sports ground as soon as I (to finish) this exercise. 6. We (to go) to the theatre or a concert if we (to pass) our examinations successfully. 7. You (to do) a lot of your work by the end of this month? 8, In a year's time he (to take) to some more serious sort of job. 9. I (to go) away as soon as I (to speak) to him. 10. By the end of this month I (finish) reading "The Picture of Dorian Grey," and I (begin) to read "Jane Eyre." 11. If you do not make a note of it, you (forget) it by tomorrow. 12. By this time next year I (leave) school and (be) in Moscow. 13. I (get) through the greater part of the work when you come.

5. Раскройте скобки, употребляя глаголы в одном из будущих времен: Future Simple, Future Continuous или Future Perfect.

1. I (to do) my homework tomorrow. 2. I (to do) my homework at six o'clock tomorrow. 3. I (to do) my homework by six o'clock tomorrow. 4. When I come home tomorrow, my family (to have) supper. 5. When you come to my place tomorrow, I (to read) your book. I (to do) my homework by the time you come. 6. Don't come to my place tomorrow. I (to write) a composition the whole evening. 7. I (not to go) to the cinema tomorrow. I (to watch) TV the whole evening. 8. What you (to do) tomorrow? 9. What you (to do) at eight o'clock tomorrow? 10. You (to play) volley-ball tomorrow? 11. You (to do) this work by next Sunday? 12. When you (to go) to see your friend next time? 13. How many pages you (to read) by five o'clock tomorrow? 14. Tomorrow I (to begin) doing my homework as soon as I come from school. I (to do) my homework from three till six. My father (to come) home at seven o'clock tomorrow. I (to do) all my homework by the time he comes, and we (to go) for a walk together.

Упражнения на все изученные времена

1. Раскройте скобки, употребляя глаголы в одном из следующих времен: Present, Past, Future Simple; Present, Past Continuous; Present, Past Perfect.

1. We (to go) to school every day. 2. Nick (to do) his home-work by seven o'clock yesterday. 3. You (to help) your father tomorrow? 4. We (to bring) a lot of berries from the wood. Now we shall make jam. 5. Look! Jane (to swim) across the river. 6. What you (to do) at six o'clock yesterday? 7. You ever (to see) the Pyramids? 8. I (to go) to the Caucasus two years ago. 9. When Nick (to come) home yesterday, his mother (to return) and (to cook) dinner in the kitchen. 10. When I (to go) to school yesterday, I suddenly (to remember) that I (to forget) to take my English exercise-book. 11. Yesterday grandfather (to tell) us how he (to work) at the factory during the war.

2. Раскройте скобки, употребляя глаголы в одном из следующих времен: Present, Past, Future Simple; Present, Past Continuous; Present, Past Perfect,

1. I always (to come) to school at a quarter to nine. 2. Yesterday I (to come) to school at ten minutes to nine. 3. Tomorrow Nick (not to go) to the cinema because he (to go) to the cinema yesterday. He already (to be) to the cinema this week. Look! He (to cry). 4. What your brother (to do) now? 5. My friend (to like) pies. He (to eat) pies every day. When I (to meet) him in the street yesterday, he (to eat) a pie. He (to tell) me that he (to buy) that pie at the corner of the street. Look at my friend now. He (to eat) a pie again.

3. Раскройте скобки, употребляя глаголы в одном из следующих времен: Present, Past, Future Simple; Present, Past Continuous; Present, Past Perfect.

1. When you (to come) to see us? -- I (to come) tomorrow if I (not to be) busy. 2. I (not to like) apples. 3. He (to come) home at five o'clock yesterday. 4. I (to ring) you up as soon as I (to come) home tomorrow. 5. I (to show) you my work if you (to like). 6. He (to come) home by six o'clock yesterday. 7. Pete certainly (to help) you with your English if you (to ask) him. 8. This little boy never (to see) a crocodile. 9. Send me a telegram as soon as you (to arrive). 10. Let's go for a walk. The rain (to stop) and the sun (to shine). 11. If you (to help) me, I (to do) this work well. 12. I always (to get) up at eight o'clock, but tomorrow I (to get) up a little later. 13. What you (to read) now? -- I (to read) Tom's book. I (to be) in a hurry. Tom soon (to come), and I (to want) to finish reading the book before he (to come). 14. As soon as you (to see) your friend, tell him that I (to want) to see him. 15. When I (to come) home yesterday, my brother (to sleep).

4. Раскройте скобки, употребляя глаголы в одном из следующих времен: Present, Past, Future Simple; Present, Past Continuous; Present, Past Perfect.

1. You (to go) for a walk with me? -- I (to be) sorry, I can't. I (to do) my homework. I (not yet to write) the English exercise. If you (to wait) for me, I (to go) with you in half an hour. I (to want) to go for a walk very much, because I (not to go) for a walk yesterday. 2. Don't go to Nick's place now, he (to work). He (to finish) his homework at seven o'clock. If you (to come) after seven, he (to be) very glad. 3. Pete (to go) to the cinema? -- Yes, I (to think) so. He usually (to play) in the yard at this time, and now he (not to be) there. 4. He (to read) a book at five o'clock yesterday. 5.Yesterday the children (to do) all their homework before mother (to come) home, and when she (to come), they (to play) with the cat. 6. I (to lose) my key when I (to play) in the yard yesterday. 7. Ring me up as soon as you (to come) home. 8. Where you usually (to take) books for reading?

5. Раскройте скобки, употребляя глаголы в одном из следующих времен: Present, Past, Future Simple; Present, Past Continuous; Present, Past Perfect.

It was eight o'clock in the morning and time for me to go to work. I (to look) out of the window. It (to rain) hard. "You (to get) wet through if you (to go) out now," said my mother. "No, I ... ," I answered, "I (to take) an umbrella." We (to have) five umbrellas in the house, but when I (to want) to take one, I (to find) that there (to be) not one that I could use: they all (to be) torn or broken. So I (to take) them all and (to carry) them to the umbrella-maker, saying that I would call for the umbrellas on my way home in the evening. When I (to go) to have lunch in the afternoon, it still (to rain) very hard. I (to go) to the nearest cafe, and (to sit) down at a table. A few minutes later a young woman (to come) in and (to sit) down at the same table with me. When I (to finish) my lunch and (to be) ready to leave, I absent-mindedly (to take) her umbrella and (to start) for the exit. She (to stop) me saying that I (to take) her umbrella. I (to return) the umbrella with many apologies. In the evening I (to go) to the umbrella-maker, (to take) my five umbrellas and (to get) on the tram to go home. It so happened that the woman I (to meet) at the cafe (to ride) in the same tram. When she (to see) me with my five umbrellas, she (to say): "You (to have) a successful day today, (to have not) you?"

6. Переведите на английский язык, употребляя глаголы в Present Simple, Present Continuous или Present Perfect Continuous.

1. а) Она читает.

b) Она читает с утра.

2. а) Они играют в волейбол.

b) Они играют в волейбол с трех часов.

3. а) Мы изучаем английский язык.

b) Мы изучаем английский язык с 1998 года.

4. а) Мой папа работает в институте.

b) Мой папа работает в институте с 1995 года.

5. а) Моя бабушка готовит обед.

b) Моя бабушка готовит обед с двух часов.

6. а) Моя сестра спит.

b) Моя сестра спит с пяти часов.

7. а) Мама убирает квартиру.

b) Мама убирает квартиру с утра.

8. а) Дедушка смотрит телевизор.

b) Дедушка смотрит телевизор с шести часов.

9. а) Мой дядя пишет стихи.

b) Мой дядя пишет стихи с детства.

Сравните следующие предложения:
I am still working at my report.	Я все еще работаю.	Present Continuous
I have already been working at my report for three hours.	Я уже 3 часа работаю.	Present Perfect Continuous

7. Поставьте следующие предложения в the Past и the Future Perfect Continuous Tenses, употребляя соответствующие обстоятельства времени.

1. I have been learning the new words for an hour, but I don't remember them. 2. Jane has been writing letters to her friends since morning. 3. My father has been reading newspapers since he came back from his office. 4. It has been raining heavily all day long. 5. The boys have been playing football for 2 hours. 6. You have been speaking on the phone for half an hour already.

8. Раскройте скобки, употребляя глаголы в одном из следующих времен: Present Simple, Present Continuous, Present Perfect, Present Perfect Continuous.

1. He (to run) now. He (to run) for ten minutes without any rest. 2. What they (to do) now? -- They (to work) in the reading-room. They (to work) there for already three hours. 3. Where he (to be) now? -- He (to be) in the garden. He (to play) volley-ball with his friends. They (to play) since breakfast time. 4. I (to live) in St. Petersburg. I (to live) in St. Petersburg since 1990. 5. She already (to do) her homework for two hours; but she (not yet to do) half of it. 6. I (to wait) for you since two o'clock. 7. What you (to do)? -- I (to read). I (to read) for already two hours. I already (to read) sixty pages. 8. This man (to be) a writer. He (to write) books. He (to write) books since he was a young man. He already (to write) eight books. 9. What you (to do) here since morning? 10. Lena is a very good girl. She always (to help) her mother about the house. Today she (to help) her mother since morning. They already (to wash) the floor and (to dust) the furniture. Now they (to cook) dinner together. 11. This is the factory where my father (to work). He (to work) here for fifteen years. 12. You (to find) your note-book? -- No! I still (to look) for it. I already (to look) for it for two hours, but (not yet to find) it. 13. You (to play) with a ball for already three hours. Go home and do your homework. 14. Wake up! You (to sleep) for ten hours already. 15. I (to wait) for a letter from my cousin for a month already, but (not yet to receive) it. 15. It is difficult for me to speak about this opera as I (not to hear) it. 16. I just (to receive) a letter from my granny, but I (not yet to receive) any letters from my parents. 17. The weather (to be) fine today. The sun (to shine) ever since we got up. 18. Every day I (to wind) up my watch at 10 o'clock in the evening. 19. Come along, Henry, what you (to do) now? I (to wait) for you a long time. 20. Where your gloves (to be)? -- I (to put) them into my pocket.

9.Раскройте скобки, употребив нужную видо-временную форму.

1. It is a very boring novel. I (read) it for two weeks, though I usually (read) books quickly. 2. She (live) in Gomel since she (be) born. 3. The children (skate) in the park for two hours before they went to the cinema. 4. We (lie) on the beach since early morning. 5. She (learn) English for 5 years before she goes abroad. 6. Since when they (work) here? 7. How long Ann (translate) the text?

Modal Verbs

Can, to be able to

а) способность, умение

He cannot (can't) drive a car.	Он не умеет водить машину.
She could read English when she was five.	Она умела читать по-английски в 5 лет.
You'll be able to speak English in a month. (используется эквивалент глагола can - be able to)	Вы сможете говорить по-английски через месяц.

б) разрешение (= may):

You can go home now	Вы можете идти домой.
Can /Could I use your phone? (форма с Could более вежливая)	Можно мне позвонить?
- Yes, of course you can. (He could).	- Да, конечно.

в) возможность (в утвердительных предложениях):

This can be true. Возможно, это правда.

May

а) разрешение (более формальное, чем с can):

Must, have to

а) must употребляется, когда высказывание исходит от лиц, имеющих право приказывать или распоряжаться:

Policeman: You must move your car	Полицейский: Вы должны передвинуть машину.
You must not go.	Вы не должны уходить. (приказ командира, начальника и т.п.)
I'm afraid I have to go ( I've got to go)	Боюсь, я должен (вынужден) идти
You needn't go right away. You may do it tomorrow.	Не обязательно уходить сразу. Вы можете сделать это завтра.
Passengers must check in an hour before their flight.	Пассажиры должны зарегистрироваться за час до вылета. (правило регистрации пассажиров в аэропорту)
You will have to be at the airport an hour before your flight.	Тебе придется приехать в аэропорт за час до вылета. (необходимость исходящая не от говорящего)

б) Must c 1-м лицом более эмфатично, чем have to; must not «не должен», «нельзя», needn't - «не нужно».

Sorry I must be off.	Извините, я должен идти.
I have to get up at 7 every morning.	Я должен (мне приходится вставать в 7 часов каждое утро).

Утвердительные и вопросительные предложения с модальным глаголом have to строятся при помощи вспомогательного глагола do (does), если действие относится к настоящему времени и did, если оно относится к прошлому:

в) предположение, умозаключение:

She must be about 20 now. Ей, вероятно, около 20 лет сейчас.

г) совет:

You must see this film. Вы должны посмотреть этот фильм.

It's really good. Он очень хороший.

Ought to, Should

Модальный глагол ought to в отличие от can, may, must требует инфинитива смыслового глагола с частицей to. Обозначает часто моральный долг, обязанность говорящего. Совпадает по значению с should, но используется реже:

You ought to write to your parents more often.	Вы должны чаще писать своим родителям.

Should обозначает долг, обязанность, но не имеет оттенка принуждения со 2-м и 3-м лицом (в отличие от must):

He should have his hair cut. It's too long. Ему следует подстричься. У него слишком длинные волосы.

а) Глаголы выражения возможности

b) Глаголы долженствования

Глагол	Отрицательная форма	Форма прошедшего времени	Форма будущего времени	Перевод
Must	Must not Need not	Had to	Will have to	Обязан, должно быть
Have/has to	Do/Does not have to	Had to	Will have to	Должен, нужно
Ought to	Ought not to	(Had better)	Ought to	Следует, нужно
Should	Should not	Should have	Should	Следовало бы
To be to	To be not to	Was/ were to	Will be to	Должен, нужно

1. Match the English sentences in the left column with their English equivalents in the right one:

1) He may come.a) Ему можно не приходить.

2) He couldn't come.b) Он может прийти.

3) He must come. c) Ему не следует приходить.

4) He had to come.d) Он должен прийти.

5) He shouldn't come.e) Он не смог прийти.

6) He'll be able to come.f) Он сможет прийти.

7) He needn't come. g) Ему не разрешают прийти.

8) He isn't allowed to come.h) Ему пришлось прийти.

2. Read and translate the following sentences:

1. You must learn all these new words. 2. I can't translate the text myself. I need your help. 3. You needn't translate these sentences. They are very easy. 4. May I ask you to wait a little? I am not yet ready. 5. You needn't go there today. 6. You should work hard and be more attentive. 7. You must bring me my text-book today. But you needn't come very early. 8. Can you speak English well? - No, I am afraid, I can't. I must work hard at it. 9. May I smoke here? - Excuse me, but you mustn't. You should go out and smoke in the yard. 10. I ought to do some work in the library for an hour or two this afternoon. 11. I cannot translate this text without a dictionary. Can you help me? - Excuse me, but I am busy now. I must see Professor H. and speak to him. We can stay after classes and work in the lab together. 12. You ought not to waste your time. 13. Little boys and girls ought to be good and obey their parents. 14. The train is to arrive at 5. 15. You have to come here in the morning. 16. Sherlock Holmes was able to tell you about every murder of the last hundred years. 17. He won't be able to meet you at the station tomorrow. He will be very busy at his office.

3. Fill in the blanks with the modal verb:

1. Ann's brother … read, but he … speak German. 2. … I speak to Mr. Brown? - I am sorry he is out now. … you telephone him at 12? 3.... I ask you a question?

- Yes, you …4. … we learn thirty-five words? - No, you …. You … know only the first twenty words. 5. My daughter is fourteen, but she … cook very well. 6. Pete … go to school today. He is not well. He will … to spend several days in bed. 7. … I open the window? - No, you …. I am not well. 8. You … read this book. It is very interesting. 9. I … to write this composition yesterday, but I was too busy as I … to translate a very long text from English. 10. You … go to the stadium and

see our team play, it will be very interesting. 11. …I come to the meeting today? - Yes, you …. 12. There was a lot of noise in the street last night and I … sleep. 13. … I borrow your umbrella? 14. The ice is quite thick. We … walk on it. 15. You … say anything. Just nod your head and he will understand. 16. Tom's father told him that he … ask silly questions.

4. Make up sentences according to the model using the words and word-combinations given bellow:

We'll be able to book seats for a performance in advance.

to leave for the Caucasus, to join you for dinner, to call for you tonight, to check the information right away.

I had to stay in London for another day.

to take off my jacket, to go through the mail, to send the price-list, to fill in the declaration.

Did you have to translate the letters into Russian?

to find out the address, to buy another suit-case, to make another appointment, to stay at home.

He didn't have to take a taxi to get to the airport.

to wait for … long, to fill in any form, to phone the secretary, to get any other instructions.

5. Put questions to the underlined words:

1. He will be able to reserve a room at the Ukraine Hotel (3). 2. We had to learn 40 new English words last week (4). 3. Mr. White will have to leave for Manchester on the 3-d of January (3). 4. Yesterday my friend had to come to his office early as he had a lot of work to do (5). 5. She won't be able to join us for dinner because she feels bed today (3).

6. Translate into Russian:

1. He must have sold his car. 2. He may have sold his car. 3. He can't have sold his car. 4. He should have sold his car. 5. He shouldn't have sold his car. 6. He needn't have sold his car. 7. He had to sell his car. 8. He was to sell his car.

7. Complete the sentences using the modal verbs”can”, “may”, “must”:

1. The performance … (be over) as there are many people leaving the theatre. 2. I don't believe that he said it. He … (say) such a thing. 3. I am sure they knew everything about it. Mary … (tell) them. She can't keep her word.4. I am sure that she didn't do anything of the kind. They … (take) her sister for her. 5. It is impossible that they should have refused to help you. They … (break) their promise. 6. I don't believe that they didn't recognize you. They … (fail to recognize) you. 7. These students … (be) at a lecture now. They never miss classes. 8. I don't believe it. He … (write) the letter but the signature is certainly not his. 9. … this old man (be) your brother? 10. The message … (be delivered) in time as we received an immediate answer. 11… you (not remember) our talk? 12. She … wait for me at home. We've arranged so.

8. Put “can”, `may”, “must”, “should”, “ought to”, “have to”, “be to”, “be able to”, (or the negative forms) and “needn't” in the spaces:

1. “Oh, Nurse, I stay here? - Stay here? Of course, you …. 2. A man … help his parents when they become old. 3. There are no buses or taxis, so we … walk. 4. We … live without food and water. We … eat and drink. 5. I … get up too early tomorrow, so I … to bed late tonight. 6. You … not walk all the way to the station. You … take a bus round the corner. 7. Tom's father told him that he … ask silly questions. 8. You … switch off the light if you are afraid of the dark. 9. The matter … discussed in tomorrow's debate. 10. You … sit there in your wet clothes; you will catch cold if you do. 11. You … do whatever you like. 12. She … sing quite well. 13. … I use your phone. - You … ask for permission; you … use it whenever you like. 14. You … take a horse to water but you … make him drink. 15. If you don't know the meaning of a word you … use a dictionary.

9. Translate the following sentences into English:

1. Я должна купить торт сегодня. 2. Мой брат не умеет говорить по-английски. Он умеет говорить по-немецки. 3. Можно, я посмотрю вашу фотографию? 4. Вы можете показать мне свою фотографию? 5. Не может быть, что ему сорок лет. Он выглядит гораздо моложе. 6. Не может быть, что он забыл прийти. Он, должно быть, был очень занят. 7. Мы, может быть, поедем за город, если будет хорошая погода. 8. Если сестра не купит мне кофе, мне придется идти в магазин самой. 9. Я не могу найти свои часы. - Может быть, вы оставили их на работе. - Нет, я не могла оставить их на работе. Я никогда их не снимаю с руки. 10. Вы сможете перевести этот текст завтра? 11. Я, должно быть, заблудилась. Вы не можете мне сказать, как пройти к Красной площади? 12. Мне пришлось прочесть массу книг, когда я готовилась к докладу. 13. Вы должны прийти после занятий в лингафонный кабинет и поработать с этим текстом. 14. Простите, можно войти? 15. Вы не должны опаздывать. 16. Вам следует быть более внимательным. 17. Вы можете мне помочь? 18. Я не могу перевести это слово. 19. Вы должны принести словари к следующему уроку. 20. Вам не надо брать книгу. 21. Простите, здесь можно курить? 22. Здесь нельзя разговаривать громко. 23. Лекция должна начаться в 11.30. 24. Вам придется закончить эту работу к вечеру.

The Passive Voice

Сравните:

В предложениях с глаголом, употребленным в пассивном залоге, подлежащим может быть не только прямое дополнение, но также косвенное и предложное дополнения активного глагола:

He told me a funny story. Он рассказал мне забавную историю. They offered me a good job. Они предложили мне хорошую работу.	I was told a funny story. A funny story was told to me. Мне рассказали забавную историю. I was offered a good job. Мне предложили хорошую работу.

Предлоги by и with употребляются для того, чтобы показать, кем или чем выполняется действие, выраженное сказуемым в пассивном залоге:

Who was the device invented by? Our lab is equipped with modern computers. ...

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