Предмет англійської мови за професійним спрямуванням

Nowadays through the Konotop district the state highways submission Baturin ~ Sumy and Krolevec - Konotop - Romney - Piryatin are passed. Road Baturin - Sumy is located 28 km from Konotop and adjusted to the highway Kyiv-Moscow.

Complete the serteuces

1) Service of motor roads in Sumy Region was created …

2) On June, 2007 there were …

3) There are also single …

4) The Service is …

5) Annual volumes of the world …

6) For the years of its existence the Service …

7) The Service carries out …

Give equivaleuts to the following words and word-combinations

1) Service of motor roads;

2) Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine;

3) State significance;

4) Local significance;

5) Total length;

6) Road network;

7) Single facilities;

8) Water-pipes;

9) Correspondent normative documentation;

10) State Automobile Complex;

11) Stable growth

12) Capital investment

13) According to;

14) Roads of communal property

15) Annual growth

Make up dialogues using the text

Supplementary task - означає завдання, винесені на самостійну роботу студентів

The Service is a client of building, reconstruction, repairs and exploitation maintenance of motor roads of general use in Sumy region dependently from proper Ukrainian legislation and correspondent normative documentation. The main contractor of these work is OJSC "State Automobile Complex "Motor Roads of Ukraine" - DE "Sumy oblaudotor" ; annual volumes of the works carried out by them are about 75-80% of total work. Works on building and capital repair are realized be CJSC "Sumymostobud" , and project works are realized by Sumy department of complex projecting DE "Ukrdiprodor".

Read and memorize the following words and word-combinations to the text

“The First Recorded Legislation of the British Roads”

deal with - мати справу з

andowners - землевласник

in a fit state - в належному (відповідному, гарному) стані

further - далі, потім, подальший

bush - кущ, густо розростатися

for a distance - на відстані

in order to - для того, щоб

wayfarer - подорожник

tenant - орендар

doubt - сумнів,підозрювати

oblige - зобов'язати, змусити

on behalf - в інтересах, від імені

payment - плата, сплата

undertake -починати, братися, зобовязатися

Read and translate the text

“The First Recorded Legislation of the British Roads”

The first recorded legislation dealing with highways, the Statute of Winchester (1285), ordered landowners to maintain the roads and bridges on their land in a fit state for traffic, and further required that highways between market towns be cleared of trees and bushes for a distance of 200ft on either aide in order to protect the wayfarer from attack. The tenants were no doubt obliged to undertake this task-on the Landowner's behalf without receiving any payment for their labors.

Translate into Ukrainian

recorded legislation

landowners

in a fit state

for a distance

on behalf

for a distance of 200ft

Read, copy out the new words and expressions to the text and then make a translation of the text

“Early Types of Surfaces in the USA”

Early highways in the United States generally had natural earth surfaces. Numerous city streets were paved with cobblestones, and the use of wood blocks soon followed, round cedar blocks (кедрові колоди) being popular. The high cost of surfaoing led to the construction of large numbers of tool roads (платна дорога) which were both privately and publically operated and which were surfaced with gravel, logs or planks. The influence of Macadam and Telford in England extended to this country and led to the use of broken stone to some extent.

The invention of the power Stone crusher in 1858 and of the steam roller in 1859 greatly increased the use of broken stone by lowering the cost of its production. These surfaces were satisfactory for horse-drawn traffic because the contact of the horses shoes and of steel tires on the stone provided a small amount of dust which, when moistened with water from rains, acted as a natural cement to fill the void spaces in the surfaces and hold the individual stone fragments together. By the close of the nineteenth century large mileages of broken-stone surfaces had been built on municipal streets and on rural highways. Gravel was used in large quantities in locations where it was economically available. The increases of traffic on city streets and some adjacent rural highways necessitated more durable wearing surfaces. Cobblestones and untreated wood blocks were not satisfactory. Stone blocks were used. One of the first of modern surfacing was rock asphalt, which was imported from Europe and was used in cities along the Atlantic seaboard and on the Gulf coast. The first brick pavement was constructed in Charleston West Virginia, in 1871, and sheet asphalt was first used in 1876 on Pennsylvania Avenue in Washington, D.C. Bellefontaine, Ohio, is credited with having the first street pavement of Portland comment concrete. Wayne Country, Michigan, constructed the first rural road of concrete in1909.

Choose the right answer

1. Early highways in the United States generally had:

1. Gravel surfaces;

2. Natural earth surfaces;

3. Natural cements surfaces.

2. The high cost of surfacing led to:

1. The construction of tool roads;

2. The construction of broken stone surfaces;

3. The construction of brick pavement.

3. The increase of traffic on city streets necessitated:

1. Natural earth surfaces;

2. Less durable wearing surfaces;

3. More durable wearing surfaces.

4. The invention of … in 1858 greatly increased the use of broken stone.

1. Power stone crusher and steam roller;

2. Internal compustion engine;

3. Wheels.

5. The firat brick pavement was constructed:

1. in 1909;

2. in 1871;

3. in 1876.

Read and memorize the following words and word-combinations to the text

«The Car of the Future»

Shift

Subway

Generation

In many respects

To predict

Front -wheel

To burn

Fuel

Urban cars

Errand

To lease

Occasion

Light weight steel alloys

Reduction

Graphite-fiber

To allow

Read and translate the text:

“THE CAR OF THE FUTURE”

1. Most experts agree, that, while there will be no massive shift to buses and subways in the next generation, the typical car of the future will differ in many respects from the one most people drive today.

2. Automotive engineers and other authorities predict that cars, will become smaller, lighter and considerably more expensive. Most will have front-wheel drive, and more will burn diesel oil or more exotic fuel.

3. More two-passengers urban cars, some of them powered by electricity, will be used for commuting to work and running everyday errands, but the six-passenger family automobile will not disappear completely.

4. Big cars being too expensive to operate for everyday use, people may prefer to rent or lease one for special occasion such as summer vacations.

5. Greater use of plastics, aluminum and lightweight steel alloys is expected. Further weight reductions could be achieved if the cost of light, super-strong graphite-fiber materials can be brought down to levels economical enough to allow their use.

Complete the sentences

1) Most experts agree . . .

2) The typical car of the future

3) . . . predict that cars . . .

4) . . . will have front-wheel / drive . . .

5) . . . will be used for commuting to work and running everyday errands

6) But the six-passenger family . . .

7) Greater use of . . .

8) People may prefer . . .

Give equivalents to the following words and word-combinations.

next generation

massive shift

typical car

in many respects

predict

considerably

two-passengers urban cars

everyday errands

six-passenger family automobile

to operate

to rent

to lease

special occasion

greater use

light weight still alloys

to allow their use

weight reductions

Additional Texts

Read and translate the text.

Highway and Street Intersections

Conditions Affecting Design. The multiple of conditions which affect the design and treatment of highway intersections includes the class and type of each intersecting road, the topography, the number and direction of the intersecting roads, the amount of turning movement, and the development of the land adjacent to the intersection.

Read and translate the text

Intersections

Glasses of Intersections. Highway intersections embrace two main classes: intersections at grade, which include simple intersections and rotary intersections, and grade separations with connecting ramps.

Simple Intersections at Grade. Simple intersections may involve a varying number of roads and shapes. An intersection of two roads often is designed as a ? crossing?. A T- intersection is one at which a continuous highway is intersected at or nearly at a right angles by another road which does not cross the continuous road. A Y- intersection involves two roads which intersect at or nearly at equal angles. A ? branch ? intersection is a three-road intersection in wich two roads forming a continuous highway are intersected at a small angle by another road, which usually is of less importance than the other two.

Rotary Intersection. Rotary intersections may be defined as intersections which provide for traffic to be moved in one direction around a central island. All vehicles turn to the right when entering and leaving a rotary intersection.

Flexible and Rigid Types of Pavements.

Roadways may be classified as rigid and flexible. Pavements of Portland cement concrete or those in which Portland cement concrete bases or foundations are used are known as rigid pavements. Gravel, the various types of macadam, and asphaltik or bituminous foundations are known as flexible pavements or roadways.

Read and memorize new Word's and Expressions to the text

“An Airport as a Centre of Air Communication”

1. Location розташування

2. Aircraft літак , авіація

3. Blimp вайло (увалень)

4. take off відштовхуватися від землі,

5. land земля

6. to store запас,достаток,запасати

7. to maintain підтримувати,утримувати

8. runway шлях руху

9. helipad вертолітний майданчик

10. lauding посадка

11. hangar ангар

12. terminal кінець,кінцевий пункт

13. fixed base operator services виправлено послуги базового оператора

14. dock док,пристань

15. ramp бушувати

16. traffic control управління рухом

17. facility можливість

18. lounge кімната або місце відпочинку

19. emergency service обслуговування крайньої необхідності

20. airbase авіа база

21. airfield авіа поле

22. airstrip авіа смуга

23. heliport вертодром

24. seaplane base основа гідролітака

25. short take off and landing aircraft зліт та посадка

26. jurisdictions законний

27. license ліцензія

28. relevant доречний

29. merely тільки,лише просто

30. airport of entry вхід до аеропорту

31. entry вхід,в'їзд

An Airport as a Centre of Air Communication

An airport is a location where aircraft such as airplanes, helicopters, and blimps take off and land. Aircraft may also be stored or maintained at an airport. An airport consist of at least one surface such as a runway, a helipad, or water for takeoffs and landings, and often includes buildings such as hangars and terminal buildings.

Larger airports may have fixed base operator services, seaplane docks and ramps, air traffic control, passenger facilities such as restaurants and lounges, and emergency services. A military airport is known as an airbase or air station. The terms airfield, airstrip, and aerodrome may also be used to refer to airports, and the terms heliport, seaplane base, and STOLport refer to airports dedicated exclusively to helicopters, seaplanes, or short takeoff and landing aircraft. In some jurisdictions, the term airport is used where the facility is licensed as such by the relevant government organization (e.g. Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), Transport Canada). Elsewhere the distinction is merely one of general appearance. Yet other areas define an airport by its having the necessary customs offices etc expected of a port, though the more general term is airport of entry.

Answer the questions:

1) What is an airport?

2) May aircraft be stored and maintained at an airport?

3) What does an airport consist of?

4) Are there restaurants , lounges and emergency service at large airports?

5) How is a military airport known?

6) When are the terms airfield airstrip and aerodrome be used?

7) How do other areas define an airport?

Finish the sentences , translate them into Ukrainian :

1) An airport is……………

2) An airport consist of……………

3) The term airfield , airstrip………….

4) In some jurisdiction………………….

5) Elsewhere……….

Read and memorize new words and expressions to the text

“The Roads of the 19th century”

1. Attempt спроба

2. metalled roads щебенисте шосе

3. to improve поліпшення

4. communication зв'язок

5. primarily перш за все

6. military purpose військова ціль

7. to reconstruct реконструювати

8. road system дорожня система

9. to construct будувати

10. speed up прискорювати

11. coach travel вагон,автобус

12. to exscavate копати, викопувати

13. hand-packed ручна кладка

14. to vary відрізнятися,

змінюватися

15. haunch зовнішня смуга проїзжої частини

16. crossfall поперечний ухил

17. width ширина

18. broadest широко

19. down ward униз, донизу

20. space простір

21. chippings щебінь

22. respectively відповідно

23. surfacing покриття

24. layer of gravel шар гравію

25. compact компактний

26. to dispense with обходитись без

27. dіg рити, розкопувати

28. camber випуклість, кривізна

29. angular fragments кутасті уламки

30. ramming утромбовка

31. to appoint призначати

32. vast широкий, обширний

33. to suit the requirements задовольняти вимоги

34. steam carriage паровий екіпаж

35. to coincide with співпадати з

36. immediate негайний

37. reduction зменшення,

зниження, скорочення

38. stage coache поштова карета

39. to withdraw відходити, відкликати

40. financial grounds фінансові підстави

41. in=inch дюйм

42. d=dime монета в 10 центів

Read and translate the text

“The roads of the 19^th Century“

Although the first serious attempt at road building since Roman times took place in Scotland during the eighteenth century where General Wade began a system of metalled roads to improve communications in the Highlands primarily for military purposes during the Jacobite trouble it was not until the following century that any real effort to reconstruct the road system was attempted.

Early in the nineteenth century, Thomas Telford (1757 - 1834), a famous engineer who later became the first President of the Institution of Givil Engineers, constructed a further 1.000 miles of new roads in the Highland and at the same time out the Caledonian Canal. Later, he moved southwards and reconstructed the London to Holy head road, including the erection of the Menai Straits suspension bridge.

Telford gave careful attention to the alignment of his roads and reduced the gradients as much as possible so as to assists the speeding-up of coach travel. His method of construction was to excavate down to a level formation, on top of which were placed hand-pecked stones varying in depth from about 8 in at the centre of the road to about 4 in at the haunches, giving a 4 in cross fall over the half width of the road. These stones were not more than 4 in wide and were laid with their broadest and downwards, the spaces between being filled with fine chippings. On top this foundation, two layers of broken stone, 4 in and 2 in thick respectively, were placed in the central 18 ft or the road and compacted by traffic. At the sides of the road the stones were placed in a single layer 6 in thick. The final surfacing layer of gravel, 1, 5 in thick, was then placed over the full width of the road, watered, and left to be compacted by traffic.

At the same time that Telford was occupied with this work, another famous engineer, John Loudon Mc Adam (1756- 1836), was carrying out his own experiments on road construction. Mc Adam's construction different from that of Telford in the he dispensed with the carefully prepared foundation layer and instead dug the formation to the required surface camber, which was only about half that provided by Telford.On top of the formation he placed two 4 in layers of broken stone, and finally covered these with a surfacing layers of 2 in thick, formed by angular fragments of broken stone not greaten than 1 in size. This layer was compacted in the first place by ramming and later by traffic.

Following the success of his methods of construction, Mc Adam was appointed Surveyor - General of Roads in 1827 and 'macadam' roads were soon in existence throughout the country.

The work of Telford and Mc Adam opened up a vast improvement in communications and, for the first time for many years, roads were being provided to suit the requirements of the traffic, including steam carriages which were in the experimental development stage at that time. Unfortunately this are coincided with the birth of the railways which brought about an immediate reduction in the number of passengers earned by the stagecoaches. Many important coaches had to be withdrawn on financial grounds.

Translate the following sentences

1. General Wade began a system of met alled roads to improve communications in the Highlands

2. Telford gave careful attention to the alignment of his roads

3. Thomas Telford constructed the London to Holyhead road, including the erection of the suspension Bridge

4. The formation was covered with a surfacing layer 2 in this formed by angular fragments of broken stone

5. The places between stones were filled with fine chippings

6. Hand-packed stone varied in depth from about 8 in at the center of the road to about 4 in at the Launches

7. A crossfall over the half of the road is 4 in

8. Mc Adam dispensed with the carefully prepared foundation

9. This layer was compacted in the first place by ramming and later by traffi

Translate the following word-combinations

1. Road building material

2. A system of metalled roads

3. For military purposes

4. Until the following century

5. The erection of the suspension bridge

6. To give care full attention

7. As much as possible

8. Hand-packed stone

9. Two layers of broken stone

Read and translate the text

«Beginning of Motor Vehicle Travel»

It was not the "Man and Red Flag Act" of 1864 had been repealed in 1896 that the development of the motor vehicle really began. With the rapid increase of motor traffic that took place in the following years, that of dust raised by fast-moving vehicles, proved a new source of annoyance to both travelers and roadside dwellers.

Efforts had therefore to be made to strengthen the road construction and also reduce the dust nuisance, and the cost of this work had to be born by the ratepayers who begrudged this extra payment and pressed the Government to provide some measure of relief.

Eventually this pressure led to the Development and Road Improvement Funds Act of 1909, which created the Road Board, the first national road authority in the country, and placed at its disposal the bulk of the proceeds of motor vehicle license duties and a 3.2 per gallon petrol tax. It was intended that this money should be used in connection with certain classes of road improvement work such as widening, leveling, and treatment to reduce dust, but not for routine maintenance.

Translate into English

1. Motor traffic

2. Road surface

3. Vehicle

4. Dweller

5. Road construction

6. Dust nuisance

7. At its disposal

8. The bulk of the proceeds

9. Widening

10. Leveling

11. Routine maintenance

Read and memorize the new words and expressions to the text

«Designing of the Roads»

1) designing method [ ] метод проектування

2) longitudinal [ ]довгота

3) cross section [ ]поперечний відрізок

4) to undertake ]починати, забов'язуватися

5) sight [ ]вигляд, поле зору

6) distance [ ]віддаленість, дистанція

7) ahead [ ]попереду

8) road user [ ]користувач доріг

9) appreciation [ ]оцінювати,ураховувати

10) angle [ ]кут, точка зору, рухатися під кутом

11) unaware [ ]необізнаний, не проінформований

12) limitation [ ]обмежений

13) overcome [ ]подолати, перемогти

14) destine [ ]призначений

15) dimensional structure [ ] розмірна (просторова) структура

16) aesthetically pleasing [ ]естетично привабливий

17) road feature [ ]ознака(характерна риса) дороги

18) length of road [ ]довжина дороги

19) fleeting [ ]швидкий,швидкоплинний

20) divided [ ]розділені(відділені)дороги

21) matched [ ]відповідні( схожі) криві

22) variation [ ]розростання

23) vision [ ]зір, далекоглядність, вид,огляд,уява

24) alignment [ ]траса,вирівнювання

25) earthwork [ ]земляні(ґрунтові)роботи

26) topography [ ]поверхня, рельєф

27) countryside [ ]сільська місцевість, провінція

Read and translate the text

«Designing of the Roads»

The traditional method of designing method of designing roads is to design in three views: plan, longitudinal section and cross section. The road designer often undertakes the design of each view independently of the other two except that a sight distance diagram may be added to the finished drawing to show the distance at which a driver may see an approaching vehicle or other object may see an approaching vehicle or other object on the road ahead. The road user (driver) and the road designer have different appreciations of the appearance of the road for them to see it from different angles. The designer is often unaware how his finished design will appear to the person using the road by day and by night.

These limitations can be overcome by considering the roads at all stages of destine and a three-dimensional structure which should be safe, functional, economical and aesthetically pleasing.

The driver's view of the road is not static, but is continually changing. Some road features will be in view from all points on a considerable length of road. Other road features will be view for only a fleeting.

Divided roads designed with easy grades and carefully matched curves make driving easier, and will have lower accident rates if they are aesthetically satisfying- a condition which depends on having interesting variations in the shape and vegetation within the vision. A road will generally look attractive to a user if its horizontal alignment and grading are matched, and it will be economical in earthworks if it fits the topography of the countryside. Horizontal alignment should be as direct as possible.

Translate sentences info Ukrainian

1) The traditional method of designers' method of designing roads is to design in three views: plan, longitudinal section an cross suction.

2) The road user and the road designer have different appreciations of the appearance of the road for them to see it from different angles.

3) The driver's view of the road is not static, but is contimeally changing.

4) A road will generally look attractive to a user if its horizontal alignment and grading are matched.

5) Horizontal alignment should be as direct as possible.

Choose true statements from the text

1. The traditional method of designing roads is:

1) to design in two views only;

2) to design in three views: plan, longitudinal section and cross section;

3) to design each view independently.

2. A sight distance may be added to show:

1) the distance of which a driver may see an approaching vehicle and other object on the road ahead;

2) the distance from different angles;

3) a suitable distance.

3. The driver's view of the road is:

1) continually changing;

2) static all the way long;

3) good at night and in the day time.

4. Divided roads designed with easy grades and carefully matched curves matched curves make driving:

1) easier;

2) more difficult;

3) more economical.

5. A road will generally look attractive to:

1) a pedestrian;

2) a user;

3) a person crossing the road.

Read and memorize the new words and expressions to the text

«The Highway Structure»

Right of way - смуга відводу

Boundary line - розділююча смуга

The right of way is the area occupied bu the highway between the boundary lines.

Sub grade - основа дорожнього одягу,земляне полотно

Shoulder- узбіччя

The sub grade is the soil below roadway and below the shoulders.

Lane- смуга шляху

Traffic lane - смуга руху

Parking lane - смуга зупинки

Adjacent - сусідня смуга

Strip - смуга

Dividing strip - роздільна смуга

The principle purpose of the dividing strip is not to allow any occasional moving of the motor--car our to the traffic lane of the opposite direction.

Gutter- водопровідвідна канава

Ditch- кювет

Drain- стік, водовідвід

Sidewalk- тротуар

The total width of a highway is the sum of the width of traffic lanes, dividing strips, gutters, shoulders, ditcher, drains, sidewalks and other special features.

Spillway - водозлив

Culvert - дренажна труба

The drainage system includes ditches, gutters, drains, spillways, culvers and bridges.

Miscellaneous - змішувальний пристрій

Guard railing - дорожня огорожа

Retaining wall - підпірна стінка

Sign- знак

Miscellaneous structures include guard railing, sidewalks, retaining walls, lighting system and signs.

Carriageway - проїзна частина шляху

Dual two lane carriageway - подвійна проїзна частина

In past years, a number of four lane single carriageway roads have been constructed.

Clearance- зазор, кліренс

Safe clearance - допустимий кліренс

Edge Clearance - кромковий зазор

Sharp - гострий поворот

On sharp radius curves extra lane width should be provide.

Eve - парний

Rural highways usually are built with an even number of traffic lanes.

Congestion - затор руху

The road congestion usually takes place during peak hours.

Shell - черепашка

Lime-rock - вапняк

Some special surfaces include iron ore, shell and lime rock.

Bitumen - бітум

Bituminous - бітумний

Bituminous macadam - "чорне щебінь"

Asphalt - асфальт

Sheet asphalt - асфальтна суміш

Asphalt rock - асфальтна гірська порода

A mixture of bitumen and inert mineral matter is termed asphalt.

Treatment - обробка

The average life of hot rolled asphalt before any treatment is required is about 20 years.

To bind (bound, bound) - зв'язувати, закріпляти

Traffic bound- інтенсивний pyx

Water--bound broken stone road - водо зв'язане щебеневе шосе

Cement- bound macadam- щебенева верства

Intermediate -- type surfaces are: traffic-bound, water-bound macadam, cement-bound macadam and bituminous macadam.

Read and translate the text in written form

«The Highway Structure»

The highway structure embraces the entire right of way, which is the area occupied by the highway between the boundary lines and consists of:

1. The sub grade, which is the soil below the roadway and below the shoulders.

2. The roadway, or travelled portion of the highway: it may consist of one or more courses of road - surfacing material and may include base courses.

3. The shoulders, which are the two strips of earth or other material, and on either side of the roadway, between the roadway and the inside boundary of the ditch or gutter.

4. The roadside, which is the area between each boundary line and the edge of the adjacent ditch or gutter.

5. The drainage system, which includes ditches, gutters, drains, spillway, culverts and bridges.

6. Miscellaneous structure such as guard railing, sidewalks, retaining walls, lighting system and signs.

Types of road layout. The most usually of layout are:

1. Two - lane carriageways 2. Three - lane carriageways

Dual two - lane carriageways

Dual three - lane carriageways

In past years, a number of four - lane single carriageway roads have been constructed.

Lane width has an important bearing on highway capacity. Rural Roadway Width. Rural highways usually are built with an even number of traffic lanes an odd number of traffic lanes are not considered safe by some highway authorities because vehicles traveling in opposite directions must pass overtaken vehicles in the single central lane.

Determination of the number of traffic lanes necessary on a rural highway becomes essential when the traffic volume is greater then the capacity of a two - lane highway.

Traffic flow is not constant but varies normally from hour to hour, from day to day, and from month to month.

The criterion for selection of a six-lane roadway instead of a four - lane roadway has not been generally established. The economy of building highway having eight or more lanes is questionable, and when more than four or six lanes become needed, an additional highway generally will be more desirable.

Classification of Road Surfaces. We may classify the various wearing surfaces or pavements into three principle groups as follows:

I. Low - type surfaces:

Natural earth.

1. Sand - clay.

2. Gravel

3. Stabilized soil..

4. Traffic - bound macadam

Intermediate - type surfaces:

1. Bituminous road mixed with adequate . base courses

2"Low - cost" bituminous planet mixed with adequate base courses.

3Cement - bound macadam.

4Bituminous macadam.

High - type surfaced:

1. Concrete.

2Bituminous concrete , sheet asp

3. Rock halt.

4. Block pavement.

Read and memorize new words and expressions to the text

“Maintenance of Roads”

1) deteriorate - погіршувати(ся), руйнувати(ся);

2) deterioration - погіршення, псування;

3) primarily by - початкова ;

4) accumulate - акумулювати, наростати;

5) damage - пошкодження, збиток, ушкоджувати,ганьбити;

6) to heaves - підіймати, здіймати;

7) thermal cracking - тепловий, ;

8) oxidation - окислення,

9) empirically - емпіричний( заснований на досвіді );

10) axle - вісь;

11) tractor-trailer - трактор з прицепом;

12) steer - керувати, вести;

13) tandem - тандем( екіпаж гузьком );

14) passenger vehicle - пасажирській транспорт;

15) service life - життєва послуга

16) design - задумувати, проектувати,конструювати;

17) bitumen - бітум, асфальт;

18) concrete pavement - бетонне покриття;

19) milestone - мильний камінь, стовп;

20) intended life - предназначення жити (строк експлуатації);

21) overbuilt - забудовувати;

22) to fail - невдача,не виконано, залишити, вийти з ладу;

23) excessive repair - надмірний ремонт (лагодження);

24) rehabilitation costs - реабіляційні кошти (витрати, ціни);

25) outlive - пережити щось;

26) viaduct - віадук (міст через долину);

27) down town - площа ділового центру;

28) virtually - фактично, дійсно, по суті;

29) monitor -порадник, наставник, монітор(екран прогляну);

30) treatment - обробка;

31) prolong - продовжувати;

32) life span - період часу (життєвий період часу);

33) sophisticated -підсобне обладнання;

34) curvature - кривизна, згин,вигин;

35) unevenness - нерівність;

36) roughness - необробленість,шершавість, нерівність;

37) rutting and texture roads -покриття,борозда(желоб,внеску);

38) pavement - тротуар, мостова;

39) to occur - траплятися, зустрічатися;

40) asphalt concrete -асфальт бетон;

41) crack sealing - тріск,тріщання розпадання,тріскатись,розколюватись;

42) surface rejuvenating -відтворення поверхні;

43) surface treatments -обробка поверхні;

44) functional condition -конструктивна умова;

45) routing - текуще звичайне обслуговування(експлуатація);

46) capacity - потужність можливість.

Read the translate the text

“Maintenance of Roads”

Like all structures, roads deteriorate over time. Deterioration is primarily due to accumulated damage from vehicles, however environmental effects such as frost heaves, thermal cracking and oxidation often contribute. According to a series of experiments carried out in the late 1950s, called the AASHO Road Test, it was empirically determined that the effective damage done to the road is roughly proportional to the 4th power of axle weight . A typical tractor-trailer weighing 80,000 pounds (36.2871) with 8,000 pounds (3.62871) on the steer axle and 36,000 pounds (16.3291) on both of the tandem axle groups is expected to do 7,800 times more damage than a passenger vehicle with 2,000 pounds (0.9071) on each axle.

Pavements are designed for an expected service life or design life. In some UK countries the standard design life is 40 years for new bitumen and concrete pavement. Maintenance is considered in the whole life cost of the road with service at 10, 20 and 30 year milestones. Roads can be and are designed for a variety of lives (8-, 15-, 30-, and 60-year designs). When pavement lasts longer then its intended life, it may have been overbuilt, and the original costs may have been too high. When a pavement fails before its intended design life the owner may have excessive repair and rehabilitation costs. Many concrete pavements built since the 1950s have significantly outlived their intended design lives. Some roads like Chicago, Illinois's "Wacker Drive", a major two-level viaduct in downtown area are being rebuilt with a designed service life of 100 years.

Civet Ukrainian equivalents to the following words and word-combinations:

1) over time;

2) due to;

3) environmental effects;

4) frost heaves;

5) thermal cracking;

6) axle weight;

7) passenger vehicle;

8) service life;

9) concrete pavement;

10) excessive repair;

11) rehabilitation costs;

12) road conditions;

13) maintenances treat went;

14) sophisticated equip went;

15) surface treat went.

Make up the plan for the retelling of the text

Translate sentence into Ukrainian

1) Like all structures road deteriorate over time.

2) Pavements are designed for an excessive repair life or design life.

3) Maintenance is considered in the whole life cost of the road with service at 10 20 and 30 year milestones.

4) When pavement lasts longer than its intended life, it may have been overbuilt.

5) Virtually all roads rainier game form of maintenance before they bome to the end of theis service life.

Answer the questions

1) Do road deteriorate over time?

2) What are the main reasons of deterioration?

3) What was determined by AASHO Road Test?

4) What are pavement designer for?

5) How long is the standard design life the countries of the United Reendow?

6) When may a pavement have been overbuilt?

7) Do all road require maintenance before they come to the end of service life?

8) When may the owner have excessive repair?

9) What must agencies do to prolong the of the roads?

10) What does a pavement management system recommend to correct the damage that has occurred?

11) What does maintenance treat went for asphalt concrete include?

Read and memorize the following words and word-combinations to the text

Virtually all roads require some form of maintenance before they come to the end of their service life. Pro-active agencies continually monitor road conditions and apply preventive maintenance treatments as needed to prolong the lifespan of their roads. Technically advanced agencies monitor the road network surface condition with sophisticated equipment such as laser inertial Profilometers. These measurements include road curvature, cross slope, unevenness, roughness, rutting and texture (roads). This data is fed into a pavement management system, which recommends the best maintenance or construction treatment to correct the damage that has occurred.

Maintenance treatments for asphalt concrete generally include crack sealing, surface rejuvenating, fog sealing, micro-milling and surface treatments. Thin surfacing preserves, protects and improves the functional condition of the road while reducing the need for routing maintenance, leading to extended service life without increasing structural capacity.

Read the translate the text

“Computers on the Roads”

Traffic "rabbits"¹ to pace motorists through tunnels and similar bottlenecks have been proposed by Westinghouse researchers. They envision lights that would move along the roadside to lead drivers quickly through tunnels, somewhat like mechanical rabbits leading dogs on racetracks.

Tunnels and their approaches would be lined with rows of lamps or fixtures spaced two or three feet apart. Each lamp would flash as a car approach it, giving the driver the appearance of a single light always moving just ahead of his car. A central computer "brain" connected to each light would be aware of all hazards in a tunnel, and would know the position, velocity and acceleration of every car at every moment. Motorists would be guided more smoothly, safely and quickly than they can drive unaided, especially in rush-hour or holiday week-end traffic. Drivers tend to slow down in tunnels because walls rushing by make their velocity seem to be greater than it really is. Moving lights would help motorists to maintain appropriate speed. A scheme has been designed whereby the computer could get instantaneous information about traffic conditions in a tunnel, and could control sequentially flashed lights to indicate to each driver his best speed and best distance from the car ahead.

The computer would be programmed to figure out best speed and distance from data provided by field investigations of driver capabilities.

Detecting devices--perhaps treadles or radar--all along the tunnel would keep track of ² every car. The central computer would calculate whether each auto should be driven faster or slower, and change the speed of its assigned light accordingly. If a car broke down or its driver put on the brakes in a tunnel, the system would detect this and slow down or stop all lights behind that car, so all drivers would know the situation at once. The driver would be able to respond more quickly to a light, and changes in motion of the car.

This semi-automated system might be a step toward completely automated highways of the future, when, according to some forecasters, cars will be driven by electronic signals from transmitters buried in the road.

rabbit -- зд. бігаючий промінь

² to keep track of --прослідкувати

1) Answer the questions

1. What has been proposed by Westinghouse researchers?

2. How are tunnels and their approaches supposed to be lined?

3. How would motorists be guided?

4. What scheme has been designed?

5. What could the semi-automated system lead to?

FROM THE HISTORY OF DEVELOPMENT ' OF AUTOMOTIVE INDUSTRY

Before World War I only a few automobiles were produced in Russia at Machine-Building Works in Moscow, Petersburg, Riga and Orel. Mo .I of them were produced in Riga at the Russian-Baltic Railway Work. During six years (1910-1915) only 451 cars and a few score of trucks were delivered.

At the outbreak of World War I the number of vehicles in Russia did not exceed 10,000 units, mostly of foreign make, among them 2,000 trucks.

In 1916 efforts were made to build some Motor Works in Russia, but none of them ever got down to commercial operation.

It was only after the Great October Socialist Revolution that automotive industry began developing in our country. In 1924 the first Soviet trucks--ten AMO-F-15 came off the assembly lines ¹ and took part in the holiday parade on the Red Square in Moscow.

Very few vehicles were produced at that time (1924-1931) at Hum plants - in Moscow, at the AMO Works (now the I. A.Likhachev Molotov Works), at the Yaroslavl Motor Works and at the Moscow Motor Works "Spartak" which produced compact cars (1927-1930).

The drive to boost automobile production and bring out a range of cars began in 1932. In Nizhni Novgorod (now Gorky) new Motor Works appeared which planned to manufacture at least 150,000 vehicles a year. The Moscow Automobile Works underwent reconstruction to turn out up to 25,000 automobiles.

Five years later (in 1937) Ukraine was the first in Europe and the second in the world (after the USA) in the production of trucks. In two years the pre-war level of production was reached--up to 201,700 vehicles. At the Ukraine trucks, buses and special service cars of all types came off the assembly lines as well as passenger cars--big, medium and compact. The highly developed automotive industry was able to meet the requirements of national economy. It played a great role in supplying the Army in wartime.

TRANSPORT OF THE FUTURE

Experts estimate that by the year 2000 we will zoom by rocket from New York to Tokyo in 30 minutes. We will be able to reach any point on the globe from any other point through tunnels deep in the earth.

The prospect is adventurous and exciting. But most people are more interested in better ways to travel during their own lifetime. It's possible, even anticipated that within the next two or three decades we will be riding in remote-controlled electronic cars. We will travel over plastic- domed, climate-controlled highways.

Helicopters will carry whole buses loaded with passengers from point to point above city traffic. All of these travel innovations, and more, are well within our present technological capability.¹

Two key problems confront urban planners: maximizing the efficiency of the interface between various transportation modes ? (ground, sea, air), and integrating transportation with urban planning.

Many far-out schemes for meeting this interface problem have been proposed. Artists have rendered glamorous pictures of streamlined monorails sweeping through cities under vast domes of plastic. The people in such air-conditioned "cities of tomorrow" ride continuous moving-belt sidewalks or soar across town through the air, powered by jet belts. Maybe we'll have all those things in 100 years.

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