Предмет англійської мови за професійним спрямуванням

Supersonic transport prototypes now in development will be forerunners of a new generation of 1,800 miles per hour passenger jet-liners and there's little doubt that they will be in our future.

In air cushion vehicles pressurized air lifts craft off the surface where it is propelled by conventional aircraft or by jets. Theoretically, the principle can be used for land vehicles, boats, trains and even pallet dollies.

, The surface effect ship (SES) is guided by rudders and elevators operating in the slip-stream.³ With no surface contact, frictional resistance is largely overcome, so the SES can operate at speeds up to 70 or 80 knots, and perhaps even faster. The SES is still in the experimental stage in the USA, England and the USSR are using them widely.

Road Safety

Britain is a small island, but a great many people live there and there is a traffic problem. The word "traffic" means everything and everybody using the roads. When we walk along the pavement or cross a road, we are part of that traffic. We are then called "pedestrians".

There are far too many accidents in Britain. Over 300000 people are hurt every year, and more than 5000 of them die. Whose fault is this? It is the fault of everyone who uses the road. That means the pedestrians too. Careless pedestrians often cause accidents. Accidents often happen when people cross a road. Here is some advice. Read it carefully.

Crossing the Road

Always use a footbridge or subway when there is one. You cannot be hit by a car when you are going over or under a road.

Always use a crossing when there is one. When you are on a crossing, cars must stop. But they cannot stop at once. You must give them time to stop. Remember that cars take longer to stop when it is wet.

Remember these rules for crossing the road:

First find a safe place to cross and then stop.

Stand on the pavement near the edge. .

Look all round for traffic, and listen.

When traffic is coming, let it pass. Look all round again.

When there is no traffic near, walk straight across the road.

Look and listen for traffic when you are crossing.

Crossing with Lights

You must always obey the lights. If the light is red, do not cross. When the light is red and the road is clear, do not cross. Cross only when the light is green and the road is clear.

Walking Along the Road

Always use the pavement or footpath when there is one. When there is no pavement, walk on the left side of the road. Keep close to the side. Do not run in the road. Do not play in the road.

Using a Bus

— Do not try to get on before the passengers have got off.

— Do not get off before the bus has stopped.

— When you get off, do not try to cross the road until the bus has moved off. Many people are hit by cars when they step out into the road from behind a bus.

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Boryspil Airport (part 1)

On 22 June 1959, the Council of Ministers of the UktainiairStK ordered establishment of regular civil air traffic to the then military airfield near Boryspil. On 7 July 1959 the new airport (named Kiev-Tsentralnyi) received its first scheduled flight. It was Aeroflot's Tupolev Tu-104 en route from Moscow, carrying 100 passengers and about 3,500 pounds (1,600 kg) of cargo aboard. The first routes served were Moscow-Kiev--Moscow and Leningrad--Kiev--Leningrad.

In November 1960, the first permanent air group consisting of Tu-104 and Antonov An-10 planes was assigned to the airport. Until then the airport had been served only by aircraft based in Moscow and Bother cities of the Soviet Union. A new passenger terminal of Boryspil airport was opened in 1965. Later that year an automatic landing assistance system was installed in the airport.

In 1963 the Ukrainian Territorial Administration of Civil Aviation formed its Boryspil subdivision consisting of the airport and its air group. The air group grew significantly in 1960-1970S. As of 1974 it was consisting of four fleets of turbofan aircraft (Tu-104, Tu-134, Tu-154 planes) and two fleets of turboprop aircraft (llyushin 11-18 planes).

By 1980s, Boryspil airport had begun receiving limited international flights.Jhe additional passenger services and customs/border control groups were established for that purpose. Hоwever, ordinary Ukrainian citizens were not allowed to depart abroad from Kiev, instead being restricted to flying only from Moscow airports. In the late 1980s, Mikhail Saakashvili, the President of modern Georgia, served his conscript service in the Ukrainian border guard's Boryspil Separate Group that was maintaining border control in the airport.

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Boryspil Airport (part 2)

In 1993 the Ministry of Transportation of the newly-independent Ukraine reorganized the airport into the Boryspil State International Airport and created a local subdivision of Air Ukraine to serve it. The airport was opened for any passengers and flights. The number of air-and passenger traffic has been growing ever since.

Early in the 2000s, Boryspil became a hub airport serving not only destined but also transit flights of the foreign airlines. The strategy of the airport's development is stressing the hub role since domestic passenger demand is growing insufficiently compared to the possible transit traffic.

In 2001, a new runway was completed and the airport carried 1.5 million passengers.

In 2002 the airport was certified under the ISO 9001 quality management system.

It is one of Eastern Europe's largest airports with over six million passengers travelling in 2008. The Airport consistently accounted for between 60% and 70% of Ukraine's air travel demand, and despite a drop of 13% in 2009 it handled 5.8 million passengers last year, more than it handled in 2007.

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Manchester Airport (part 1)

Manchester Airport on its present site originated in mid 1934 when the location was selected to build an airfield. On 25 July 1934, Manchester City Council voted narrowly in favour of the Ringway site as the City's new airport. The site for the planned airport was at the time in the Cheshire parish of Ringway.

Construction was ceremonially started by the Lord Mayor on 28 November 1935 and was completed for civil aviation use by early summer 1938. The airport was officially opened on 25 June 1938 during a public air display that included both civil and RAF aircraft and received its first scheduled flight, a KLM operated Douglas DC-2 from Amsterdam. The airport at this time was called Ringway, named after the parish it lay within. 4000 passengers used the airport in 1938 and another 4000 during the first eight months of 1939, before declaration of war brought an end to civil operations.

Construction of a Royal Air Force station commenced in 1939 on the north east edge of the airfield.

Ringway Airport terminal building, control tower and hangars in September 1939.

A complex of hangars and assembly sheds on the north west side of the airfield was used by Fairey Aviation for the construction, modification and testing of over 4,000 aircraft.

After the war the airport grew massively. The first trans-atlantic schedule commenced on 28 October 1953, operated by Sabena Belgian World Airlines to New York's Idlewild Airport. By 1958 the airport was handling 500,000 passengers annually. Twenty four hour operation was introduced on 1 April 1952. Another main runway extension was opened on 23 April 1958 permitting regular non-stop scheduled flights to North America. Manchester was then the only airport in Europe to have aircraft piers.

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Manchester Airport (part 2)

In 1972 the airport was renamed "Manchester International Airport" and was designated an "international gateway" in the 1980s. In 1974, a Local Government Review placed the airport entirely within the city of Manchester boundaries in the new metropolitan Greater Manchester area. However, due to constant expansion of the airport it had expanded back in to Cheshire by the early 1980s. The airport has since expanded farther in to Cheshire, mainly due to the second runway being almost entirely within Cheshire.

The main runway was extended to its current length of 10,000 ft (3,000 m), opening on 17 August 1982 to attract long-haul flights from worldwide destinations. In 1988 the airport celebrated its Golden Jubilee and by this time was handling 9.5 million passengers annually. Due to increasing passenger numbers a second terminal was soon needed. In 1993, Terminal 2 and the airport railway station opened, connecting the airport to the national rail network.

In 1997 planning approval was granted for the building of Manchester's “Runway Two”, now Runway (the fourth runway to be constructed on the site) and work started the same year. It opened in 2001 at a cost of Ј172 million and was the first full-length commercial runway to open in the UK for over 20 years. Another milestone was achieved in 2004, when the airport reached 20 million passengers a year. Also that year, the new Ј60 million integrated public transport interchange was opened, bringing bus, coach and rail passengers under one roof.

On 7 June 2007Manchester Airport's runway assignments were changed in relation to the magnetic compass bearings. The runway designators changed at the same time.

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Brussels Airport (part 1)

The origins of Brussels Airport at Zaventem date back to 1940, when the German occupying force laid claim to 600 ha (1,500 acres) of agricultural fields to the east of Brussels, near the Belgian military backup airfield "Steenokkerzeel". The Germans constructed 3 runways in the shape of a triangle. The airfield buildings however were constructed within the territory of the nearby municipality of Melsbroek and not of Zaventem, which is why the airfield was known to the locals as the airfield of Melsbroek, or "FliegerhorstMelsbroek" to the Germans. There is an urban legend that the site of the airport was chosen by the Germans after asking locals where to build it - the Belgians then pointed to this location as it was often foggy.

After the liberation (3 September 1944), the German infrastructure at Melsbroek fell into the hands of the British. When the old civilian airport in Haren became too small, the Belgian authorities decided to use the aerodrome at Melsbroek for the new national airport. By 1948, a new terminal building was constructed to replace the old wooden building. In the same year, the length of both runways 02/20 and 07L/25R were increased to 1,200 m (3,900 ft) and 2,450 m (8,040 ft) respectively, whereas 12/30 remained at 1,300 m (4,300 ft). The civil aerodrome of Melsbroek was officially opened by Prince Charles, Count of Flanders, the Prince Regent on 20 July 1948. From 1948 to 1956 many more buildings and facilities were erected, but almost always on the Melsbroek side of the site.

In 1955, a train line connecting the city centre of Brussels with the airport was constructed. The line was officially opened by King Baudouin on 15 May 1955. A direct train link with Leuven and Liege was opened on 12 December 2005.

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Brussels Airport (part 2)

In 1956 a new 2,300 runway was constructed. The runway is still in use today and saw its length later increased to 3,200 m (10,500 ft). In April 1956 the Belgian government decided to build a new airport, using the same runways, but with the buildings located within the territory of the municipality of Zaventem. In April 1957, construction started of the new terminal, preparing the airport for the 1958 World Fair. The grass runway 12/30 had to make way to allow for the new passenger terminal. This new airport was inaugurated 5 July 1958, almost just in time for the 1958 World Fair. So historically, the birth date of Zaventem Airport is 5 July 1958. Incidentally, the buildings on the Melsbroek side are still in use by the Belgian Air Force (15th Air Transport Wing), and is still known as Melsbroek airfield. Both Zaventem Airport and Melsbroek Air Base, the military airfield, share the same runways.

During the boom of commercial aviation in the 1960s and 1970s, several hangars were constructed. A new cargo terminal was constructed in 1976. In 1994, a brand new terminal was constructed adjacent to the old 1958 building. Two old piers were torn down and replaced by modern ones.

In 2007, the airport served 17.8 million passengers, an increase of 7% over 2006. The cargo volume in the same year amounted to 780,000 tonnes, an increase of 8.9% over 2006. In 2008, the airport served 18,5 million passengers, which was an increase of 3,7% over the previous year.

In March 2009, the old mechanical Flight information display system were replaced by electronic ones.

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Buffalo Airport

Buffalo Airport, being one of the most famous and beautiful airport across Canada and United States is located at Cheektowaga CDP, Town of Cheektowaga in Erie County, New York, USA. It was build in 1926, making it one of the oldest public airports in the country and it is the third busiest airport in New York State.

One would think that why this airport is named as "Buffalo Airport". Actually, it is named after the Buffalo - Niagara Falls metropolitan area. Now, the airport is renamed to "Buffalo - Niagara International Airport". It was reopened after some changes in its construction and renaming on November 3. You would be amazed to know that it had 14 gates previously and in 1999 the gates were increased to 26. It hosts 110 daily flights and connectivity to 23 international airports. It plays a major role in the field of tourism and business.

Buffalo Airport is one of the airports that has served "Air Force One" and "AFO 747".

In the year of 2006, it has completed 137,518 aircraft operations and helped 5,526,301 people to reach their destination. It has 9 inbuilt shops and restaurants. In its early years it was ranked in one of the most expensive service providers in the New York but then the low fare service was introduced and a jump in the no. of passengers was seen when it crossed the no. of 5,000,000 passengers in 2006.

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Motels along the roads of Ukraine

One of the is likely to be the creation of a tourist infrastructure along the highways of Ukraine. According to the World Tourist Organisation's estimates, Ukraine has a very big tourist potential. China, Brazil and the countries that gained independence after the collapse of the Soviet Union are in the same high tourist potential category. We can expect a big influx of tourists, particularly those who travel by cars. Nine transport corridors have been planned for Europe and four of these corridors will go through Ukraine. So, well need to have our roads mended, gas stations, motels and camping sites built, in other words a lot has to be done to bring our roads to world standards.

Another line of development of tourism is the creation of free tourists-recreation zones. Such zones are already being created in the Crimea and in Western Ukraine: in Zakarpattya, in Chernivtsi and Ivano-Frankivsk Oblasts. A special tourist fee, which every foreign tourist coming to the city of Moscow has to pay for the development of tourism in the capital of Russia, is an interesting idea and we plan to introduce it in Kyiv. If every foreign tourist arriving in the city of Kyiv pays, let's say, one dollar, it is not a big expense for him or for her but it could be a valuable contribution to the development of tourism in the capital of Ukraine.

Read and translate the text: Motel Crimea.

Cottage №3 of holiday hotel Baidari - it is a motel for campers, travelling by car in Crimea. It's situated near the road Sevastopol - Orfinoe (Eagle) - Yalta, ft is the first road which join to the South Coast of Crimea. This road is remarkable which passes though the Gate Baidari. There you will find crossing though the main chine of Crimean Mountains from the Valley Baidari until the Black Sea Coast 503 metres in height. From here, you will face with the wonderful view into Foros mid Laspi from height of the Gate Baidari. Above Foros, on the lonely Red cliff, is visible a elegant church The Ressurection, which you can visit. That church had been built by the academician Chagin's design in 1892 in Byzantine style for the tea Baron Kuznetsov money, who had tea-plantation Tn Ceylon. It had been built in the memory of the events at the station Вогкі in 1888 where tsar's family train had been wrecked. The Aleksandr III and his relatives did not suffer that's why it took Те Deum and raised churches along the whole Russia. You will take energy and rest for further travelling in our motel and maybe you'll visit local sights. The moderate prices, comfortable interior, the high level of service in the motel and individual approach in combination of domestic cuisine and the wide range of the bar will give you remembering opportunity of romantic and family vacation retreat in a still rural atmosphere. The Motel consists of 10 double-rooms, two cafes and car park. There are always cold - hot water, climat checking, satilite TV and fridge in every room. The Motel rent is $400-500 wholesale, rooms are $40-50 against season (to look at prices). If you rent motel or room you can use car park, tennis court and draught-board free. For customers who rent motel wholesale less than a week, will be given series of discounts and free service. You can take our motel to hold corporate vacation retreat whole staff at the Black Sea Coast or to organize day off. Here are tours for You.

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“Design of digital computers for real - time working”

Real - time processing is ambiguous in terms of the computer speed required to achieve it. The computing intervals may range from seconds or less in a control system to hours or days in, book-keeping application. Thus a broad spectrum of computing speeds is required if the computer is exactly to match the job in hand. Fundamental needs for a real-time computer are the ability to compute on demand and according to a dynamic or static priority list.

Parallel programming (i.e. the case where one computer would service many input/output devices is a time-shared mode) is commonly used is real-time computers, while parallel processing, where many computers work together on several aspects of the same problem, is being considered very seriously. A conceptually simple type of parallel processing is found is autonomous peripheral transfer devices, out particularly where matrix operations are concerned, the concepts of parallel processing should be useful in real-time computing.

Read and memorize new words and expressions to the text

“Design of Digital Computers for Real - Time Working”

ambiguous - двозначний, неясний;

in terms of - з точки зору;

to range - коливатися, простелятися;

application - застосовувати;

to match the job in hand - відповідати даній роботі;

static priority - стаціонарний статистичний пріоритет;

input/output devices

time-shared mode - режим роботи з розподіленням часу;

conceptually - схематично;

parallel processing - паралельний (аналогічний) метод;

peripheral - периферійний (окружной);

transfer - переносити, переміщати (перенесення, переміщення);

matrix - форма (основа носа);

concept - поняття, загальне уявлення, концепція;

real - time - дійсний, справжній;

computing - підрахування, обчислення.

Give Ukrainian equivalents to the following word - combinations

real - time processing;

control system;

book - keeping application;

dynamic or static priority list;

input/output devices;

autonomous peripheral transfer devises.

Find answers in the text

Why is a broad spectrum of computing speeds required?

What is a parallel programming?

What problem is being considered very seriously?

Where can a conceptually simple type of parallel processing be found?

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The Influence of Road upon Automobile

When any vehicle is moving along the road there appears the interaction between the vehicle and the road.

The wheels of the rolling stock influence the road (road surfacing) directly oreating the horizontal and vertical efforts on the road surfacing. All this causes rubbing out the surfacing. The more the weight and speed of the traffic and the more rigid the wheels and parts of the rolling stock the more intense the influence of the wheels upon the surfacing.

The road surfacing in its turn has the definite in fluence upon the rolling stock, causing the resistance to the movement, the impacts, vibration of same parts of the vehicles, the sliding of the wheels. The interaction of the rolling stock with the road results in the gradual wearing and damaging of some parts of vehicles as well as those of the road.

In order to reduce and decelerate the process of damaging we try to accommodate the running parts of the vehicles to the conditions of movement along the road surface, and the road builders try to construct such surfacing which will be the most suitable for the type of the vehicle, its weight and speed.

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City Transport

Urban communities grow quickly and with them, the transport system. Motor transport is the most important in the Soviet Union, accounting for about 70 per cent of passenger traffic and more than 80 per cent of all haulage. In the Russian Federation alone, 55 million people and about 8.5 million tons of freight go by road every day, and as motor transport services increase, so does the road network, especially in the developing industrial centres of Siberia, the Far East, and the Baikal-Amur Railway zone.

Kyiv has all kinds of municipal transport systems, the Metro being the most popular. Despite the high building costs, the Kyiv Metro is one of the cheapest means of transport in the country, because no matter what the distance or number of changes, the fare is five kopeks.

In many urban communities, water transport is almost as popular as land surface transport, and every year millions of people go by watercraft. Hundreds of comfortable hydrofoils and hovercraft with a small draught and passenger boats sail the lakes and rivers. Trips on board these boats and ships are an exciting experience, and getting from one place to another by water takes less time than by land, as many regions are full of lakes and rivers.

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Left or right?

Which is better - to drive on the left or right? Do you think it doesn't really matter? If so you're wrong. A team of American scientists says that cars driving on the right hand side of the road probably help to make tornadoes. The Americans say that cars and trucks going very fast make the air turn anti-clockwise. The air in tornadoes turns anti-clockwise in the northern hemisphere. In the southern hemisphere the air goes clockwise. So cars in the USA must drive on the left and cars in Australia, for example, must drive on the right.

There are about 2.5 million cars and lorries moving on the roads in the USA at any moment. The air that moves is probably enough to change the movement of the atmosphere. Between 1933 and 1973 there were six times as many tornadoes in the USA than there were before. Those 40 years were the years when every day more and more people started driving cars and lorries. The scientists also say that there are not so many tornadoes on Saturdays. The time when traffic is heaviest is during the week when people go to work and on Sundays when many people go for a drive. This is a surprising answer to the old arguments on the question of “right or left”.

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The French engineer Jan Guebelen has invented a new device for drivers. The “signalizer” registers the physical state of the driver-tiredness, nervousness and use of strong drinks.

The device in the form of a bracelet worn on the hand, is connected to the intensifier mounted on the control board of the car; its signals put in action the device which cont - rols feeding of fuel to the carburettor, thus reducing the speed or bringing the car to a full stop.

If the driver is tired a bell is sounded to cake him stop the car. In case he does not do it, the car will stop by itself. It will not stars until the driver has rested. If the driver is drunk, the bracelet will not “allow” him to start the car.

A very useful device, especially if we take into consideration the number of accidents on the roads caused by drivers being tired or drunk.

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Cars and Roads

The need for new roads causes great environment difficulties. They often spoil the countryside and bring noise and air pollution to thousands of homes. Since 1958 population of Britain has increased by 11 per cent, but the number of cars has increased by 400 per cant. Cars cause often problems too: thousands of people die in car accidents; car parks use valuable space in towns and cities; cars use a lot of our limited amount of oil.

Friends of the Earth suggest that the bicycle is the best way to travel because it's cheap, quiet and riding it keeps you healthy. However, there are far fewer cyclists in Britain than in some other European countries, so our roads aren't built for cycling. It can be dangerous to cycle in large cities as British motorists don't seem to notice cyclists. Some people think that only buses and bicycles should be allowed in our city centres.

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Roads and Transport

How do the member-countries of the Council Mutual Economic Assistance cooperate in the development of transport?

What are their plans in this area?

Transport has an enormous role to play in extending foreign economic interaction. The principle of balanced development and interaction of all its components lies at the foundation of the Long-Term Purpose-Oriented Programme of Cooperation in the Development of the CMEA Countries Transport Ties for the period up to 1990. The latest meeting of the CMEA Executive Committee, defined as one of the major tasks the further strengthening of the material and technical basis of transport through the introduction of the latest achievements of scientific and technological progress.

Contrary to the widespread view that the “golden age” of railways is long gone, this from of transport has lost none of its significance and is continuing to develop. In the CMEA countries railways account, for 55 per cent of the overall freight volume of all forms of transport.

In the sphere of water transport we are continuing to modernize and expend the merchant marine of the CMEA countries and new jointly-owned shipping lines and enterprises are being formed.

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Bicycle

The bicycle is making a comeback. In an ecology-conscious age, it seems the ideal way of getting around: it doesn't smell or make a noise; it costs very little to run and not much to buy. Also, riding a bicycle is” healthy”. More and more ecology and health-conscious Americans are riding bicycles. A cycle-riders club meets every Saturday in Central Park, New York, and spends the day-cycling. Recently, in the university city of Cambridge, students and townspeople demonstrated their opposition to the heavy traffic in Cambridge; they rode their cycles into the middle of the city, and stayed there, riding round and round, while an enormous traffic jam developed and the police didn't know what to do…The city authorities promised to take action - quickly.

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The Choice of Transport

The public transport systems are being improved and developed on an integral basis; the technical and financial considerations are fully examined for each or the possible schemes, and the basic trends and priorities for developing particular transport means and routes are worked out. The choice is made with an eye to various technical factors, such as speed and passenger-carrying capacity (the maximum number of passengers a vehicle can carry in one direction, along one route per hour). Since the bus and the trolleybus differ little, if at all, in passenger-carrying capacity and speed, other factors taken into account are maneuverability and the non-pollution of the air with exhaust fumes (with the trolley-bus). The tram, with its high passenger-carrying capacity, is only practical for routes with heavy and steady passenger flows.

In many cities express train routes, capable of carrying 13-22.000 passengers an hour, are being introduced, complete with bridges and tunnels.

Developing the transport system is a complicated process largely dependent on the city layout. It is a matter that needs thorough investigation.

Terminological minimum

1. right of way	смуга відведення(дороги)
2. boundary line	границя, лінія розрізу
3. subgrade	основа дорожнього одступу, земляне полотно дороги
4. shoulder	узбіччя
5. lane	смуга дороги
6. traffic lane	смуга руху
7. parking lane	смуга, відведена для стоянки автомобілів
8. adjacent lane	сусідня смуга
9. single - lane road	автомобільна дорога з рухом
10. strip	смуга
11. dividing strip	розділювальна смуга
12. gutter	водовідвідна канавка, жолоб
13. ditch	канавка
14. drain	водовідведення, стік, дренажна канавка
15. sidewalk	тротуар
16. spillway	водозлив
17. culvert	водопропускну трубу, дренажна труба
18. miscellaneous	змішаний
19. guard railing	пристрій дорожнього огородження
20. retaining wall	підпірна стінка
21. sign	знак
22. carriageway	проїзна частина дороги
23. dual two lane carriage way	подвійна двосмугова проїжджа частина
24. clearance	зазор
25. sate clearance	дозволений кліренс
26. edge clearance	кромочний зазор
27. sharp	гострий
28. sharp curve	крутий поворот
29. even	парний
30. odd	не парний
31. congestion	затор руху, «пробка»
32. shell	мушля
33. lime - rock	вапняк
34. bitumen	бітум
35. bituminous	бітумні
36. bituminous macadam road	чорне шосе
37. asphalt	асфальт
38. sheep asphalt	піщаний асфальт
39. rock asphalt	асфальтова чорна порода
40. treatruent	обробка
41. to bind	скрепляти, пов'язувати
42. traffic bound	переплетений рух (трафіку пов'язаного)
43. water - bound broken stone road	води - межа розбитій дорозі камінь
44. visibility disfance	відстань
45. brake	гальмо
46. brake stopping distance	гальма гальмівний шлях
47. average	середня
48. continuous speed	безперервна швидкість
49. trunk road	головний шлях
50. tire	шини
51. friction	тертя
52. range	діапазон, інтервал
53. traffic capacity	пропускна здатність
54. free - moving capacity	пропускна спроможність дороги, з рухом по ній автомобіля без перешкод
55. interference	втручання
56. marginal interference	бічне втручання
57. haard	безпека, аварія, ризик
58. density	щільність (руху)
59. obstacle	перешкода
60. stationary obstacle	постійна перешкода
61. head-way	інтервал часу
62. multiple intersection	складний перетин
63. flared intersection	перетин в одному рівні з розширеними підходами
64. ramp	рампа, похилий в'їзд
65. curb	бордюр
66. turn	поворот
67. overhang	виступ, нависання
68. refuge island	острів безпеки на вулицях з великим рухом
69. vehicular	автомобільний транспорт
70. urban	міський
71. roundabout	кільцевий перетин
72. subway	підземний перехід
73. rural	сільській
74. divert	відволікати
75. diversion of traffic	відвід руху в бік
76. relatively	відносно
77. congestion	перевантажений, перевантаженість
78. alignment	регулювання, регулювати
79. skidding	ковзання автомобіля при гальмуванні, занос (автомобіля)
80. to sub gut	піддавати дії впливу
81. cornering (of vehick)	загнання в кут
82. impermeable	водотривкий, герметичний, непроникний, щильний
83. durable	міцний
84. durability	міцність
85. moisture	волога
86. base	основа
87. sub-base	шар під основу
88. crude	неочищений, необроблений
89. tar	смола
90. to refine	очищати
91. to blend	змішувати
92. aggregate	добавка, дрібний кам'яний матеріал
93. slag	шлак
94. gravel	гравій
95. crushed	щебінь
96. lime - stone dust	вапняний пил, порошок
97. design	проект, розрахунок
98. layout	планування
99. median width	середня ширина
100. curve	крива
101. super elevation	поперечний ухил дороги
102. terrain	грунт
103. environment	навколишнє середовище
104. to pave	мощення
105. pavement	покриття
106. rigid pavement	жорстке покриття
107. flexible	не жорстке покриття
108. lane	полоса руху
109. auxi lary lane	допоміжна полоса
110. commercial	вантажний автомобіль
111. to ascend	набирати висоту
112. ascending grade	восходлівий ухил
113. intersection	перетин
114. assume	припускати, допускати
115. design volume	розрахункова інтенсивність руху
116. metalled road	щебеневе шосе
117. allignment	розбивка
118. suspend	підвішувати
119. suspension	висячий міст
120. gradient	уклон
121. formation	основа дороги
122. angular	кутасті частинки
123. chippings	щебінка, дрібний щебінь
124. haunch	зовнішня полоса проїзної частини
125. cross fall	поперечний ухил
126. to dispense	обходитися без чого-небудь
127. ramming	утрамбовка
128. m=inch	дюйм (2,54 см)
129. d=dime	монета (10 центів)
130. nuisance	перешкода
131. annoyance	досада
132. ratepayer	платник податків
133. proceeds	доходи
134. bulk	велика частина
135. license	права
136. camber	опуклість
137. embrace	обіймати
138. pighway	автомагістраль, шосейна дорога
139. to surface	обробляти поверхню
140. surfacing	спливання
141. layer	шар
142. network	мережа
143. rubble	булижник
144. mortar	вапняний будівельний розчин
145. mortar bound	зв'язаний, скріплений розчином
146. slab	плита
147. road way	шосе, бруківка проїжджа частини дороги
148. to maintain	обслуговувати
149. maintenance	зміст, експлуатація
150. obstruction	перешкода
151. filling	насип, наповнення
152. pile	паля
153. right of way	полоса відведення(дороги)
154. boundary lime	межа, лінія розділу
155. subgrade	земляне полотно дороги
156. shouldes	узбіччя
157. lane	смуга дороги
158. traffic	смуга руху
159. parking	смуга відведена для стоянки автомобіля
160. strip	смуга

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