Особенности формальной и функциональной ассимиляции заимствований

1.agitprop

/ag·it·prop/

/?a-j?t-?prдp/

Also agit-prop, 1938, from Russian agitatsiya "agitation" (from French agitation; see agitation) +propaganda (see propaganda), which Russiangot fromGerman.

noun

political (originally communist)propaganda, especially in artor literature

2.apparatchik

/ap·pa·rat·chik/

/д-p?-?rд(t)-chik/

"Communist agent or spy,"1941, originally in writings ofArthur Koestler, from Russian, fromapparat "politicalorganization".

noun

a member of aCommunist Partyapparat

3. arshin (alsoarshine, archin orarchine)

/ar·shin/

/дr?shзn/

Russian, of Turkic origin; akinto Turkish arєin, Kazan Tatararљyn, Jagataiarљun.

noun

a Russian unit oflength equal to 28inches

4.astrakhan

/?astr??kan/

Mid 18th century, fromRussian, named after the city ofAstrakhan, from which the fleeceswere exported.

noun

the dark curly fleeceof young karakul lambsfrom centralAsia

5.babushka

/b??b??k?/

/?bab???k?/

1938, from Russianbabushka

"grandmother."

noun

1. an elderlyRussian woman,

2. type of head coveringfor women

3. Russiandoll

6.balaclava

/bal·a·cla·va/

/?ba-l?-?klд-v?/,-?kla-/

"Woolen head covering," especially worn by soldiers, evidentlynamed for village near Sebastopol, Russia, site of a battle Oct. 25, 1854, inthe Crimean War. But theterm (originally Balaclava helmet)does not appear before 1881 and seemsto have come into widespread use inthe Boer War. The Britishtroops suffered from the cold in theCrimean War, and the usage might bea remembrance of that conflict.The town name (Balaklava) often issaid to be from Turkish, but isperhaps folk-etymologized from aGreek originalPalakion.

noun

a knit cap for the headand neck - called alsobalaclava helmet

7.balalaika

Stringed instrument with atriangular

noun

/bal·a·lai·ka/

body, 1788, from Russianbalalaika,

a usually3-stringed

/?ba-l?-?lо-k?/

said to be related to balabolit'"to

instrument ofRussian

chatter, babble," an imitativeword.

origin with atriangular

body played by pluckingor

strumming

8.beluga

/be·lu·ga/

/b?-?lь-g?/

Late 16th, from Russianbelukha

(from belyi`white').

noun

1. a small whitetoothed whale related tothe narwhal, living inherds mainly in Arcticcoastal waters. Also calledwhitewhale

2. a very largesturgeon occurring in the inlandseas and associated riversof centralEurasia.

3. caviar obtained fromthe belugasturgeon.

9. blin

Russian

noun

/?blin/

a thin oftenbuckwheat

plural: blini, bliny orblinis

First known use:1889

pancake usually filled(as

/?bl?ni//?bli?ni

with sour cream orcaviar)

andfolded

10.bogatyr

Russian bogatyr' hero,athlete,

noun

/b?g??ta??r/

warrior, from Old Russianbogatyri,

one of thelegendary

plural: bogatyrs /-rz/or

of Turkic origin; akinto

medieval heroes ofRussia

bogatyri/-irз/

Turkish baturbrave.

11. Bolshevik(also Bolshevist)

/?b?l??v?k/

1917, from Russianbol'shiy "greater", comparative ofadjective bol'shoy "big,great".

noun

a member of theextremist wing of the RussianSocial Democratic partythat seized power in Russiaby the Revolution of November1917

12.Bolshevism

/?bфlSH??viz?m/

/?bo?l???v?z?m/

From the Russian bol?shevizm,from

bol?she `greater' (seeBolshevik).

noun

the communist formof government adoptedin Russia followingthe Bolshevik revolutionof 1917.

`enthusiastic supportersof Bolshevism'

13. borscht (alsoborsch)

/?brsh(t)/

Yiddish borsht & Ukrainian& Russianborshch.

First known use:1828

noun

a soup made withbeetroot and usually servedwith sour cream, associatedwith the cuisine of easternand central Europe,especially Russia, Poland, and Ukraine

14.borzoi

/bor·zoi/

/?b r-?zi/

Russian wolfhound, 1887,from Russian borzoy, literally"swift, quick" (compare Czech brzy,Serbo- Croatian brzo "quickly,"Lithuanian bruzdeti "tohurry").

noun

any of a breed oflarge dogs developed inRussia especiallyforpursuingwolves that have along silky usually whitecoat with darker markings-- called alsoRussian wolfhound

15.boyar (alsoboyard)

/bo·yar//bф-?yдr/

Russianboyarin

First known use:1555

noun

a member of aRussian aristocratic order nextin rank below theruling princes until itsabolition by Peter theGreat

16.Cheka

/?t??k?/

Russian, from `che', `ka', theinitial letters of Chrezvychainayakomissiya `Extraordinary Commission(for combatingCounter-revolution, Sabotage, andSpeculation)'.

noun

an organization underthe Soviet regime forthe investigation ofcounter- revolutionary activities.It executed many realand alleged enemies ofLenin's regime from itsformation in 1917 until 1922, whenit was replaced by theOGPU

17.Chekist

/?chвk?st/

Borrowed from Russianиekist, from Иeka (Cheka+-ist).

(SeeCheka).

noun

a member of aCheka

18.chernozem

/?cher-n?-?zy m/,/-?zem

Mid 19th century: fromRussian, from chлrnyi `black' +zemlya `earth'.

noun

a fertile black soil richin humus, with a lighterlime- rich layer beneath.Such soils typically occurin temperate grasslandssuch as the Russian steppesand North Americanprairies

19.chernozemic

/?cher-n?-?zy -mik/,/-?ze-

Mid 19th century: fromRussian chernozem, from chлrnyi `black'+ zemlya`earth'.

adjective constitutingor characteristic ofa chernozem

20.chervonets

Russian chervonets, alteration ofOld

noun

Russian иervonyi, fromOld

1. the gold 10-ruble coinof

(alsochervonetz,

Polish czerwonygolden.

Soviet Russiaauthorized

tchervonets ortchervonetz)

by decree in 1922 andfirst

/cher·vo·nets/

struck in1923

/ch?r?v n?ts/

2. a unit ofvalue

plural:chervontsi,

equivalent to onegold

chervontzi, tchervontsior

chervonets designated by

tchervontzi\-ntsз\

law of 1924 as thebasic

monetary unit ofthe

U.S.S.R. but never suchin

practice

3. a currencynote

representingone

chervonets

21.Chukchi

Russian chukcha (pluralchukchi),

noun

/?t??kt?i?/

probably ultimatelyfrom

1. a member of aSiberian

plural Chukchior

Chukchi иavи?v reindeerbreeder

people inhabitingthe

Chukchis

ChukchiPeninsula

First known use:1780

2. the language ofthe

Chukchipeople

22.commissar

/com·mis·sar/

/?kд-m?-?sдr/

1918, from Russian komissar,from German kommissar"commissioner," from French, ultimatelyfrom Medieval Latincommissarius.

noun

an official ofthe CommunistParty, especially in theformer Soviet Union orpresent- day China, responsiblefor political educationand organization

23.cosmonaut

/cos·mo·naut/

/?kдz-m?-?n t/,-?nдt/

1959, Englishing ofRussian kosmonavt, ultimately fromGreek kosmos (see cosmos) +nautes "sailor" (seenaval).

noun

an astronaut of theSoviet or Russian spaceprogram

24.Сossack

/cos·sack/

/?kд-?sak/,-s?k/

from Russian kazak fromTurkic, `vagabond, nomad'; laterinfluenced by French Cosaque (seealso Kazakh).

First known use:1589

noun

a member of a peopleof Ukraine andsouthern Russia, noted fortheir horsemanship andmilitary skill

25. czar ( also tsar,tzar)

/z??/

/ts??/

1550s, from Russian tsar, fromOld Slavic tsesari, from Gothickaisar, from Greek kaisar, fromLatin Caesar. First adopted byRussian emperor Ivan IV,1547.

noun

emperor; specifically:the ruler of Russia untilthe 1917revolution

26.czarevitch

(also czarevich,tsarevitch, tsarevich ortzarevitch)

/?zдr??viCH/

Russian tsarevich, from tsar' +- evich, patronymicsuffix

First known use:1710

noun

the eldest son ofan emperor ofRussia

27.czarevna (alsotsarevna)

/zд?revn?/

Russian tsarevna, from tsar' +- evna (feminine patronymicsuffix).

noun

1. a daughter of aRussian czar

2. the wife of aczarevitch

28. czarina (alsotsarina, tzarina)

/zд-?rз-n?/,/(t)sд-

Probably modification ofGerman Zarin, from Zar czar, fromRussian tsar'.

First known use:1717

noun

an empress ofRussia before1917

29.dacha

/da·cha/

from Russian dacha,originally "gift," from Slavic *datja, fromPIE

*do- "to give" (seedonation).

noun

a Russian countrycottage used especially inthe summer

30.Decembrist

/d??sembr?st/

/d??s?mbr?st/

1877, from Russiandekabrнst.

noun

a member of a groupof Russianrevolutionaries who in December 1825led an unsuccessfulrevolt against Tsar NicholasI. The leaders wereexecuted and later came tobe regarded as martyrs bythe Left

31.Doukhobor

/?do ok?bфr/

/?duk?b?r/

From Russian Dukhobor,literally `spirit-wrestler'.

noun

a member of aChristian sect originating inRussia in the 18th century,many members ofwhich migrated to Canada inthe late 19thcentury

32. droshky(also droshkies ordroskies)

/?dr??ki/

Early 19th century: fromRussian drozhki, diminutive ofdrogi `wagon', from droga `shaft,carriage pole'.

noun

a low four-wheeledopen carriage of a kindformerly used inRussia

33.Duma

/?du?m?/

Russian national assembly, 1870(in reference to city councils;the national one was set up in1905), literally "thought," from aGermanic source (compare Gothicdoms "judgment," English doom,deem).

noun

a representative councilin Russia; especially,often capitalized : theprincipal legislative assemblyin Russia from 1906 to1917

and since1993

34.glasnost

/??lazn?st/

/??l??sn?st/

1972 (in reference to a letter of1969 by Solzhenitsyn), fromRussian glasnost "openness topublic scrutiny," literally "publicity, factof being public," ultimately fromOld Church Slavonic glasu "voice,"from PIE *gal-so-, from root *gal- (2)"to call, shout" (see call (v.)). Firstused in a socio-political sense byLenin; popularized in English afterMikhail Gorbachev used it prominently ina speech of March 11, 1985,accepting the post of general secretary ofthe CPSU.

noun

a Soviet policypermitting open discussion ofpolitical and social issues andfreer dissemination of newsand information

35. gley

/?le?/

1920s: from Ukrainian glei,`sticky blue clay'; related toclay.

noun

A sticky waterloggedsoil lacking inoxygen, typically grey to bluein colour.

36.Gulag

/gu·lag/

System of prisons and laborcamps, especially for political detainees,in the former Soviet Union;rough acronym from RussianGlavnoe upravlenieispravitel'no-trudovykh lagerei "Chief Administrationof Corrective Labor Camps," set upin 1931.

noun

the penal system ofthe

U.S.S.R. consisting ofa network of laborcamps; also: laborcamp

37.intelligentsia

/?n?t?l??d??nts??/

"The intellectual classcollectively," 1905, from Russianintelligyentsiya, from Latinintelligentia "intelligence". Perhaps viaItalian intelligenzia.

noun

intellectuals orhighly educated people asa group, especiallywhen regarded aspossessing culture andpolitical influence

38.isba

/is ba/ /?z?bд/

variants: lesscommonly izba

Russian izba, fromOld Russian istuba bathingroom,

probably of Germanic origin; akinto Old High German stuba heatedroom.

noun

a Russian loghut

39.Kalashnikov

/k??la?n?k?f/

Type of rifle or submachinegun, 1968, from RussianKalashnikov, name of a weapon developed inthe Soviet Union c. 1946 and namedfor Mikhail Kalashnikov, gundesigner and part of the team that built it.In AK-47, the AK stands forAvtomat Kalashnikov.

noun

a Soviet-designedassault rifle; especially:AK-47

40.kasha

/?kд-sh?/

Russian

First known use:1808

noun

1. a porridge madeusually from buckwheatgroats

2. kasha grainbefore cooking

41.Kazakh

/k??zak/

/?kazak/

Russian kazakh, from Kazakhkazak

First Known Use:1832

noun

A member of apeople living chieflyin Kazakhstan.Traditionally nomadic, Kazakhsare predominantlySunni Muslims.

42.kefir

/k??fir/

Russian

First known use:1884

noun

A sour-tasting drinkmake from cow's milkfermented with certainbacteria

43.KGB

/ke?d?i??bi?/

National security agency ofthe Soviet Union from 1954 to1991, attested from 1955 inEnglish, initialism (acronym) ofRussian Komitetgosudarstvennoy bezopasnosti "Committee forState Security."

abbreviation

(Soviet) StateSecurity Committee

44.kibitka

/k??b?tk?/

Late 18th century: Russian,from Tatar and Kyrgyz kibit (fromArabic qubbat `dome') + the Russian suffix - ka.

noun

a type of coveredRussian sledge

45.kissel

/?k?s(?)l/

From Russian kisel?, from abase shared by kislyi`sour'.

noun

a Russian dessertmade from fruit juice orpuree boiled with sugarand water and thickenedwith potato orcornflour

46.knout

/nout/

/na?t/

Mid 17thcentury

Russian knut, of Scandinavianorigin; akin to Old Norse knыtr knot; akinto Old Englishcnotta.

noun

a whip used forflogging

47.kolkhoz

/k?l?k?z/

/k?l?kфz/

U.S.S.R. collective farm, 1921,from Russian kolkhoz, contractionof kollektivnoe khozyaistvo"collective farm".

noun

a collective farm ofthe formerU.S.S.R

48. kolkhoznik

Russian, from kolkhoz + -nik,agent

noun

kдl-?kz-nik\

(pluralkolkhozniki

/kдl-?k z-ni-kз/or

suffix

First known use:1944

a member of akolkhoz

kolkhozniks)

49.Komsomol

Russian, fromKom(munisticheskii)

noun

/?kдm-s?-?m l/,/-?mфl

So(yuz) Mol(odлzhi)`Communist

an organizationfor

League ofYouth'.

communist youth inthe

First known use:1925

former SovietUnion

50. kopeck (alsocopeck)

coin worth one-hundredth part ofa

noun

/?ko?p?k/

ruble, from Russian kopeika,from

a monetary subunit ofthe

/?kфpek/

kop'e "lance" (cognate withGreek

ruble -- see rubleat

kopis "chopper, cleaver;" seehatchet

moneytable

(n.)); so called because thecoin

showed the czar with lance inhand.

51. koumiss (alsokumiss)

Russian kumys, of Turkic origin;akin

noun

/kou·miss/

to Turkish kэmэzkoumiss.

a beverage offermented

/kь-?mis/,?/kь-m?s/

First known use:1607

mare's milkmade

originally by thenomadic

peoples of centralAsia

52.Kremlin

/?kr?ml?n/

/?kremlin/

1660s, Cremelena, from OldRussian kremlinu, later kremlin (1796),from kreml' "citadel, fortress," aword perhaps of Tartar origin.Originally the citadel of any Russian townor city, now especially the onein Moscow (which enclosedthe imperial palace, churches, etc.).Used metonymically for "governmentof the U.S.S.R." from 1933.The modern form of the word inEnglish might be viaFrench.

noun

the citadel of aRussian city

53.kulak

/ku·lak/

1877, "relatively well-to-doRussian farmer or trader," from Russiankulak (plural kulaki) "tight-fistedperson," literally "fist," from Turki(Turkish) kul "hand." In the jargon ofSoviet communism, applied in contemptand derision to those who workedfor their ownprofit.

noun

a peasant in Russiawealthy enough to own a farmand hire labor. Emergingafter the emancipation of serfsin the 19th century thekulaks resisted Stalin'sforcedcollectivization,but millions werearrested, exiled, orkilled

54.kvass

/?kvдs/

Russian fermented drink madefrom rye or barley, 1550s, fromRussian kvas, said to mean literally"leaven," from Old Church Slavonickvasu "yeast," cognate with Latincaseus "cheese".

noun

a fermented drink, lowin alcohol, made fromrye flour or bread withmalt

55.Leninism

/?le-n?-?ni-z?m/

Pseudonym or alias chosen c.1902 (for publishing clandestinepolitical works in exile) byRussian revolutionary VladimirIl'ich Ulyanov (1870-1924).Related:

Leninist (1917); Leninism(1918). Leningrad was the name ofRussian St. Petersburg from 1924 to1991.

noun

the political,economic, and social principlesand policies advocatedby Lenin; especially:the theory and practiceof communism developedby or associated withLenin

56. Lubyanka (alsoLubianka)

/lu??bja?k?/

From RussianLubyanka.

noun

A building inMoscow used as a prison and asthe headquarters of theKGB and other Russiansecret police organizationssince the Russian Revolution.

57.mahorka (alsomakhorka, makharka)

/m??h??k?/

Mid 19th century; earliest usefound in George A. Sala(1828-1895), journalist. From Russian maxorkathe plant Nicotiana rustica or thetobacco obtained fromthis.

noun

a low-grade varietyof coarse tobacco smokedin Russia andneighbouring countries

58.mammoth

/mam·moth/

/?ma-m?th/

Early 18th century: fromRussian mamo(n)t, probably ofSiberian origin.

noun

1. any of agenus (Mammuthus) ofextinct Pleistocene mammalsof the elephantfamily distinguished fromrecent elephants by highlyridged molars, usually largesize, very long tusks thatcurve upward, andwell- developed bodyhair;

2. something immenseof its kind (the company isa mammoth of theindustry);

3. something of verygreat size,huge.

59. matryoshka(also matryoshkadoll, matrioshka)

/?matrз?дSHk?/

1940s: from Russianmatrлshka.

noun

Each of a set ofbrightly painted hollowwooden dolls of varyingsizes, designed to nest insideone another.

Also called Russiandoll.

60.mead

/?mзd/

Middle English mede, fromOld English medu; akin to OldHigh German metu mead, Greekmethy wine

First known use: before 12thcentury

noun

a fermented beveragemade of water and honey,malt, andyeast

61.Menshevik (alsoMenshevist)

/Men·she·vik/

1907, from Russian men'shevik,from men'she "lesser" (comparativeof malo "little," from PIE root *mei-(2) "small;" see minus) + -evik "onethat is." So called by Lenin becausethey were a minority in the party.Earlier used in reference to theminority faction of theSocial-Democratic Party, when it split in 1903. Asa noun from 1917. Russianplural mensheviki occasionally was usedin English.

noun

a member of a wing ofthe Russian SocialDemocratic party before and duringthe RussianRevolution believing in thegradual achievement ofsocialism byparliamentarymethodsin opposition to the Bolsheviks

62.MGB

1950s; earliest use found in Webster's NewInternational Dictionary of the EnglishLanguage. From Russian MGB, initialismfrom Ministerstvogosudarstvennoj bezopasnosti.

noun abbreviation

(In the SovietUnion) Ministry of StateSecurity, replaced by the K.G.B.in 1954.

63.MiG

/m??/

1940s: from the initial letters ofthe surnames of A. I. M ikoyan and M.I. G urevich (Soviet aircraftdesigners), linked by Russian i`and'.

noun

a Russian fighteraircraft madebythe MiGcompany.

`aMiG-15'

64.Mir

/?mir/

late 20c. space station, fromRussian, literally "peace, world," also"village, community," from OldChurch Slavonic miru "peace," fromProto- Slavic *miru "commune, joy,peace" ("possibly borrowed fromIranian" [Watkins]), from PIE root *mei-(4) "to bind, tie" (see mitre). OldChurch Slavonic miru was "used inChristian terminology as acollective 'community of peace' "[Buck], translating Greek kosmos.Hence, "theknownworld,mankind."

noun

a village communityin czarist Russia inwhich land was owned jointlybut cultivated byindividual families

65. Molotovcocktail

/?m?l??t?f?k?k?te?l/

From the name ofVyacheslav Molotov (see Molotov,Vyacheslav), who led the Soviet campaignagainst Finland in 1939-40, whensuch weapons were used by theFinns.

noun

a crude incendiarydevice typically consisting ofa bottle filledwith flammable liquid andwith a means of ignition.The

production ofsimilar grenades was organizedby VyacheslavMolotov during World WarII.

66. mors (alsomorse)

/m??s/

From Russian mors. Firstmentioned in the16th centuryin “theDomostroy” with instructionsabout how to make it, but has likelybeen aroundlonger.

noun

is anon-carbonated Russian fruitdrink prepared fromberries

67. moujik (alsomuzhik)

/mu·zhik/

Russian

First known use:1587

noun

a Russianpeasant

68.MVD

Abbreviation of RussianMinisterstvo vnutrennikhdel.

noun abbreviation

The Ministry ofInternal Affairs in theformer Soviet Union and nowin Russia.

69.narod

/na?r?d/

1930s; earliest use found in American Journal ofSociology. From Russian narod people,nation.

noun

In Russia and(formerly) the Soviet Union:the people, thenation; (specifically inRussian and Sovietpolitical ideology) thecommon people viewed as the bearers of nationalculture

70.Narodnik

/n??r?dn?k/

Late 19th century. FromRussian

narodnikfrom narod people +-nik.

noun

Russian History

A supporter of a type of socialismoriginating amongst theRussian intelligentsia in thelate 19th cent. andwhich looked on the peasantsand intellectualsas revolutionary forces;a Russian populist. In extended use: a personwho tries to politicizea community of ruralor urban poor whilesharing their livingconditions.

71.Narodnikism

/n??r?dn?k?z(?)m/ (=Narodnism

/na?r?dn?z(?)m/)

1930s; earliest use found inMax Eastman (1883-1969). From Narodnik + -ism, after Russian narodniиestvo.

noun

the doctrine of the Narodniks; Russian populism

72.narodnost

/n??r?dn?st/

1940s. From Russiannarodnost? nationality, essential quality ofthe (common) people, group ofpeople sharing national identity fromnarod

+ -nost?, suffixcorresponding approximately in use to-ness.

noun

In Russia and(formerly) the Soviet Union: asense of belonging to anation, national characteror quality; theessential quality of the(common) people. Also as acount noun: a group ofpeople sharing a nationalidentity, but lacking someattribute or attributes essential toa people ornation.

73.nihilism

/ni·hil·ism/

1817, "the doctrine of negation"(in reference to religion or morals),from German nihilismus, from Latinnihil "nothing at all" (see nil), coinedby German philosopherFriedrich Heinrich Jacobi (1743-1819).In philosophy, an extreme formof skepticism (1836). Thepolitical sense was first used byGerman journalist Joseph von Gцrres(1776- 1848). Turgenev used theRussian form of the word (nigilizm) in "Fathers and Children" (1862)and claimed to have invented it. Witha capital N-, it refers to theRussian revolutionary anarchism of theperiod 1860-1917, supposedly socalled because "nothing" that thenexisted found favor in theireyes.

noun

1. a viewpointthat traditional valuesand beliefs are unfoundedand that existence issenseless anduseless

2. the program of a19th centuryRussian partyadvocatingrevolutionary reform and usingterrorism andassassination

74.NKVD

Abbreviation of Russian Narodnyi komissariat vnutrennikh del`People's Commissariat of InternalAffairs'.

noun abbreviation

The secret police agencyin the former SovietUnion which absorbedthe functions of theformer OGPU in 1934. Itmerged with the MVD in1946.

75.OGPU

(also Ogpu orGPU)

Acronym fromRussian Ob?edinлnnoegosudarstvennoe politicheskoe upravlenie`United State PoliticalDirectorate'.

noun

an organizationfor investigatingand combatingcounter- revolutionary activitiesin the former SovietUnion, existing from 1922(1922- 3 as the GPU) to 1934and replacing the Cheka. Itwas absorbed into the NKVDin 1934.

76. osetr(alsoosetra)

/???s?t?(r)/

/???s?tr?/

/??sj?t?(r)/

Mid 18th century; earliest usefound in Jonas Hanway (bap. 1712,d.

1786), merchant andphilanthropist. From Russian osлtr, probablyfrom the same base as ostryj sharp,with reference either to theelongated shape of the fish or to its sharpfins. The semantic element `sharp'also occurs in the cognateLithuanian forms aрлtras, erрket(r)as, and inthe scientific Latinacipenser.

noun

the Russiansturgeon, Acipensergueldenstaedtii, found in the basins ofthe Caspian Sea, the Seaof Azov, and the BlackSea, and fished as a sourceof caviar

77.papirosa

(also papyrosa,papyross)

/?pap??r??s?/

/?pap??r?s?/

Mid 19th century; earliest usefound in The Daily News. FromRussian papiros, papirosa, probablyfrom Polish papieros cigarette of anytype (although this is only attestedlater) from papier paper + a secondelement of uncertainorigin.

noun

a type of Russianunfiltered cigarette consisting ofa tube of paper orcardboard, a short section at oneend of which is filledwith tobacco

78.paskha

/?pask?/

Russian, literally`Easter'.

noun

a rich Russiandessert made with curdcheese, dried fruit, nuts, andspices and traditionally eatenat Easter

79.pavlova

/?pav-l?-v?/

Named after A. Pavlova(see Pavlova,Anna).

First known use:1926

noun

a meringue desserttopped with whipped creamand fresh fruit, named afterthe Russian ballet dancerAnna Pavlova

80.perestroika

/per·e·stroi·ka/

/?per-?-?stri-k?/

1981, from Russianperestroika, literally "rebuilding,reconstruction, reform" (of Soviet society, etc.),from pere- "re-" (from Old Russianpere- "around, again," fromProto-Slavic

*per-, from PIE *per- (1)"forward, through;" see per) +stroika "building, construction," fromOld Russian stroji "order," fromPIE

*stroi-, from root *stere- "tospread" (see structure (n.)). First proposedat the 26th Party Congress(1981); popularized in English 1985during Mikhail Gorbachev's leadershipof theU.S.S.R.

noun

the policy of economicand governmentalreform instituted byMikhail Gorbachev in theSoviet Union during themid- 1980s

81.Petrouchka

/puh-troosh-kuh/

Russian,1910s.

noun

a ballet suite (1911)by Stravinsky

82.piroshky (alsopirozhki)

/p??r??ki/

Russian pirozhki, plural ofpirozhok, diminutive of pirogpastry

First known use:1887

noun

small Russiansavoury pastries or patties,filled with meat or fish andrice

83.pogrom

1882, from Yiddish pogrom,from

noun

/po·grom/

Russian pogromu"devastation,

an organized massacreof

destruction," from po- "by,through,

helplesspeople;

behind, after" (cognate withLatin

specifically : sucha

post-; see post-) + gromu"thunder,

massacre ofJews

roar," from PIE imitativeroot

*ghrem- (seegrim).

84.Politburo

"Highest policy-makingcommittee

noun

/?p?l?t?bj?ro?/

of the U.S.S.R.," 1927, fromRussian

the principalpolicy-

politbyuro, contractedfrom

making andexecutive

politicheskoe byuro"political

committee of aCommunist

bureau."

party

85.polynya

/?pдl?n?yд/

Mid 19th century: fromRussian, from the base of pole`field'.

noun

an area of open waterin seaice

86.pood

Late 16th century; earliest usefound

noun

/?pьd/

in Richard Hakluyt(?1552-1616),

a Russian unit ofweight

geographer. From Old Russianpud?,

equal to about36.11

probably from Old Icelandicpund

pounds (16.38kilograms)

unit of weight, or perhapsfrom

German regional (LowGerman)

pundunit ofweight.

87.Pravda

Russian, literally`truth'.

noun

/?prдvd?/

a Russian dailynewspaper,

founded in 1912 andfrom

1918 to 1991 theofficial

organ of theSoviet

CommunistParty

88.Raskolnik

/Ras·kol·nik/

/r??sklnik/

Russian raskol'nik, fromraskol schism (from raz-, prefixdenoting separation--from Old Slavic--+- kol, from kolot' to separate, divide)+

-nik, noun suffix denoting aperson engaged in or connectedwith something specified; akinto Lithuanian kalti tobeat.

noun

a dissenter fromthe Russian OrthodoxChurch and member of one ofthe several groups (as the Doukhobors,Khlysty) developing fromthe schism of the 17thcentury in protest againstliturgical reforms --called alsoOld Believer, OldRitualist

89. ruble (alsorouble)

/?rь-b?l/

Unit of the Russian monetarysystem, 1550s, via French rouble,from Russian rubl', perhaps fromOld Russian rubiti "to chop, cut, hew,"so called because the originalmetallic currency of Russia (14c.)consisted of silver bars, from whichthe necessary amount was cut off;from Proto-Slavic *rub-, from PIEroot

*reub-, *reup- "to snatch" (seerip (v.)).

noun

the basic monetary unitof Russia -- see moneytable

90.sable

/?sвb?l/

/?se?b?l/

Middle English, fromAnglo-French, from Middle Low Germansabel sable or its fur, from MiddleHigh German zobel, of Slav origin; akinto Russian sobol' sable or itsfur

First known use: 14thcentury

noun

1.amarten with a shorttail and dark brown fur,native to Japan and Siberiaand valued for itsfur.

2.a blackcolour, resembling the fur ofsome sables

91.sagene

/sa·gene/

/?sд?zhen/

Russian sazhen'; akin to

Russian syagat' to reach for,grasp, OldSlavicsgntitograsp,Latvian segt tocover.

noun

a Russian unit oflength equal to 7feet

92.samizdat

/?s?mizdжt/

/?sдmзzdat/

"Illegal and clandestine copyingand sharing of literature," 1967,from Russian samizdat, literally"self- publishing," from sam "self"(see same) + izdatel'stvo"publishing".

Said to be a word-play onGosizdat, the former state publishing houseof the U.S.S.R. One who took part init was a samizdatchik(plural samizdatchiki). Later andless common was tamizdat"writings published abroad and smuggledback into the U.S.S.R.," from tam"there."

noun

a system in theU.S.S.R. and countries withinits orbit bywhich government-suppressed

literature wasclandestinely printed anddistributed; also: suchliterature

93.samovar

/?sam??vдr/

/?sжm??v?r/

1830, from Russian samovar,literally"self-boiler," from sam "self"(seesame) + varit "to boil" (fromOld Church Slavonic variti "tocook," from PIE root *wer- "to burn");but this is perhaps folk-etymology ifthe word is from Tatar sanabar"tea- urn".

noun

a highly decorated teaurn used inRussia

94.sevruga

/s??vro o??/

Russian sevryuga, a speciesof sturgeon

First known use:1591

noun

a gray caviar froma sturgeon (Acipensersevru) of the Caspian Sea withroe that is smaller than thatof osetra; also: thefish

95.shaman

/?shд-m?n/

1690s, "priest of theUral-Altaic peoples," probably viaGerman Schamane, from Russiansha'man, from Tungussaman, which isperhaps from Chinese sha men"Buddhist monk," from Prakritsamaya-,from Sanskrit sramana-s"Buddhist ascetic" [OED]. Related:Shamanic.

noun

a priest or priestesswho uses magic for thepurpose of curing the sick,divining the hidden, andcontrolling events

96.shashlik

/SHдSH?lik/

From Russian shashlyk, basedon Turkish єiє `spit, skewer';compare with shishkebab.

noun

(in Asia andeastern Europe) a muttonkebab

97.shchi

/?t?i?/

From Russianshchi.

noun

a type of Russiancabbage soup

98.shuba

/shu·ba/

/?shьb?/

Russian, from MiddleHigh

German schыbe outer garment,from Old Italian giubba jacket, from Arabicjubbah.

noun

a Russian fur orfur-lined overcoat orcloak

99.souslik (alsosuslik)

/?so oslik/

Late 18th century: fromRussian.

noun

a short-tailedground squirrel native toEurasia and theArctic

100.Soviet

/?sфvз?t/

/?so?vi?t/

1917, from Russian sovet"governing council," literally "council,"from Old Russian suvetu "assembly,"from su "with" (from *su(n)- "with, together," from PIE *ksun- "with")+ vetu "counsel." The whole is aloan- translation of Greeksymboulion "council ofadvisers." Asanadjectivefrom1918.

noun adjective

an elected local, district,or national council inthe former SovietUnion.

101.sovkhoz

/sдv?kфz/

Russian, short forsovetskoe khozyaistvo (sovietfarm).

First known use:1921

noun

a state-owned farm ofthe

U.S.S.R. paying wagesto theworkers

102.Sputnik

/?sp?tnik/

"artificial satellite," extendedfrom the name of the one launched bythe Soviet Union Oct. 4, 1957,from Russian sputnik "satellite,"literally "traveling companion" (in thisuse short for sputnik zemlyi,"traveling companion of the Earth") fromOld Church Slavonic supotiniku,from Russian so-, s- "with, together" +put'

noun

any of a series ofearth- orbiting satelliteslaunched by the SovietUnion beginning in1957

"path, way," from OldChurch Slavonic poti, from PIE *pent-"to tread, go" (see find (v.)) +agent suffix -nik.

103.Stakhanovite

/st??kдn??vоt/

/st??k?n??va?t/

1935, from name ofhard-working Soviet coal minerAleksei Grigorevich Stakhanov(1906-1977), in reference to an efficiencysystem in which workers increasetheir piecework production andare rewarded with bonusesand privileges. Sovietauthorities publicized his prodigious outputas part of a campaign toincrease productivity.

noun

a Soviet industrialworker awarded recognitionand special privilegesfor output beyondproduction norms

104.Stalinism

/?stдl??niz?m/

/?st?l??n?z?m/

1927, from Stalin + -ism.Related: Stalinist.

noun

The ideology andpolicies adopted by Stalin, basedon centralization, totalitarianism, andthe pursuit ofcommunism.

105.starets

/?st??r(j)?ts/

Early 18th century. FromRussian starec (plural starcy) venerableold man, elder, monk, spiritualleader from the base of Russian staryj old+

-ec, suffix formingnouns.

noun

A man, typically amonk, who is regarded ashaving spiritual authority, andis hence often sought out asa counsellor or guide,despite his holding noformal position inthe ecclesiasticalhierarchy.

106.starosta

(also staroste,starost)

/?star?st?/

From Russianstarosta.

Late 16th century; earliest usefound in GilesFletcher.

Noun

In Russia: the head ofa village community, typically elected,and having various judicialand administrative responsibilities

107. steppe (oftensteppes)

/step/

/st?p/

Late 17th century: fromRussian

step?.

noun

a large area offlat unforested grasslandin southeastern Europeor Siberia

108.sterlet

/?st?rl?t/

/?st?rl?t/

Late 16th century: fromRussian

sterlyad?.

noun

a small sturgeon ofthe Danube basin andCaspian Sea area, farmedand commercially fished forits flesh andcaviar

109.stroganoff (alsostroganov)

/?str???n?f/

Named after Count PavelStroganov (1772-1817), Russiandiplomat.

noun

a dish in which thecentral ingredient, typicallystrips of beef, is cooked ina sauce containingsour cream

110. taiga (often thetaiga)

/?tо??/

/?ta???/

Late 19th century: fromRussian

taiga, fromMongolian.

Noun

the sometimes swampy coniferous forest ofhigh northernlatitudes, especially that betweenthe tundra and steppesof Siberia and NorthAmerica

111.tarantass

/?tar(?)n?tas/

From Russiantarantas.

noun

a four-wheeledhorse- drawn Russiancarriage without springs,mounted on a long flexiblewooden chassis

112.telega

/t??le???/

Late 16th century. FromRussian

telega.

Noun

In Russia: a roughlyor simply constructedfour- wheeled cart,without springs

113.tokamak

/?tфk??mak/

1960s: Russian, fromtoroidal?naya kamera s magnitnym polem`toroidal chamber with magneticfield'.

noun

a toroidal devicefor producingcontrolled nuclear fusion that involves the confiningand heating of agaseous plasma by means ofan electric current and magneticfield

114.tovarich (alsotovarish)

/t??vдriSH/

Russiantovarishch

First known use: circa1917

noun

In the formerSoviet Union, acomrade

115.troika

/?tri-k?/

1842, "carriage drawn bythree horses abreast," from Russiantroika "three-horse team, any groupof three," from collective numeraltroje "group of three" (from PIE*tro-yo-, suffixed form of *trei-, see three)+ diminutive suffix -ka. Sense of"any group of threeadministrators, triumvirate" is first recorded1945.

noun

a Russian vehicle drawnby three horses abreast; also:ateam for such avehicle

116.tundra

/?t?n-dr?/

/?tu n-dr?/

Russian, from Russiandialect (northeast) tundra, tundara,from Kildin Sami (Sami language ofthe northern Kola Peninsula)tыnter

First known use: circa1841

noun

a vast, flat, treelessArctic region of Europe, Asia,and North America inwhich the subsoil ispermanently frozen

117.ukase

"decree issued by aRussian

noun

/ju?ke?s/

/yo o?kвs/

emperor," 1729, from Russianukaz

"edict," back-formation fromukazat'

a proclamation bya

Russian emperoror

"to show, decree, to order," fromOld

government havingthe

Church Slavonic ukazati, fromu-

force oflaw

"away," perhaps here anintensive

prefix, from PIE *au- (2) "off,away"

+ kazati "to show, order,"from

Slavic *kaz- (related to thefirst

element of Casimir), from PIEroot

*kwek- "to appear,show."

118.uralite

/?j??r??la?t/

( adj. uralitic/?j??r??l?t?k/)

19th century: from the Russianthe Ural Mountains where it wasfirst found +-ite.

noun

an amphibolemineral, similar to hornblende,that replaces pyroxene insome igneous andmetamorphic rocks

119.verst

/v?rst/

/v?rst/

Russian unit of distancemeasure equal to about two-thirds of amile, 1550s, from Russian versta,related to Old Church Slavonicvrusta "stadium," vruteti (Russianvertet) "to turn" (seeversus).

noun

a Russian unit ofdistance equal to 0.6629 mile(1.067 kilometers)

120.vigorish

from Ukrainian vygrash orRussian

noun

/?vi??riSH/

vyigryshwinnings,profit.

a charge taken (as bya

bookie or agambling

First known use:1912

house) on bets; also:the

degree of such acharge

121.vodka

/?v?dk?/

/?vдdk?/

1802, from Russian vodka,literally "little water," diminutive ofvoda "water" (from PIE *wod-a-,from root *wed- (1) "water, wet;"see water (n.1)) + diminutive suffix-ka.

noun

a colorless liquor ofneutral spirits distilled froma mash (as of rye orwheat)

122. voivode (orvaivode,

1550-60; Slavic; comparePolish

noun

less commonlyvoivod)

wojewoda, Russian voevуda,Serbo-

a military commanderor

/vai vode//?vо?vфd/

Croatian v?j(e)voda,Hungarian

governor of a townor

vajvoda(nowvajda).

province in variousSlavic

countries

123.zek

/zek/

1968, from Russian zek,probably representing a vocalization ofz/k, abbreviation ofzaklyuchennyi "prisoner."

noun

Russian condemnedperson in a prison or laborcamp

124.zemstvo

Russian; akin to Russianzemlya

noun

/?zemstvф/

earth, land, Latinhumus.

one of the districtand

provincialassemblies

First known use:1865

established in Russiain

1864

125. zolotnik

Russian, from zoloto gold +-nik,

noun

/¦zдl?t¦nзk/,/-nik

noun suffix denoting athing

a Russian unit ofweight

plural-s

connected with somethingspecified.

equal to 4.266 grams ora

small fr...