Особенности формальной и функциональной ассимиляции заимствований
Причины пополнения словарного состава английского языка за счёт заимствований из других языков. Классификация русских заимствований, употребление русицизмов в английском языке. Функциональная ассимиляция русских заимствований в английском языке.
Рубрика | Иностранные языки и языкознание |
Вид | дипломная работа |
Язык | русский |
Дата добавления | 25.07.2017 |
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1.agitprop
/ag·it·prop/
/?a-j?t-?prдp/
Also agit-prop, 1938, from Russian agitatsiya "agitation" (from French agitation; see agitation) +propaganda (see propaganda), which Russiangot fromGerman.
noun
political (originally communist)propaganda, especially in artor literature
2.apparatchik
/ap·pa·rat·chik/
/д-p?-?rд(t)-chik/
"Communist agent or spy,"1941, originally in writings ofArthur Koestler, from Russian, fromapparat "politicalorganization".
noun
a member of aCommunist Partyapparat
3. arshin (alsoarshine, archin orarchine)
/ar·shin/
/дr?shзn/
Russian, of Turkic origin; akinto Turkish arєin, Kazan Tatararљyn, Jagataiarљun.
noun
a Russian unit oflength equal to 28inches
4.astrakhan
/?astr??kan/
Mid 18th century, fromRussian, named after the city ofAstrakhan, from which the fleeceswere exported.
noun
the dark curly fleeceof young karakul lambsfrom centralAsia
5.babushka
/b??b??k?/
/?bab???k?/
1938, from Russianbabushka
"grandmother."
noun
1. an elderlyRussian woman,
2. type of head coveringfor women
3. Russiandoll
6.balaclava
/bal·a·cla·va/
/?ba-l?-?klд-v?/,-?kla-/
"Woolen head covering," especially worn by soldiers, evidentlynamed for village near Sebastopol, Russia, site of a battle Oct. 25, 1854, inthe Crimean War. But theterm (originally Balaclava helmet)does not appear before 1881 and seemsto have come into widespread use inthe Boer War. The Britishtroops suffered from the cold in theCrimean War, and the usage might bea remembrance of that conflict.The town name (Balaklava) often issaid to be from Turkish, but isperhaps folk-etymologized from aGreek originalPalakion.
noun
a knit cap for the headand neck - called alsobalaclava helmet
7.balalaika
Stringed instrument with atriangular
noun
/bal·a·lai·ka/
body, 1788, from Russianbalalaika,
a usually3-stringed
/?ba-l?-?lо-k?/
said to be related to balabolit'"to
instrument ofRussian
chatter, babble," an imitativeword.
origin with atriangular
body played by pluckingor
strumming
8.beluga
/be·lu·ga/
/b?-?lь-g?/
Late 16th, from Russianbelukha
(from belyi`white').
noun
1. a small whitetoothed whale related tothe narwhal, living inherds mainly in Arcticcoastal waters. Also calledwhitewhale
2. a very largesturgeon occurring in the inlandseas and associated riversof centralEurasia.
3. caviar obtained fromthe belugasturgeon.
9. blin
Russian
noun
/?blin/
a thin oftenbuckwheat
plural: blini, bliny orblinis
First known use:1889
pancake usually filled(as
/?bl?ni//?bli?ni
with sour cream orcaviar)
andfolded
10.bogatyr
Russian bogatyr' hero,athlete,
noun
/b?g??ta??r/
warrior, from Old Russianbogatyri,
one of thelegendary
plural: bogatyrs /-rz/or
of Turkic origin; akinto
medieval heroes ofRussia
bogatyri/-irз/
Turkish baturbrave.
11. Bolshevik(also Bolshevist)
/?b?l??v?k/
1917, from Russianbol'shiy "greater", comparative ofadjective bol'shoy "big,great".
noun
a member of theextremist wing of the RussianSocial Democratic partythat seized power in Russiaby the Revolution of November1917
12.Bolshevism
/?bфlSH??viz?m/
/?bo?l???v?z?m/
From the Russian bol?shevizm,from
bol?she `greater' (seeBolshevik).
noun
the communist formof government adoptedin Russia followingthe Bolshevik revolutionof 1917.
`enthusiastic supportersof Bolshevism'
13. borscht (alsoborsch)
/?brsh(t)/
Yiddish borsht & Ukrainian& Russianborshch.
First known use:1828
noun
a soup made withbeetroot and usually servedwith sour cream, associatedwith the cuisine of easternand central Europe,especially Russia, Poland, and Ukraine
14.borzoi
/bor·zoi/
/?b r-?zi/
Russian wolfhound, 1887,from Russian borzoy, literally"swift, quick" (compare Czech brzy,Serbo- Croatian brzo "quickly,"Lithuanian bruzdeti "tohurry").
noun
any of a breed oflarge dogs developed inRussia especiallyforpursuingwolves that have along silky usually whitecoat with darker markings-- called alsoRussian wolfhound
15.boyar (alsoboyard)
/bo·yar//bф-?yдr/
Russianboyarin
First known use:1555
noun
a member of aRussian aristocratic order nextin rank below theruling princes until itsabolition by Peter theGreat
16.Cheka
/?t??k?/
Russian, from `che', `ka', theinitial letters of Chrezvychainayakomissiya `Extraordinary Commission(for combatingCounter-revolution, Sabotage, andSpeculation)'.
noun
an organization underthe Soviet regime forthe investigation ofcounter- revolutionary activities.It executed many realand alleged enemies ofLenin's regime from itsformation in 1917 until 1922, whenit was replaced by theOGPU
17.Chekist
/?chвk?st/
Borrowed from Russianиekist, from Иeka (Cheka+-ist).
(SeeCheka).
noun
a member of aCheka
18.chernozem
/?cher-n?-?zy m/,/-?zem
Mid 19th century: fromRussian, from chлrnyi `black' +zemlya `earth'.
noun
a fertile black soil richin humus, with a lighterlime- rich layer beneath.Such soils typically occurin temperate grasslandssuch as the Russian steppesand North Americanprairies
19.chernozemic
/?cher-n?-?zy -mik/,/-?ze-
Mid 19th century: fromRussian chernozem, from chлrnyi `black'+ zemlya`earth'.
adjective constitutingor characteristic ofa chernozem
20.chervonets
Russian chervonets, alteration ofOld
noun
Russian иervonyi, fromOld
1. the gold 10-ruble coinof
(alsochervonetz,
Polish czerwonygolden.
Soviet Russiaauthorized
tchervonets ortchervonetz)
by decree in 1922 andfirst
/cher·vo·nets/
struck in1923
/ch?r?v n?ts/
2. a unit ofvalue
plural:chervontsi,
equivalent to onegold
chervontzi, tchervontsior
chervonets designated by
tchervontzi\-ntsз\
law of 1924 as thebasic
monetary unit ofthe
U.S.S.R. but never suchin
practice
3. a currencynote
representingone
chervonets
21.Chukchi
Russian chukcha (pluralchukchi),
noun
/?t??kt?i?/
probably ultimatelyfrom
1. a member of aSiberian
plural Chukchior
Chukchi иavи?v reindeerbreeder
people inhabitingthe
Chukchis
ChukchiPeninsula
First known use:1780
2. the language ofthe
Chukchipeople
22.commissar
/com·mis·sar/
/?kд-m?-?sдr/
1918, from Russian komissar,from German kommissar"commissioner," from French, ultimatelyfrom Medieval Latincommissarius.
noun
an official ofthe CommunistParty, especially in theformer Soviet Union orpresent- day China, responsiblefor political educationand organization
23.cosmonaut
/cos·mo·naut/
/?kдz-m?-?n t/,-?nдt/
1959, Englishing ofRussian kosmonavt, ultimately fromGreek kosmos (see cosmos) +nautes "sailor" (seenaval).
noun
an astronaut of theSoviet or Russian spaceprogram
24.Сossack
/cos·sack/
/?kд-?sak/,-s?k/
from Russian kazak fromTurkic, `vagabond, nomad'; laterinfluenced by French Cosaque (seealso Kazakh).
First known use:1589
noun
a member of a peopleof Ukraine andsouthern Russia, noted fortheir horsemanship andmilitary skill
25. czar ( also tsar,tzar)
/z??/
/ts??/
1550s, from Russian tsar, fromOld Slavic tsesari, from Gothickaisar, from Greek kaisar, fromLatin Caesar. First adopted byRussian emperor Ivan IV,1547.
noun
emperor; specifically:the ruler of Russia untilthe 1917revolution
26.czarevitch
(also czarevich,tsarevitch, tsarevich ortzarevitch)
/?zдr??viCH/
Russian tsarevich, from tsar' +- evich, patronymicsuffix
First known use:1710
noun
the eldest son ofan emperor ofRussia
27.czarevna (alsotsarevna)
/zд?revn?/
Russian tsarevna, from tsar' +- evna (feminine patronymicsuffix).
noun
1. a daughter of aRussian czar
2. the wife of aczarevitch
28. czarina (alsotsarina, tzarina)
/zд-?rз-n?/,/(t)sд-
Probably modification ofGerman Zarin, from Zar czar, fromRussian tsar'.
First known use:1717
noun
an empress ofRussia before1917
29.dacha
/da·cha/
from Russian dacha,originally "gift," from Slavic *datja, fromPIE
*do- "to give" (seedonation).
noun
a Russian countrycottage used especially inthe summer
30.Decembrist
/d??sembr?st/
/d??s?mbr?st/
1877, from Russiandekabrнst.
noun
a member of a groupof Russianrevolutionaries who in December 1825led an unsuccessfulrevolt against Tsar NicholasI. The leaders wereexecuted and later came tobe regarded as martyrs bythe Left
31.Doukhobor
/?do ok?bфr/
/?duk?b?r/
From Russian Dukhobor,literally `spirit-wrestler'.
noun
a member of aChristian sect originating inRussia in the 18th century,many members ofwhich migrated to Canada inthe late 19thcentury
32. droshky(also droshkies ordroskies)
/?dr??ki/
Early 19th century: fromRussian drozhki, diminutive ofdrogi `wagon', from droga `shaft,carriage pole'.
noun
a low four-wheeledopen carriage of a kindformerly used inRussia
33.Duma
/?du?m?/
Russian national assembly, 1870(in reference to city councils;the national one was set up in1905), literally "thought," from aGermanic source (compare Gothicdoms "judgment," English doom,deem).
noun
a representative councilin Russia; especially,often capitalized : theprincipal legislative assemblyin Russia from 1906 to1917
and since1993
34.glasnost
/??lazn?st/
/??l??sn?st/
1972 (in reference to a letter of1969 by Solzhenitsyn), fromRussian glasnost "openness topublic scrutiny," literally "publicity, factof being public," ultimately fromOld Church Slavonic glasu "voice,"from PIE *gal-so-, from root *gal- (2)"to call, shout" (see call (v.)). Firstused in a socio-political sense byLenin; popularized in English afterMikhail Gorbachev used it prominently ina speech of March 11, 1985,accepting the post of general secretary ofthe CPSU.
noun
a Soviet policypermitting open discussion ofpolitical and social issues andfreer dissemination of newsand information
35. gley
/?le?/
1920s: from Ukrainian glei,`sticky blue clay'; related toclay.
noun
A sticky waterloggedsoil lacking inoxygen, typically grey to bluein colour.
36.Gulag
/gu·lag/
System of prisons and laborcamps, especially for political detainees,in the former Soviet Union;rough acronym from RussianGlavnoe upravlenieispravitel'no-trudovykh lagerei "Chief Administrationof Corrective Labor Camps," set upin 1931.
noun
the penal system ofthe
U.S.S.R. consisting ofa network of laborcamps; also: laborcamp
37.intelligentsia
/?n?t?l??d??nts??/
"The intellectual classcollectively," 1905, from Russianintelligyentsiya, from Latinintelligentia "intelligence". Perhaps viaItalian intelligenzia.
noun
intellectuals orhighly educated people asa group, especiallywhen regarded aspossessing culture andpolitical influence
38.isba
/is ba/ /?z?bд/
variants: lesscommonly izba
Russian izba, fromOld Russian istuba bathingroom,
probably of Germanic origin; akinto Old High German stuba heatedroom.
noun
a Russian loghut
39.Kalashnikov
/k??la?n?k?f/
Type of rifle or submachinegun, 1968, from RussianKalashnikov, name of a weapon developed inthe Soviet Union c. 1946 and namedfor Mikhail Kalashnikov, gundesigner and part of the team that built it.In AK-47, the AK stands forAvtomat Kalashnikov.
noun
a Soviet-designedassault rifle; especially:AK-47
40.kasha
/?kд-sh?/
Russian
First known use:1808
noun
1. a porridge madeusually from buckwheatgroats
2. kasha grainbefore cooking
41.Kazakh
/k??zak/
/?kazak/
Russian kazakh, from Kazakhkazak
First Known Use:1832
noun
A member of apeople living chieflyin Kazakhstan.Traditionally nomadic, Kazakhsare predominantlySunni Muslims.
42.kefir
/k??fir/
Russian
First known use:1884
noun
A sour-tasting drinkmake from cow's milkfermented with certainbacteria
43.KGB
/ke?d?i??bi?/
National security agency ofthe Soviet Union from 1954 to1991, attested from 1955 inEnglish, initialism (acronym) ofRussian Komitetgosudarstvennoy bezopasnosti "Committee forState Security."
abbreviation
(Soviet) StateSecurity Committee
44.kibitka
/k??b?tk?/
Late 18th century: Russian,from Tatar and Kyrgyz kibit (fromArabic qubbat `dome') + the Russian suffix - ka.
noun
a type of coveredRussian sledge
45.kissel
/?k?s(?)l/
From Russian kisel?, from abase shared by kislyi`sour'.
noun
a Russian dessertmade from fruit juice orpuree boiled with sugarand water and thickenedwith potato orcornflour
46.knout
/nout/
/na?t/
Mid 17thcentury
Russian knut, of Scandinavianorigin; akin to Old Norse knыtr knot; akinto Old Englishcnotta.
noun
a whip used forflogging
47.kolkhoz
/k?l?k?z/
/k?l?kфz/
U.S.S.R. collective farm, 1921,from Russian kolkhoz, contractionof kollektivnoe khozyaistvo"collective farm".
noun
a collective farm ofthe formerU.S.S.R
48. kolkhoznik
Russian, from kolkhoz + -nik,agent
noun
kдl-?kz-nik\
(pluralkolkhozniki
/kдl-?k z-ni-kз/or
suffix
First known use:1944
a member of akolkhoz
kolkhozniks)
49.Komsomol
Russian, fromKom(munisticheskii)
noun
/?kдm-s?-?m l/,/-?mфl
So(yuz) Mol(odлzhi)`Communist
an organizationfor
League ofYouth'.
communist youth inthe
First known use:1925
former SovietUnion
50. kopeck (alsocopeck)
coin worth one-hundredth part ofa
noun
/?ko?p?k/
ruble, from Russian kopeika,from
a monetary subunit ofthe
/?kфpek/
kop'e "lance" (cognate withGreek
ruble -- see rubleat
kopis "chopper, cleaver;" seehatchet
moneytable
(n.)); so called because thecoin
showed the czar with lance inhand.
51. koumiss (alsokumiss)
Russian kumys, of Turkic origin;akin
noun
/kou·miss/
to Turkish kэmэzkoumiss.
a beverage offermented
/kь-?mis/,?/kь-m?s/
First known use:1607
mare's milkmade
originally by thenomadic
peoples of centralAsia
52.Kremlin
/?kr?ml?n/
/?kremlin/
1660s, Cremelena, from OldRussian kremlinu, later kremlin (1796),from kreml' "citadel, fortress," aword perhaps of Tartar origin.Originally the citadel of any Russian townor city, now especially the onein Moscow (which enclosedthe imperial palace, churches, etc.).Used metonymically for "governmentof the U.S.S.R." from 1933.The modern form of the word inEnglish might be viaFrench.
noun
the citadel of aRussian city
53.kulak
/ku·lak/
1877, "relatively well-to-doRussian farmer or trader," from Russiankulak (plural kulaki) "tight-fistedperson," literally "fist," from Turki(Turkish) kul "hand." In the jargon ofSoviet communism, applied in contemptand derision to those who workedfor their ownprofit.
noun
a peasant in Russiawealthy enough to own a farmand hire labor. Emergingafter the emancipation of serfsin the 19th century thekulaks resisted Stalin'sforcedcollectivization,but millions werearrested, exiled, orkilled
54.kvass
/?kvдs/
Russian fermented drink madefrom rye or barley, 1550s, fromRussian kvas, said to mean literally"leaven," from Old Church Slavonickvasu "yeast," cognate with Latincaseus "cheese".
noun
a fermented drink, lowin alcohol, made fromrye flour or bread withmalt
55.Leninism
/?le-n?-?ni-z?m/
Pseudonym or alias chosen c.1902 (for publishing clandestinepolitical works in exile) byRussian revolutionary VladimirIl'ich Ulyanov (1870-1924).Related:
Leninist (1917); Leninism(1918). Leningrad was the name ofRussian St. Petersburg from 1924 to1991.
noun
the political,economic, and social principlesand policies advocatedby Lenin; especially:the theory and practiceof communism developedby or associated withLenin
56. Lubyanka (alsoLubianka)
/lu??bja?k?/
From RussianLubyanka.
noun
A building inMoscow used as a prison and asthe headquarters of theKGB and other Russiansecret police organizationssince the Russian Revolution.
57.mahorka (alsomakhorka, makharka)
/m??h??k?/
Mid 19th century; earliest usefound in George A. Sala(1828-1895), journalist. From Russian maxorkathe plant Nicotiana rustica or thetobacco obtained fromthis.
noun
a low-grade varietyof coarse tobacco smokedin Russia andneighbouring countries
58.mammoth
/mam·moth/
/?ma-m?th/
Early 18th century: fromRussian mamo(n)t, probably ofSiberian origin.
noun
1. any of agenus (Mammuthus) ofextinct Pleistocene mammalsof the elephantfamily distinguished fromrecent elephants by highlyridged molars, usually largesize, very long tusks thatcurve upward, andwell- developed bodyhair;
2. something immenseof its kind (the company isa mammoth of theindustry);
3. something of verygreat size,huge.
59. matryoshka(also matryoshkadoll, matrioshka)
/?matrз?дSHk?/
1940s: from Russianmatrлshka.
noun
Each of a set ofbrightly painted hollowwooden dolls of varyingsizes, designed to nest insideone another.
Also called Russiandoll.
60.mead
/?mзd/
Middle English mede, fromOld English medu; akin to OldHigh German metu mead, Greekmethy wine
First known use: before 12thcentury
noun
a fermented beveragemade of water and honey,malt, andyeast
61.Menshevik (alsoMenshevist)
/Men·she·vik/
1907, from Russian men'shevik,from men'she "lesser" (comparativeof malo "little," from PIE root *mei-(2) "small;" see minus) + -evik "onethat is." So called by Lenin becausethey were a minority in the party.Earlier used in reference to theminority faction of theSocial-Democratic Party, when it split in 1903. Asa noun from 1917. Russianplural mensheviki occasionally was usedin English.
noun
a member of a wing ofthe Russian SocialDemocratic party before and duringthe RussianRevolution believing in thegradual achievement ofsocialism byparliamentarymethodsin opposition to the Bolsheviks
62.MGB
1950s; earliest use found in Webster's NewInternational Dictionary of the EnglishLanguage. From Russian MGB, initialismfrom Ministerstvogosudarstvennoj bezopasnosti.
noun abbreviation
(In the SovietUnion) Ministry of StateSecurity, replaced by the K.G.B.in 1954.
63.MiG
/m??/
1940s: from the initial letters ofthe surnames of A. I. M ikoyan and M.I. G urevich (Soviet aircraftdesigners), linked by Russian i`and'.
noun
a Russian fighteraircraft madebythe MiGcompany.
`aMiG-15'
64.Mir
/?mir/
late 20c. space station, fromRussian, literally "peace, world," also"village, community," from OldChurch Slavonic miru "peace," fromProto- Slavic *miru "commune, joy,peace" ("possibly borrowed fromIranian" [Watkins]), from PIE root *mei-(4) "to bind, tie" (see mitre). OldChurch Slavonic miru was "used inChristian terminology as acollective 'community of peace' "[Buck], translating Greek kosmos.Hence, "theknownworld,mankind."
noun
a village communityin czarist Russia inwhich land was owned jointlybut cultivated byindividual families
65. Molotovcocktail
/?m?l??t?f?k?k?te?l/
From the name ofVyacheslav Molotov (see Molotov,Vyacheslav), who led the Soviet campaignagainst Finland in 1939-40, whensuch weapons were used by theFinns.
noun
a crude incendiarydevice typically consisting ofa bottle filledwith flammable liquid andwith a means of ignition.The
production ofsimilar grenades was organizedby VyacheslavMolotov during World WarII.
66. mors (alsomorse)
/m??s/
From Russian mors. Firstmentioned in the16th centuryin “theDomostroy” with instructionsabout how to make it, but has likelybeen aroundlonger.
noun
is anon-carbonated Russian fruitdrink prepared fromberries
67. moujik (alsomuzhik)
/mu·zhik/
Russian
First known use:1587
noun
a Russianpeasant
68.MVD
Abbreviation of RussianMinisterstvo vnutrennikhdel.
noun abbreviation
The Ministry ofInternal Affairs in theformer Soviet Union and nowin Russia.
69.narod
/na?r?d/
1930s; earliest use found in American Journal ofSociology. From Russian narod people,nation.
noun
In Russia and(formerly) the Soviet Union:the people, thenation; (specifically inRussian and Sovietpolitical ideology) thecommon people viewed as the bearers of nationalculture
70.Narodnik
/n??r?dn?k/
Late 19th century. FromRussian
narodnikfrom narod people +-nik.
noun
Russian History
A supporter of a type of socialismoriginating amongst theRussian intelligentsia in thelate 19th cent. andwhich looked on the peasantsand intellectualsas revolutionary forces;a Russian populist. In extended use: a personwho tries to politicizea community of ruralor urban poor whilesharing their livingconditions.
71.Narodnikism
/n??r?dn?k?z(?)m/ (=Narodnism
/na?r?dn?z(?)m/)
1930s; earliest use found inMax Eastman (1883-1969). From Narodnik + -ism, after Russian narodniиestvo.
noun
the doctrine of the Narodniks; Russian populism
72.narodnost
/n??r?dn?st/
1940s. From Russiannarodnost? nationality, essential quality ofthe (common) people, group ofpeople sharing national identity fromnarod
+ -nost?, suffixcorresponding approximately in use to-ness.
noun
In Russia and(formerly) the Soviet Union: asense of belonging to anation, national characteror quality; theessential quality of the(common) people. Also as acount noun: a group ofpeople sharing a nationalidentity, but lacking someattribute or attributes essential toa people ornation.
73.nihilism
/ni·hil·ism/
1817, "the doctrine of negation"(in reference to religion or morals),from German nihilismus, from Latinnihil "nothing at all" (see nil), coinedby German philosopherFriedrich Heinrich Jacobi (1743-1819).In philosophy, an extreme formof skepticism (1836). Thepolitical sense was first used byGerman journalist Joseph von Gцrres(1776- 1848). Turgenev used theRussian form of the word (nigilizm) in "Fathers and Children" (1862)and claimed to have invented it. Witha capital N-, it refers to theRussian revolutionary anarchism of theperiod 1860-1917, supposedly socalled because "nothing" that thenexisted found favor in theireyes.
noun
1. a viewpointthat traditional valuesand beliefs are unfoundedand that existence issenseless anduseless
2. the program of a19th centuryRussian partyadvocatingrevolutionary reform and usingterrorism andassassination
74.NKVD
Abbreviation of Russian Narodnyi komissariat vnutrennikh del`People's Commissariat of InternalAffairs'.
noun abbreviation
The secret police agencyin the former SovietUnion which absorbedthe functions of theformer OGPU in 1934. Itmerged with the MVD in1946.
75.OGPU
(also Ogpu orGPU)
Acronym fromRussian Ob?edinлnnoegosudarstvennoe politicheskoe upravlenie`United State PoliticalDirectorate'.
noun
an organizationfor investigatingand combatingcounter- revolutionary activitiesin the former SovietUnion, existing from 1922(1922- 3 as the GPU) to 1934and replacing the Cheka. Itwas absorbed into the NKVDin 1934.
76. osetr(alsoosetra)
/???s?t?(r)/
/???s?tr?/
/??sj?t?(r)/
Mid 18th century; earliest usefound in Jonas Hanway (bap. 1712,d.
1786), merchant andphilanthropist. From Russian osлtr, probablyfrom the same base as ostryj sharp,with reference either to theelongated shape of the fish or to its sharpfins. The semantic element `sharp'also occurs in the cognateLithuanian forms aрлtras, erрket(r)as, and inthe scientific Latinacipenser.
noun
the Russiansturgeon, Acipensergueldenstaedtii, found in the basins ofthe Caspian Sea, the Seaof Azov, and the BlackSea, and fished as a sourceof caviar
77.papirosa
(also papyrosa,papyross)
/?pap??r??s?/
/?pap??r?s?/
Mid 19th century; earliest usefound in The Daily News. FromRussian papiros, papirosa, probablyfrom Polish papieros cigarette of anytype (although this is only attestedlater) from papier paper + a secondelement of uncertainorigin.
noun
a type of Russianunfiltered cigarette consisting ofa tube of paper orcardboard, a short section at oneend of which is filledwith tobacco
78.paskha
/?pask?/
Russian, literally`Easter'.
noun
a rich Russiandessert made with curdcheese, dried fruit, nuts, andspices and traditionally eatenat Easter
79.pavlova
/?pav-l?-v?/
Named after A. Pavlova(see Pavlova,Anna).
First known use:1926
noun
a meringue desserttopped with whipped creamand fresh fruit, named afterthe Russian ballet dancerAnna Pavlova
80.perestroika
/per·e·stroi·ka/
/?per-?-?stri-k?/
1981, from Russianperestroika, literally "rebuilding,reconstruction, reform" (of Soviet society, etc.),from pere- "re-" (from Old Russianpere- "around, again," fromProto-Slavic
*per-, from PIE *per- (1)"forward, through;" see per) +stroika "building, construction," fromOld Russian stroji "order," fromPIE
*stroi-, from root *stere- "tospread" (see structure (n.)). First proposedat the 26th Party Congress(1981); popularized in English 1985during Mikhail Gorbachev's leadershipof theU.S.S.R.
noun
the policy of economicand governmentalreform instituted byMikhail Gorbachev in theSoviet Union during themid- 1980s
81.Petrouchka
/puh-troosh-kuh/
Russian,1910s.
noun
a ballet suite (1911)by Stravinsky
82.piroshky (alsopirozhki)
/p??r??ki/
Russian pirozhki, plural ofpirozhok, diminutive of pirogpastry
First known use:1887
noun
small Russiansavoury pastries or patties,filled with meat or fish andrice
83.pogrom
1882, from Yiddish pogrom,from
noun
/po·grom/
Russian pogromu"devastation,
an organized massacreof
destruction," from po- "by,through,
helplesspeople;
behind, after" (cognate withLatin
specifically : sucha
post-; see post-) + gromu"thunder,
massacre ofJews
roar," from PIE imitativeroot
*ghrem- (seegrim).
84.Politburo
"Highest policy-makingcommittee
noun
/?p?l?t?bj?ro?/
of the U.S.S.R.," 1927, fromRussian
the principalpolicy-
politbyuro, contractedfrom
making andexecutive
politicheskoe byuro"political
committee of aCommunist
bureau."
party
85.polynya
/?pдl?n?yд/
Mid 19th century: fromRussian, from the base of pole`field'.
noun
an area of open waterin seaice
86.pood
Late 16th century; earliest usefound
noun
/?pьd/
in Richard Hakluyt(?1552-1616),
a Russian unit ofweight
geographer. From Old Russianpud?,
equal to about36.11
probably from Old Icelandicpund
pounds (16.38kilograms)
unit of weight, or perhapsfrom
German regional (LowGerman)
pundunit ofweight.
87.Pravda
Russian, literally`truth'.
noun
/?prдvd?/
a Russian dailynewspaper,
founded in 1912 andfrom
1918 to 1991 theofficial
organ of theSoviet
CommunistParty
88.Raskolnik
/Ras·kol·nik/
/r??sklnik/
Russian raskol'nik, fromraskol schism (from raz-, prefixdenoting separation--from Old Slavic--+- kol, from kolot' to separate, divide)+
-nik, noun suffix denoting aperson engaged in or connectedwith something specified; akinto Lithuanian kalti tobeat.
noun
a dissenter fromthe Russian OrthodoxChurch and member of one ofthe several groups (as the Doukhobors,Khlysty) developing fromthe schism of the 17thcentury in protest againstliturgical reforms --called alsoOld Believer, OldRitualist
89. ruble (alsorouble)
/?rь-b?l/
Unit of the Russian monetarysystem, 1550s, via French rouble,from Russian rubl', perhaps fromOld Russian rubiti "to chop, cut, hew,"so called because the originalmetallic currency of Russia (14c.)consisted of silver bars, from whichthe necessary amount was cut off;from Proto-Slavic *rub-, from PIEroot
*reub-, *reup- "to snatch" (seerip (v.)).
noun
the basic monetary unitof Russia -- see moneytable
90.sable
/?sвb?l/
/?se?b?l/
Middle English, fromAnglo-French, from Middle Low Germansabel sable or its fur, from MiddleHigh German zobel, of Slav origin; akinto Russian sobol' sable or itsfur
First known use: 14thcentury
noun
1.amarten with a shorttail and dark brown fur,native to Japan and Siberiaand valued for itsfur.
2.a blackcolour, resembling the fur ofsome sables
91.sagene
/sa·gene/
/?sд?zhen/
Russian sazhen'; akin to
Russian syagat' to reach for,grasp, OldSlavicsgntitograsp,Latvian segt tocover.
noun
a Russian unit oflength equal to 7feet
92.samizdat
/?s?mizdжt/
/?sдmзzdat/
"Illegal and clandestine copyingand sharing of literature," 1967,from Russian samizdat, literally"self- publishing," from sam "self"(see same) + izdatel'stvo"publishing".
Said to be a word-play onGosizdat, the former state publishing houseof the U.S.S.R. One who took part init was a samizdatchik(plural samizdatchiki). Later andless common was tamizdat"writings published abroad and smuggledback into the U.S.S.R.," from tam"there."
noun
a system in theU.S.S.R. and countries withinits orbit bywhich government-suppressed
literature wasclandestinely printed anddistributed; also: suchliterature
93.samovar
/?sam??vдr/
/?sжm??v?r/
1830, from Russian samovar,literally"self-boiler," from sam "self"(seesame) + varit "to boil" (fromOld Church Slavonic variti "tocook," from PIE root *wer- "to burn");but this is perhaps folk-etymology ifthe word is from Tatar sanabar"tea- urn".
noun
a highly decorated teaurn used inRussia
94.sevruga
/s??vro o??/
Russian sevryuga, a speciesof sturgeon
First known use:1591
noun
a gray caviar froma sturgeon (Acipensersevru) of the Caspian Sea withroe that is smaller than thatof osetra; also: thefish
95.shaman
/?shд-m?n/
1690s, "priest of theUral-Altaic peoples," probably viaGerman Schamane, from Russiansha'man, from Tungussaman, which isperhaps from Chinese sha men"Buddhist monk," from Prakritsamaya-,from Sanskrit sramana-s"Buddhist ascetic" [OED]. Related:Shamanic.
noun
a priest or priestesswho uses magic for thepurpose of curing the sick,divining the hidden, andcontrolling events
96.shashlik
/SHдSH?lik/
From Russian shashlyk, basedon Turkish єiє `spit, skewer';compare with shishkebab.
noun
(in Asia andeastern Europe) a muttonkebab
97.shchi
/?t?i?/
From Russianshchi.
noun
a type of Russiancabbage soup
98.shuba
/shu·ba/
/?shьb?/
Russian, from MiddleHigh
German schыbe outer garment,from Old Italian giubba jacket, from Arabicjubbah.
noun
a Russian fur orfur-lined overcoat orcloak
99.souslik (alsosuslik)
/?so oslik/
Late 18th century: fromRussian.
noun
a short-tailedground squirrel native toEurasia and theArctic
100.Soviet
/?sфvз?t/
/?so?vi?t/
1917, from Russian sovet"governing council," literally "council,"from Old Russian suvetu "assembly,"from su "with" (from *su(n)- "with, together," from PIE *ksun- "with")+ vetu "counsel." The whole is aloan- translation of Greeksymboulion "council ofadvisers." Asanadjectivefrom1918.
noun adjective
an elected local, district,or national council inthe former SovietUnion.
101.sovkhoz
/sдv?kфz/
Russian, short forsovetskoe khozyaistvo (sovietfarm).
First known use:1921
noun
a state-owned farm ofthe
U.S.S.R. paying wagesto theworkers
102.Sputnik
/?sp?tnik/
"artificial satellite," extendedfrom the name of the one launched bythe Soviet Union Oct. 4, 1957,from Russian sputnik "satellite,"literally "traveling companion" (in thisuse short for sputnik zemlyi,"traveling companion of the Earth") fromOld Church Slavonic supotiniku,from Russian so-, s- "with, together" +put'
noun
any of a series ofearth- orbiting satelliteslaunched by the SovietUnion beginning in1957
"path, way," from OldChurch Slavonic poti, from PIE *pent-"to tread, go" (see find (v.)) +agent suffix -nik.
103.Stakhanovite
/st??kдn??vоt/
/st??k?n??va?t/
1935, from name ofhard-working Soviet coal minerAleksei Grigorevich Stakhanov(1906-1977), in reference to an efficiencysystem in which workers increasetheir piecework production andare rewarded with bonusesand privileges. Sovietauthorities publicized his prodigious outputas part of a campaign toincrease productivity.
noun
a Soviet industrialworker awarded recognitionand special privilegesfor output beyondproduction norms
104.Stalinism
/?stдl??niz?m/
/?st?l??n?z?m/
1927, from Stalin + -ism.Related: Stalinist.
noun
The ideology andpolicies adopted by Stalin, basedon centralization, totalitarianism, andthe pursuit ofcommunism.
105.starets
/?st??r(j)?ts/
Early 18th century. FromRussian starec (plural starcy) venerableold man, elder, monk, spiritualleader from the base of Russian staryj old+
-ec, suffix formingnouns.
noun
A man, typically amonk, who is regarded ashaving spiritual authority, andis hence often sought out asa counsellor or guide,despite his holding noformal position inthe ecclesiasticalhierarchy.
106.starosta
(also staroste,starost)
/?star?st?/
From Russianstarosta.
Late 16th century; earliest usefound in GilesFletcher.
Noun
In Russia: the head ofa village community, typically elected,and having various judicialand administrative responsibilities
107. steppe (oftensteppes)
/step/
/st?p/
Late 17th century: fromRussian
step?.
noun
a large area offlat unforested grasslandin southeastern Europeor Siberia
108.sterlet
/?st?rl?t/
/?st?rl?t/
Late 16th century: fromRussian
sterlyad?.
noun
a small sturgeon ofthe Danube basin andCaspian Sea area, farmedand commercially fished forits flesh andcaviar
109.stroganoff (alsostroganov)
/?str???n?f/
Named after Count PavelStroganov (1772-1817), Russiandiplomat.
noun
a dish in which thecentral ingredient, typicallystrips of beef, is cooked ina sauce containingsour cream
110. taiga (often thetaiga)
/?tо??/
/?ta???/
Late 19th century: fromRussian
taiga, fromMongolian.
Noun
the sometimes swampy coniferous forest ofhigh northernlatitudes, especially that betweenthe tundra and steppesof Siberia and NorthAmerica
111.tarantass
/?tar(?)n?tas/
From Russiantarantas.
noun
a four-wheeledhorse- drawn Russiancarriage without springs,mounted on a long flexiblewooden chassis
112.telega
/t??le???/
Late 16th century. FromRussian
telega.
Noun
In Russia: a roughlyor simply constructedfour- wheeled cart,without springs
113.tokamak
/?tфk??mak/
1960s: Russian, fromtoroidal?naya kamera s magnitnym polem`toroidal chamber with magneticfield'.
noun
a toroidal devicefor producingcontrolled nuclear fusion that involves the confiningand heating of agaseous plasma by means ofan electric current and magneticfield
114.tovarich (alsotovarish)
/t??vдriSH/
Russiantovarishch
First known use: circa1917
noun
In the formerSoviet Union, acomrade
115.troika
/?tri-k?/
1842, "carriage drawn bythree horses abreast," from Russiantroika "three-horse team, any groupof three," from collective numeraltroje "group of three" (from PIE*tro-yo-, suffixed form of *trei-, see three)+ diminutive suffix -ka. Sense of"any group of threeadministrators, triumvirate" is first recorded1945.
noun
a Russian vehicle drawnby three horses abreast; also:ateam for such avehicle
116.tundra
/?t?n-dr?/
/?tu n-dr?/
Russian, from Russiandialect (northeast) tundra, tundara,from Kildin Sami (Sami language ofthe northern Kola Peninsula)tыnter
First known use: circa1841
noun
a vast, flat, treelessArctic region of Europe, Asia,and North America inwhich the subsoil ispermanently frozen
117.ukase
"decree issued by aRussian
noun
/ju?ke?s/
/yo o?kвs/
emperor," 1729, from Russianukaz
"edict," back-formation fromukazat'
a proclamation bya
Russian emperoror
"to show, decree, to order," fromOld
government havingthe
Church Slavonic ukazati, fromu-
force oflaw
"away," perhaps here anintensive
prefix, from PIE *au- (2) "off,away"
+ kazati "to show, order,"from
Slavic *kaz- (related to thefirst
element of Casimir), from PIEroot
*kwek- "to appear,show."
118.uralite
/?j??r??la?t/
( adj. uralitic/?j??r??l?t?k/)
19th century: from the Russianthe Ural Mountains where it wasfirst found +-ite.
noun
an amphibolemineral, similar to hornblende,that replaces pyroxene insome igneous andmetamorphic rocks
119.verst
/v?rst/
/v?rst/
Russian unit of distancemeasure equal to about two-thirds of amile, 1550s, from Russian versta,related to Old Church Slavonicvrusta "stadium," vruteti (Russianvertet) "to turn" (seeversus).
noun
a Russian unit ofdistance equal to 0.6629 mile(1.067 kilometers)
120.vigorish
from Ukrainian vygrash orRussian
noun
/?vi??riSH/
vyigryshwinnings,profit.
a charge taken (as bya
bookie or agambling
First known use:1912
house) on bets; also:the
degree of such acharge
121.vodka
/?v?dk?/
/?vдdk?/
1802, from Russian vodka,literally "little water," diminutive ofvoda "water" (from PIE *wod-a-,from root *wed- (1) "water, wet;"see water (n.1)) + diminutive suffix-ka.
noun
a colorless liquor ofneutral spirits distilled froma mash (as of rye orwheat)
122. voivode (orvaivode,
1550-60; Slavic; comparePolish
noun
less commonlyvoivod)
wojewoda, Russian voevуda,Serbo-
a military commanderor
/vai vode//?vо?vфd/
Croatian v?j(e)voda,Hungarian
governor of a townor
vajvoda(nowvajda).
province in variousSlavic
countries
123.zek
/zek/
1968, from Russian zek,probably representing a vocalization ofz/k, abbreviation ofzaklyuchennyi "prisoner."
noun
Russian condemnedperson in a prison or laborcamp
124.zemstvo
Russian; akin to Russianzemlya
noun
/?zemstvф/
earth, land, Latinhumus.
one of the districtand
provincialassemblies
First known use:1865
established in Russiain
1864
125. zolotnik
Russian, from zoloto gold +-nik,
noun
/¦zдl?t¦nзk/,/-nik
noun suffix denoting athing
a Russian unit ofweight
plural-s
connected with somethingspecified.
equal to 4.266 grams ora
small fr...
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