The Russian disinformation threat and the EU response: the debate

Should these ideas and related concepts such as `information warfare' become more widely accepted, this could shift the general European interpretation of the nature of the information space towards the originally Russian, more zero-sum understanding. This could have major implications to the conduct of public diplomacy, international broadcasting and other activities that today are commonly considered as benign `soft power' practices. Should this development continue, given the implications to the conduct of inter-state relations within the European state system, it would also call into question whether the Russian disinformation threat- narrative is better understood as a `system' rather than `issue' narrative, see Miskimmon et al (2013), p. 7 In Miskimmon et al's language, this would also constitute a case of successful narrative promotion since one broadly endorsed, currently dominant frame is being replaced by another. Whether this development is something Russia intended to serve a particular political purpose, i.e. whether it is `strategic', is another matter.

In either case, it would do well for the concerned governments to remember that narrative success is not merely a matter of information access or denial but relies on receptive audience. As this study shows, maintaining the consistency and fidelity of a particular narrative across multiple audiences with their different beliefs and experiences remains a challenging task. Insofar as insulating European citizens from certain information by state intervention is realistic in the first place, regardless of whether it is `false' or accurate, addressing the people's legitimate domestic grievances could make such endeavours unnecessary to begin with.

In the bigger picture still, the attention surrounding `disinformation' and `fake news' in recent years could signal the emergence of a discursive `meta-narrative' in the West. Sandhu, Swaran (2009), pp. 74 According to Swaran Sandhu, such master narratives exert significant influence on `the public agenda' and have included `environmental issues, globalization problems and terrorism' in the 1980s, 1990s and 2000s respectively. Ibid., p. 75 In her view, for an organisation to appear legitimate in the constantly changing discursive environment, it cannot avoid engaging with such `big' ideas. From this perspective, the growing interest from public institutions to engage in the disinformation debate and the tendency to use `fake news' as a label to discredit political actors could point towards such development. The extent that this remains a geographically concentrated phenomenon is a worthy subject for further study and could help determine whether it has a passing or lasting impact in international politics more generally. As far as this study is concerned, in Europe, the answer is clear.



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Conclusion

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3. Raik, Kristi; Jдrvenpдд, Pauli (2017), `A New Era on NATO-EU Cooperation: How to Make the Best of Marriage of Necessity', (May), International Centre for Defence and Security

4. Siddi, Marco eds. (2018), `EU Member States and Russia: National and European Debates in an Evolving International Environment', FIIA Report, No. 53, (March), Finnish Institute for International Affairs

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