Multiple identity, acculturation and psychological well-being of ingush migrants in Moscow

The identities are interrelated significantly. Ethnic identity correlates with caucasian identity (в = 0.56, p < .001), vainakh identity (в = 0.77, p < .001) and religious identity (в = 0.55, p < .001). Civil and caucasian identities are related with the indices в = 0.18, p < .01. Religious identity has connections with ethnic identity (в = 0.55, p < .001), caucasian (в = 0.36, p < .001) and vainakh identity (в = 0.57, p < .001).

The research question about the relationship between acculturation strategies, psychological well-being and sociocultural adaptation among Ingush migrants in Moscow finds answer in the results that only integration is a predictor of Life satisfaction (в = 0.18, p < .01), but not self-esteem (в = 0.09, n.s.) and it does not relate with sociocultural adaptation (в = 0.01, n.s.).



4. Discussion

The aim of this research was to investigate the relationship between multiple social identity, acculturation strategies, well-being and sociocultural adaptation on the sample of Ingush migrants currently living in Moscow.

As it is said in the research by Pavlova (2012) Ingush people describe ethnicity, religiosity and national traditions as the most important triad in their lives. In order to answer the first research question we analyzed structure of Ingush multiple identity. The conclusion is that vainakh, caucasian and religion identities are the most distinct in comparison with ethnic and civil identity. CFA showed that in the structure of Ingush migrants' multiple identity vainakh identity is on the first place, while civil identity is the last one. Thus, this study broadens the view of learning migrants' adaptation.

The research has proved that there are similarities between multiple identity strategies and acculturation strategies (Camillieri, 1997; Hutnik, 1991; Phinneyet al., 2001). The dimensions of native culture maintenance and contact with the majority society both are main parts of two approaches. The cross of these dimensions defines different strategies. The results of this study about the relations between identities and acculturation strategies can be explained through the background of previous research. The answer to the second research question is that Integration strategy positively relates with civil and vainakh identities as these identities are equial to integration dimensios: maintenance of the heritage culture and contact with host society. Assimilation is negative with ethnic identity as while assimilating individuals neglect their heritage culture; and is positive with civil identity as assimilation is about the tendency to become a part of mayor society. Separation is positive with ethnic, civil and vainakh identities as all these identities are about ethnicity maintenance.

Verkuyten (2005) found that the minorities strive to achieve multiculturalism strategy and the results of our study also prove that integration strategy is the most chosen among Ingush migrants. The possible explanation of this can be found in the study by Pavlova (2012) as she mentions that Ingush people are adaptive and ready to integrate into any society.

The relationship between integration and Life satisfaction finds approve in a huge line of research (e.g. Berry, 1997; Berry, Kim, Minde, & Mok, 1987; Berry&Sam, 1997).

The forth research question is about the relationship between identities, well-being and sociocultural adaptation. The research generally revealed positive connections between ethnic identity and self-esteem (e.g.,Chavira & Phinney, 1991; Phinney & Chavira, 1992). This explains the results that Ingush migrants' ethnic identity has positive associations with self-esteem.

The results that religious identity has negative associations with sociocultural adaptation can be explained by the fact that the greater is the gap between cultural values and norms of immigrants and host society members, the harder it is to adapt and integrate (Wong, Yik & Kwong, 2006). As we take Russians as the majority citizens in Moscow according to the statistics 50,27% of them are orthodox (Kiselev, Kostylev, 2016). The differences between migrants' religion and Islam and the values of the host society complicates the adaptation process.

Civil identity is a concept of individuals identification with the country and compatriots. As Ingush Republic is the part of The Russian Federation they do not face with the need of civil identity change. As Pavlova (2012) describes in her study, civil identity increases in three times (from 7,6 % to 22,5 %) on those Ingush people who are far from homeland. This explains the positive associations between civil identity, sociocultural adaptation and Life satisfaction.

Ethnic identity is about maintenance of the culture of origin,that is why it is positive with separation and negative with assimilation. The similar results were obtained in the study of Ossetians (Galyapina, Lebedeva, 2015). Civil identity as the mark of successful contact with compatriots of both groups is positive with integration and negative with separation. Vainakh identity resulted to be high with integration strategy as this ethnolinguistic identity is very important during adaptation process (Isaeva et al., 2018).

Interrelations of all identities can find the verification in the study by Galyapina and Lebedeva (2015) where ethnic identity also correlated with regional and national; religious with national and regional identities.



Conclusion

Our study shows that Ingush migrants in Moscow prefer integration acculturation strategy as the best most and assimilation strategy as the least. In the structure of multiple social identity of Ingush migrants vainakh identity is on the first place, following ethnic, caucasian, religious identities with civil identity on the last place. The current research was the first to investigate the concept of such ethnolinguistic identity as vainakh. The results broaden the existing research about the most important concepts of Ingush life in comparison with the results of Pavlova's study (2016) that put ethnic identity on the first rank.



Limitations

Firstly, the sample size of the study may be seen as a limitation, because bigger amount of participants could give more representative and descriptive results, especially about acculturation strategies. Conducting the survey via social networks neglects those who do not use it, especially older generations. The lack of the data of elder people also limits the results, as they could be different.

Self-report of the respondents limits the objectiveness of the results, as they could be socially desirable. In the framework of our sample, the participants could be internally influenced by their ethnicity, not revealing real feelings.



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Electronic resources

1. International organization for migration <http://www.iom.int> (2017, June 6)

2. https://mresearcher.com/2016/11/vtsiom-otnoshenie-rossiyan-k-migrantam.html

3. http://www.levada.ru/2017/04/28/otnoshenie-k-trudovym-migrantam/



Appendix

Questionnaire

Оцените степень своего согласия со следующими утверждениями

		Абсолютно не согласен	Скорее не согласен	Не знаю, не уверен	Скорее согласен	Абсолютно согласен
1.	Я считаю, что ингуши, живущие в Москве, должны сохранять свои культурные традиции и не усваивать русские	[ ]	[ ]	[ ]	[ ]	[ ]
2.	Для меня не важно владеть в совершенстве ни русским, ни ингушским языками	[ ]	[ ]	[ ]	[ ]	[ ]
3.	Я не хочу участвовать в деятельности как русских, так и ингушских обществ	[ ]	[ ]	[ ]	[ ]	[ ]
4.	Я предпочитаю участвовать в таких мероприятиях, в которые включены только ингуши	[ ]	[ ]	[ ]	[ ]	[ ]
5.	Для меня важно владеть в совершенстве и русским, и ингушским языками	[ ]	[ ]	[ ]	[ ]	[ ]
6.	Я предпочитаю мероприятия, в которых участвуют только русские	[ ]	[ ]	[ ]	[ ]	[ ]
7.	Я считаю, что ингушам, живущим в Москве не важно ни поддерживать собственные культурные традиции, ни усваивать русские	[ ]	[ ]	[ ]	[ ]	[ ]
8.	Для меня важнее владеть в совершенстве ингушским языком, чем русским	[ ]	[ ]	[ ]	[ ]	[ ]
9.	Я считаю, что ингуши живущие в Москве, должны как поддерживать собственные культурные традиции, так и усваивать русские	[ ]	[ ]	[ ]	[ ]	[ ]
10.	Я считаю, что ингуши, живущие в Москве, должны усваивать русские культурные традиции и НЕ поддерживать собственные	[ ]	[ ]	[ ]	[ ]	[ ]
11.	Я предпочитаю иметь только друзей-русских	[ ]	[ ]	[ ]	[ ]	[ ]
12.	Владеть в совершенстве русским языком для меня важнее, чем ингушским	[ ]	[ ]	[ ]	[ ]	[ ]
13.	Я считаю, что ингушам, живущим в Москве, не следует дружить ни с русскими, ни с ингушами	[ ]	[ ]	[ ]	[ ]	[ ]
14.	Я предпочитаю иметь в качестве друзей только ингушей	[ ]	[ ]	[ ]	[ ]	[ ]
15.	Я предпочитаю участвовать в мероприятиях, в которые включены и русские, и ингуши	[ ]	[ ]	[ ]	[ ]	[ ]
16.	Я предпочитаю иметь друзей, как среди русских, так и среди ингушей	[ ]	[ ]	[ ]	[ ]	[ ]

Люди могут осознавать себя по-разному. Например, они могут чувствовать себя представителями определенной этнической (например, татарами) или религиозной группы (например, мусульманами) и, одновременно, представителями своей страны, государства (например, гражданами России). Следующие вопросы относятся к тому, как Вы себя ощущаете в этом смысле. Укажите, пожалуйста, степень Вашего согласия и несогласия с каждым из следующих утверждений, используя оценки от 1 до 5, где 1 - полное несогласие, 5 - полное согласие.

1	Я считаю себя ингушом	1	2	3	4	5
2	Я ощущаю себя частью ингушской культуры	1	2	3	4	5
3	Я горжусь тем, что я ингуш	1	2	3	4	5
4	Мне приятно, что я ингуш	1	2	3	4	5
5	Я разделяю идеи и убеждения ингушей	1	2	3	4	5
6	Я считаю себя россиянином	1	2	3	4	5
7	Я чувствую себя частью российской культуры	1	2	3	4	5
8	Я горд быть россиянином	1	2	3	4	5
9	Я счастлив быть россиянином	1	2	3	4	5
10	Я испытываю чувство гордости, когда слышу гимн России	1	2	3	4	5
11	Я горжусь, когда вижу, как поднимается флаг России	1	2	3	4	5
12	Я считаю себя представителем своей религии	1	2	3	4	5
13	Моя религиозная принадлежность - важная часть меня	1	2	3	4	5
14	Я горжусь своей религией	1	2	3	4	5
15	Я рад исповедовать свою религию	1	2	3	4	5
16	Я стараюсь тщательно соблюдать правила своей религии в повседневной жизни	1	2	3	4	5
17	Я считаю себя частью вайнахского мира	1	2	3	4	5
18	Я горжусь историей вайнахов	1	2	3	4	5
19	Я ощущаю себя вайнахом	1	2	3	4	5
20	Мои вайнахские корни - важная часть меня	1	2	3	4	5
21	Мне приятно быть вайнахом	1	2	3	4	5
22	Я считаю себя кавказцем	1	2	3	4	5
23	Я ощущаю себя частью кавказской культуры	1	2	3	4	5
24	Мне приятно быть кавказцем	1	2	3	4	5
25	Я горд быть кавказцем	1	2	3	4	5

Отметьте, пожалуйста, в какой мере Вы испытываете трудности в каждой из указанных областей, проживая в Москве.

		Никаких трудностей	Небольшие затруднения	Умеренные трудности	Серьезные трудности	Чрезвычайные трудности
1	Заводить друзей	1	2	3	4	5
2	Покупать (находить, доставать) продукты, которые Вы любите	1	2	3	4	5
3	Следовать правилам и распоряжениям	1	2	3	4	5
4	Иметь дело с представителями власти	1	2	3	4	5
5	Пользоваться транспортом	1	2	3	4	5
6	Взаимодействовать с чиновниками	1	2	3	4	5
7	Добиться понимания	1	2	3	4	5
8	Делать покупки	1	2	3	4	5
9	Понимать шутки и юмор	1	2	3	4	5
10	Находить жильё	1	2	3	4	5
11	Находиться в общественных местах	1	2	3	4	5
12	Общаться с людьми разных национальностей	1	2	3	4	5
13	Понимать этнические и культурные различия	1	2	3	4	5
14	Соблюдать свою религию	1	2	3	4	5
15	Строить взаимоотношения с противоположным полом	1	2	3	4	5
16	Найти свой путь в жизни	1	2	3	4	5
17	Говорить о себе с другими людьми	1	2	3	4	5
18	Жить в этом климате	1	2	3	4	5
19	Взаимоотношения в семье	1	2	3	4	5
20	Темп жизни	1	2	3	4	5

Как следующие утверждения соотносятся с Вашими представлениями о себе и о своей жизни? Укажите, пожалуйста, степень Вашего согласия и несогласия с каждым из следующих утверждений, используя оценки от 1 до 5, где 1 - полное несогласие, 5 - полное согласие.

1	В целом, я удовлетворен собой	1	2	3	4	5
2	Я считаю, что у меня есть хорошие качества.	1	2	3	4	5
3	Я могу многое делать так же хорошо, как и большинство других людей	1	2	3	4	5
4	Я чувствую, что вполне достоин уважения, по крайней мере, наравне с другими	1	2	3	4	5

Как следующие утверждения соотносятся с тем, что вы думаете о себе и своей жизни? Укажите, пожалуйста, степень Вашего согласия и несогласия с каждым из следующих утверждений, используя оценки от 1 до 5, где 1 - полное несогласие, 5 - полное согласие.

1	Во многом, моя жизнь близка к идеалу	1	2	3	4	5
2	Я удовлетворен своей жизнью.	1	2	3	4	5
3	У меня есть всё, что мне необходимо в жизни	1	2	3	4	5
4	Если бы я мог прожить свою жизнь ещё раз, я не изменил бы в ней почти ничего	1	2	3	4	5

6. Укажите Ваш возраст _______

7. Укажите Ваш пол

[ ]Женский [ ]Мужской

8. Какую религию Вы исповедуете?

[ ] Не исповедую никакой религии

[ ] Ислам

[ ] Другая религия_______________

9. Какое у Вас образование?

[ ] Нет образования

[ ] Закончил начальную школу

[ ] Общее среднее образование

[ ] Среднее специальное (техникум, колледж)

[ ] Неоконченное высшее

[ ] Высшее

[ ] Имею учёную степень

10. Укажите, пожалуйста, Ваш тип занятости в настоящий момент

[ ] Работаю

[ ] Получаю образование

[ ] Без работы, нахожусь в поиске работы

[ ] Без работы, не нахожусь в поиске работы

[ ] Нетрудоспособный

[ ] На пенсии

[ ] Исполняю воинскую обязанность

11. Сколько лет (месяцев) Вы живете в Москве? (например, 2 года и 3 месяца) ________________________________

12. Какое из высказываний наиболее точно описывает уровень дохода Вашей семьи в настоящее время?

[ ] Живем на этот доход, не испытывая материальных затруднений

[ ] Этого дохода нам в принципе хватает

[ ] Жить на такой доход трудно

[ ] Жить на такой доход очень трудно

[ ] Затрудняюсь ответить

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